全身性炎症反応症候群 |
分類及び外部参照情報 |
ICD-9 |
995.90 |
プロジェクト:病気/Portal:医学と医療 |
テンプレートを表示 |
全身性炎症反応症候群(英: systemic inflammatory response syndrome、SIRS)は、各種の侵襲によって誘引された全身性の急性炎症反応による症候。致命的な多臓器不全状態の前段階として、非常に重要な概念である。
概要
感染症と
全身性炎症反応症候群(SIRS)と敗血症の関係
SIRSは、従来の敗血症の概念を整理するなかで、1992年、ACCPおよびSCCMによって提唱されたものである。ACCPとSCCMの合同カンファレンスにおいて、敗血症と同様の病態は、細菌感染以外の様々な侵襲によっても発生していることが指摘され、この病態を指してSIRSという言葉が使われた。
SIRSの本質は、侵襲に対応して免疫細胞が血中に放出した大量の炎症性サイトカインによる全身性の急性炎症反応である。SIRSを誘発しうる侵襲としては、細菌感染のほかに、外傷や手術、出血性ショック、熱傷、膵炎などがある。
SIRSは、Secondary MOFに発展しうるという点で、非常に重要である。多臓器不全(MOF)は往々にして致命的な転帰をたどることから、SIRSの段階で集中治療を行ない、多臓器不全状態への発展を阻止することが求められる。
なお、SIRSが炎症性サイトカインによって惹起されるのに対し、抗炎症性サイトカインによって免疫不全状態が惹起される代償性抗炎症性反応症候群(CARS)という概念も登場している。生体内においては、SIRSとCARSが混合した、MARSと呼ばれる状態であることが多い。
診断
下記の4項目のうち2項目を満たした場合、SIRSと診断される。
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成人 |
小児 |
体温の変動 |
体温:38度以上、ないし36度以下 |
深部温:38.5度以上、ないし36度以下 |
脈拍数の増加 |
90回/分以上 |
年齢相当正常値の+2SD(標準偏差)を超える頻脈(外的刺激などがない状態)、またはほかに説明のつかない30分~4時間以上持続する頻脈。 |
呼吸数の増加 |
呼吸数増加(20回/分以上)またはPaCO2が32 Torr以下 |
呼吸数増加(年齢相当正常値の+2SD以上)、または人工呼吸を必要とする状態 |
白血球数 |
12,000/μl以上、ないし4,000/μl 以下。あるいは未熟顆粒球が10%以上。 |
年齢相当平均よりの増加または減少。あるいは未熟顆粒球が10%以上。 |
また、可能であれば血清中の炎症性サイトカイン(TNF-α、インターロイキン-1β、インターロイキン-6など)の上昇を証明することが望ましいほか、炎症反応の指標(CRP)や、インターフェロン放出の指標(ネオプテリン、β2-ミクログロブリン)なども有用である。
治療
治療の基本は、原疾患、組織障害に対する治療、および高サイトカイン血症を抑制することである。
- 原疾患に対する治療
- 頻度の高いものは敗血症、熱傷および膵炎である。
- 組織障害に対する治療
- 播種性血管内凝固症候群に対する治療が最重要である。
- 高サイトカイン血症に対する治療
- ステロイド系抗炎症薬(必要に応じてパルス療法)、プロテアーゼ阻害剤(インジナビルなど)、抗ヒトTNF-αモノクローナル抗体、持続的血液透析濾過療法(CHDF)などがあるが、いずれも現時点で確証は得られていない。また、炎症指標が低下しない場合、活性化T細胞抑制のためにシクロスポリンの持続点滴静脈注射が行なわれる場合もある。
参考文献
- 小濱啓次 『救急マニュアル 第3版』 医学書院、2005年。ISBN 978-4-260-00040-6。
- 大関武彦, 古川漸, 横田俊一郎 『今日の小児治療指針 第14版』 医学書院、2006年。ISBN 978-4-260-00090-1。
- 亀山正邦, 高久史麿 『今日の診断指針 第5版』 医学書院、2002年。ISBN 978-4-260-10267-4。
救急医学(救急医療) |
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病院前救護
(JPTEC) |
バイスタンダー |
善きサマリア人の法 - 応急手当普及員 - 救命講習 - 患者等搬送乗務員基礎講習 - 応急手当指導員 - 赤十字救急法救急員 - 緊急即時通報現場派遣員基礎講習 - ライフセービング - メディックファーストエイド - 野外救急法
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救急隊 |
救急救命士 - 救急車 - 日本の救急車 - ドクターカー - ドクターヘリ(航空救急)
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一次救命処置 |
国際ガイドライン - 心肺蘇生法 - 応急処置 - 救急処置 - 自動体外式除細動器 - RICEの法則 - 止血
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カーラーの救命曲線 - 救命の鎖
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初期診療
(JATEC) |
医療機関 |
救急指定病院 - 救急救命室 - 救命救急センター - 高度救命救急センター - 小児初期救急センター
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外傷 |
創傷 - 脊髄損傷 - 腹腔内出血 - 肺挫傷 - 外傷性大動脈破裂 - 大動脈解離 - 心タンポナーデ - フレイルチェスト - 気胸 - 血胸 - 動物咬傷 - 虫刺症 - 熱傷 - 凍傷 - 溺水 - 窒息 - 骨折 - 服毒
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病態・症候 |
外傷死の3徴 - 低体温症 - 熱中症 - 挫滅症候群 - 全身性炎症反応症候群 - ショック - 多臓器不全
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二次救命処置 |
二次心肺蘇生法 - ABCDEアプローチ
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災害医療 |
災害拠点病院(東京都災害拠点病院) - DMAT - JMAT - DPAT - トリアージ - CBRNE - 72時間の壁
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軍事医療 |
衛生兵 - 軍医 - 従軍看護婦 - 衛生科 (陸上自衛隊) - 機上救護員 - 降下救助員 - 救難員 - 医官 - 歯科医官 - 防衛医科大学校 - メディック
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被服・資器材 |
感染防止衣 - 術衣
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関連項目 |
日本の救助隊 - 赤十字社 - 国境なき医師団 - 世界の医療団 - 救世軍 - スター・オブ・ライフ
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Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome |
Classification and external resources |
ICD-10 |
R65 |
ICD-9 |
995.90 |
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is an inflammatory state affecting the whole body, frequently a response of the immune system to infection, but not necessarily so. It is related to sepsis, a condition in which individuals meet criteria for SIRS and have a known infection.
It is the body's response to an infectious or noninfectious insult. Although the definition of SIRS refers to it as an "inflammatory" response, it actually has pro- and anti-inflammatory components.
Contents
- 1 Classification
- 2 Definition
- 3 Causes
- 4 Treatment
- 5 Complications
- 6 References
Classification
SIRS is a serious condition related to systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and organ failure. It is a subset of cytokine storm, in which there is abnormal regulation of various cytokines.[1] SIRS is also closely related to sepsis, in which patients satisfy criteria for SIRS and have a suspected or proven infection.[2][3][4]
Definition
SIRS was first described by Dr. William R. Nelson, of the University of Toronto, in a presentation to the Nordic Micro Circulation meeting in Geilo, Norway in February 1983. There was intent to encourage a definition which dealt with the multiple (rather than a single) etiologies associated with organ dysfunction and failure following a hypotensive shock episode. The active pathways leading to such pathophysiology may include fibrin deposition, platelet aggregation, coagulopathies and leukocyte liposomal release. The implication of such a definition suggests that recognition of the activation of one such pathway is often indicative of that additional pathophysiologic processes are also active and that these pathways are synergistically destructive. The clinical condition may lead to renal failure, respiratory distress syndrome, central nervous system dysfunction and possible gastrointestinal bleeding.
Criteria for SIRS were established in 1992 as part of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference.[2] The conference concluded that the manifestations of SIRS include, but are not limited to:
- Body temperature less than 36°C(96.8°F) or greater than 38°C(100.4°F)
- Heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute
- Tachypnea (high respiratory rate), with greater than 20 breaths per minute; or, an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide less than 4.3 kPa (32 mmHg)
- leukocytes less than 4000 cells/mm³ (4 x 109 cells/L) or greater than 12,000 cells/mm³ (12 x 109 cells/L); or the presence of greater than 10% immature neutrophils (band forms) band forms greater than 3% is called bandemia or a "left-shift."
SIRS can be diagnosed when two or more of these criteria are present.[3][4][5][6]
The International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus has proposed some changes to adapt these criteria to the pediatric population.[7]
Fever and leukocytosis are features of the acute-phase reaction, while tachycardia is often the initial sign of hemodynamic compromise. Tachypnea may be related to the increased metabolic stress due to infection and inflammation, but may also be an ominous sign of inadequate perfusion resulting in the onset of anaerobic cellular metabolism.
In children, the SIRS criteria are modified in the following fashion:[8]
- Heart rate is greater than 2 standard deviations above normal for age in the absence of stimuli such as pain and drug administration, or unexplained persistent elevation for greater than 30 minutes to 4 hours. In infants, also includes Heart rate less than 10th percentile for age in the absence of vagal stimuli, beta-blockers, or congenital heart disease or unexplained persistent depression for greater than 30 minutes.
- Body temperature obtained orally, rectally, from Foley catheter probe, or from central venous catheter probe less than 36 °C or greater than 38.5 °C. Temperature must be abnormal to qualify as SIRS in pediatric patients.
- Respiratory rate greater than 2 standard deviations above normal for age or the requirement for mechanical ventilation not related to neuromuscular disease or the administration of anesthesia.
- White blood cell count elevated or depressed for age not related to chemotherapy, or greater than 10% bands plus other immature forms.
Note that SIRS criteria are non-specific,[9] and must be interpreted carefully within the clinical context. These criteria exist primarily for the purpose of more objectively classifying critically ill patients so that future clinical studies may be more rigorous and more easily reproducible.
When two or more of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria are met without evidence of infection, patients may be diagnosed with "SIRS." Patients with SIRS and acute organ dysfunction may be termed "severe SIRS."
Causes
The causes of SIRS are broadly classified as infectious or noninfectious. As above, when SIRS is due to an infection, it is considered sepsis. Noninfectious causes of SIRS include trauma, burns, pancreatitis, ischemia, and hemorrhage.[2][3][4]
Other causes include:[2][3][4]
- Complications of surgery
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Pulmonary embolism
- Complicated aortic aneurysm
- Cardiac tamponade
- Anaphylaxis
- Drug overdose
Treatment
Generally, the treatment for SIRS is directed towards the underlying problem or inciting cause (i.e. adequate fluid replacement for hypovolemia, IVF/NPO for pancreatitis, epinephrine/steroids/diphenhydramine for anaphylaxis).[10] Selenium, glutamine, and eicosapentaenoic acid have shown effectiveness in improving symptoms in clinical trials.[11][12] Other antioxidants such as vitamin E may be helpful as well.[13]
In cases caused by an implanted mesh, removal (explantation) of the polypropylene surgical mesh implant may be indicated.[14]
Complications
SIRS is frequently complicated by failure of one or more organs or organ systems.[2][3][4] The complications of SIRS include:
- Acute lung injury
- Acute kidney injury
- Shock
- Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
References
- ^ Parsons, Melissa, Cytokine Storm in the Pediatric Oncology Patient (section "Differential Diagnoses and Workup", Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 27(5) Aug/Sep 2010, 253–258.
- ^ a b c d e &Na; (1992). "American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis". Crit. Care Med. 20 (6): 864–74. doi:10.1097/00003246-199206000-00025. PMID 1597042.
- ^ a b c d e Rippe, James M.; Irwin, Richard S.; Cerra, Frank B (1999). Irwin and Rippe's intensive care medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. ISBN 0-7817-1425-7.
- ^ a b c d e Marino, Paul L. (1998). The ICU book. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-05565-8.
- ^ Sharma S, Steven M. Septic Shock. eMedicine.com, URL: http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic2101.htm Accessed on Nov 20, 2005.
- ^ Tsiotou AG, Sakorafas GH, Anagnostopoulos G, Bramis J (March 2005). "Septic shock; current pathogenetic concepts from a clinical perspective". Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 11 (3): RA76–85. PMID 15735579.
- ^ Brahm Goldstein et al., International pediatric sepsis consensus, Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005 Vol. 6, No. 1
- ^ Goldstein B, Giroir B, Randolph A (2005). "International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics". Pediatr Crit Care Med 6 (1): 2–8. doi:10.1097/01.PCC.0000149131.72248.E6. PMID 15636651.
- ^ Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G (Apr 2003). "2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference". Crit Care Med 31 (4): 1250–1256. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B. PMID 12682500.
- ^ "Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Treatment & Management". Mescape.
- ^ Berger MM, Chioléro RL (September 2007). "Antioxidant supplementation in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome". Critical Care Medicine 35 (9 Suppl): S584–90. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000279189.81529.C4. PMID 17713413.
- ^ Rinaldi, S; Landucci, F, De Gaudio, AR (September 2009). "Antioxidant therapy in critically septic patients". Current drug targets 10 (9): 872–80. doi:10.2174/138945009789108774. PMID 19799541.
- ^ Bulger EM, Maier RV (February 2003). "An argument for Vitamin E supplementation in the management of systemic inflammatory response syndrome". Shock 19 (2): 99–103. doi:10.1097/00024382-200302000-00001. PMID 12578114.
- ^ Voyles, CR; Richardson, JD; Bland, KI; Tobin, GR; Flint, LM; Polk Jr, HC (1981). "Emergency abdominal wall reconstruction with polypropylene mesh: short-term benefits versus long-term complications". Annals of Surgery 194 (2): 219–223. doi:10.1097/00000658-198108000-00017. PMC 1345243. PMID 6455099.
Intensive care medicine
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- Health science
- Medicine
- Medical specialities
- Respiratory therapy
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General terms |
- Intensive care unit (ICU)
- Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
- Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)
- Coronary care unit (CCU)
- Critical illness insurance
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Conditions |
Organ system failure
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- Shock sequence
- SIRS
- Sepsis
- Severe sepsis
- Septic shock
- Other shock
- Cardiogenic shock
- Distributive shock
- Organ failure
- Acute renal failure
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Acute liver failure
- Respiratory failure
- Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
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Complications
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- Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy
- Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
- Decubitus ulcers
- Fungemia
- Stress hyperglycemia
- Stress ulcer
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Iatrogenesis
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- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Oxygen toxicity
- Refeeding syndrome
- Ventilator-associated lung injury
- Ventilator-associated pneumonia
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Diagnosis |
- Arterial blood gas
- Catheter
- Arterial catheter
- Central venous catheter
- Pulmonary artery catheter
- Blood cultures
- Screening cultures
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Life supporting treatments |
- Airway management
- Chest tube
- Dialysis
- Enteral feeding
- Goal-directed therapy
- Induced coma
- Mechanical ventilation
- Therapeutic hypothermia
- Total parenteral nutrition
- Tracheal intubation
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Drugs |
- Analgesics
- Antibiotics
- Antithrombotics
- Inotropes
- Intravenous fluids
- Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
- Recombinant activated protein C
- Sedatives
- Stress ulcer prevention drugs
- Vasopressors
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ICU scoring systems |
- APACHE II
- Glasgow Coma Scale
- PIM2
- SAPS II
- SAPS III
- SOFA
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Physiology |
- Hemodynamics
- Hypotension
- Level of consciousness
- Acid-base imbalance
- Water-electrolyte imbalance
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Organisations |
- Society of Critical Care Medicine
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign
- European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
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Related specialties |
- Anesthesia
- Cardiology
- Internal medicine
- Neurology
- Pediatrics
- Pulmonology
- Surgery
- Traumatology
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