Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/10 22:22:05」(JST)

wiki en

Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae. Most gonoccocal infections are asymptomatic and self-resolving, and epidemic strains of the meningococcus may be carried in >95% of a population where systemic disease occurs at <1% prevalence.

Neisseria species are Gram-negative bacteria included among the proteobacteria, a large group of Gram-negative forms. Neisseria diplococci resemble coffee beans when viewed microscopically.^[1]

Species

Pathogens

This genus (family Neisseriaceae) of parasitic bacteria grow in pairs and occasionally tetrads, and thrive best at 98.6°F (37°C) in the animal body or serum media.

The genus includes:

N. gonorrhoeae (also called the gonococcus), which causes gonorrhea.
N. meningitidis (also called the meningococcus), one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis and the causative agent of meningococcal septicaemia.

These two species have the ability of 'breaching' the barrier. Local cytokines of the area become secreted in order to initiate an immune response. However, neutrophils are not able to do their job due to the ability of "Neisseria" to invade and replicate within neutrophils as well avoiding phagocytosis and being killed by complement by resisting opsonization by antibodies, which target the pathogen for destruction. "Neisseria" are also able to alter its antigens to avoid being engulfed by a process called antigenic variation, which is observed primarily in surface-located molecules. The pathogenic species along with some commensal species, have a Type IV pili which serves multiple functions for this organism. Some functions of the type IV pili include: mediating attachment to various cells and tissues, twitching motility, natural competence, microcolony formation, extensive intrastrain phase and antigenic variation.

Complement Inhibition

Fa(fHbp) that is exhibited in N. meningitis and some commensal species, is the main inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway. fHbp protects meningococci from complement-mediated death in human serum experiments, but has also been shown to protect meningococci from anti-microbial peptides in vitro. Factor H binding protein is key to the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitis, and is therefore important as a potential vaccine candidate.^[2] Porins are also an important factor for complement inhibition for both pathogenic and commensal species. Porins are important for nutrient acquisition. Porins are also recognized by TLR2, they bind complement factors (C3b, C4b, factor H, and C4bp (complement factor 4b-binding protein)). Cooperation with pili for CR3-mediated internalization is another function of porins. Ability to translocate into host cells and modulate ROS production and apoptosis is made possible by porins as well. Strains of the same species can express different porins.

Nonpathogens

This genus also contains several, believed to be commensal, or nonpathogenic, species, like:

Neisseria bacilliformis
Neisseria cinerea
Neisseria elongata
Neisseria flavescens
Neisseria lactamica
Neisseria macacae
Neisseria mucosa
Neisseria polysaccharea
Neisseria sicca
Neisseria subflava
Neisseria flava

However, some of these can be associated with disease.^[3]

History

The genus Neisseria is named after the German bacteriologist Albert Neisser, who in 1879 discovered its first example, Neisseria gonorrheae, the pathogen which causes the human disease gonorrhea. Neisser also co-discovered the pathogen that causes leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae. These discoveries were made possible by the development of new staining techniques which he helped to develop.

Biochemical identification

All the medically significant species of Neisseria are positive for both catalase and oxidase. Different Neisseria species can be identified by the sets of sugars from which they will produce acid. For example, N. gonorrheae makes acid from only glucose, but N. meningitidis produces acid from both glucose and maltose.

Polysaccharide capsule N. meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the outer membrane of the bacterium and protects against soluble immune effector mechanisms within the serum. It is considered to be an essential virulence factor for the bacteria.^[4] N. gonorrhea possesses no such capsule. Instead of having the usual lipopolysaccharide or LPS, this bacteria, whether a pathogenic or commensal species, have what is called a LOS or Lipooligosaccharide which consists of a core polysaccharide and lipid A. It functions as an endotoxin, protects against antimicrobial peptides, and adheres to the Asialoglycoprotein receptor on urethral cells. LOS is highly stimulatory to the human immune system. LOS sialylation (by the enzymes Lst) prevents complement deposition and phagocytosis by neutrophils. LOS modification by phosphoethanolamine (by the enzyme LptA) provides resistance to antimicrobial peptides and complement. Strains of the same species have the ability to produce different LOS glycoforms.

Iron Acquisition

Iron is absolutely required by all life forms, playing a critical role in a number of essential processes. Free iron, at least what would be readily available to a microbial pathogen, practically doesn’t exist in animals. In vertebrates the majority of iron is stored inside cells in complex with either ferritin or hemoglobin. Extracellular iron is found in body fluids complexed to either transferrin or lactoferrin.

Pathogens Acquire Iron by two different strategies:

‘Siderophore’-mediated iron uptake, which involves out-competing transferrin and/or lactoferrin for iron binding. Iron-bound siderophores are then taken into the bacterium via specific receptors
Direct uptake of iron-bound host proteins, that involves the bacteria possessing a high-affinity for transferrin, lactoferrin, and hemoglobin (the approach utilized by the pathogenic "neiserria spp.").

Receptors: HmbRm, HpuA and HpuB are receptors for haptoglobin-haemoglobin. LbpAB is a receptor for human lactoferrin. TbpAB (Tbp1-Tbp2) is a receptor for human transferrin. All of these receptors are utilized for iron acquisition for both pathogenic and commensal species.

Vaccine

Diseases caused by N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae are significant health problems worldwide, the control of which are largely dependent on the availability and widespread use of comprehensive meningococcal and gonococcal vaccines. Development of neisserial vaccines has been challenging due to the nature of these organisms, in particular the heterogeneity, variability and/or poor immunogenicity of their outer surface components. As strictly human pathogens, they are highly adapted to the host environment, but have evolved several mechanisms to remain adaptable to changing microenvironments and avoid elimination by the host immune system. Currently, serogroup A, C, Y and W-135 meningococcal infections can be prevented by vaccines. However, no comprehensive serogroup B vaccine is available, and the prospect of developing a gonococcal vaccine is remote.^[5]

Antibiotic resistance

Diseases caused by the pathogenic Neisseria (N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis) have been successfully treated with antibiotics for the past 70 years. However, the prevalence of strains with resistance to antibiotics is increasing. Given the global nature of gonococcal and meningococcal diseases, the worldwide distribution of antibiotics, differing social practices in controlling and monitoring antibiotic availability, and geographical differences in treatment regimens, the global problem of antibiotic resistance likely will continue in the future. By understanding the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in gonococci and meningococci, resistance to antibiotics currently in clinical practice can be anticipated and the design of novel antimicrobials to circumvent this problem can be undertaken more rationally.^[6] The acquisition of cephalosporin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae, particularly ceftriaxone resistance, has greatly complicated the treatment of gonorrhea, with the gonococcus now being classified as a "superbug".^[7]

International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference

The International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference (IPNC), occurring every two years, is a forum for the presentation of cutting-edge research on all aspects of the genus Neisseria. This includes immunology, vaccinology, and physiology and metabolism of N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and the commensal species. The first IPNC took place in 1978, and the most recent one was in September 2008. Normally, the location of the conference switches between North America and Europe, but it took place in Australia for the first time in 2006, where the venue was located in Cairns, Australia.

References

^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ http://www.meningitis.org/assets/x/53954
^ Tronel H, Chaudemanche H, Pechier N, Doutrelant L, Hoen B (May 2001). "Endocarditis due to Neisseria mucosa after tongue piercing". Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7 (5): 275–6. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2001.00241.x. PMID 11422256.
^ Ullrich, M (editor) (2009). Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5.
^ Seib KL, Rappuoli, R (2010). "Difficulty in Developing a Neisserial Vaccine". Neisseria: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-51-6.
^ Shafer WM et al. (2010). "Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Expressed by the Pathogenic Neisseria". Neisseria: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-51-6.
^ Unemo M, Nicholas RA (December 2012). "Emergence of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and untreatable gonorrhea". Future Microbiol. 7 (12): 1401–1422. doi:10.2217/fmb.12.117. PMC 3629839. PMID 23231489.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 髄膜炎菌の微生物学および病理生物学 microbiology and pathobiology of neisseria meningitidis
2. 髄膜炎菌感染の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of meningococcal infection
3. 成人および思春期における淋菌感染症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in adults and adolescents
4. 髄膜炎菌感染の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of meningococcal infection
5. 淋菌感染の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of neisseria gonorrhoeae infection

English Journal

Smartphone-based, sensitive µPAD detection of urinary tract infection and gonorrhea.

Cho S1, Park TS1, Nahapetian TG2, Yoon JY3.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Dec 15;74:601-11. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.014. Epub 2015 Jul 11.
The presence of bacteria in urine can be used to monitor the onset or prognosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) and some sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhea. Typically, bacteria's presence in urine is confirmed by culturing samples overnight on agar plates, followed by a microsc
PMID 26190472

Bioremediation of Atmospheric Hydrocarbons via Bacteria Naturally Associated with Leaves of Higher Plants.

Ali N1, Al-Awadhi H1, Dashti N1, Khanafer M1, El-Nemr I1, Sorkhoh N1, Radwan SS1.
International journal of phytoremediation.Int J Phytoremediation.2015 Dec 2;17(12):1160-70. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1045125.
Bacteria associated with leaves of sixteen cultivated and wild plant species from all over Kuwait were analyzed by a culture-independent approach. This technique depended on partial sequencing of 16S rDNA regions in total genomic DNA from the bacterial consortia and comparing the resulting sequences
PMID 25946637

Investments in sexually transmitted infection research, 1997-2013: a systematic analysis of funding awarded to UK institutions.

Head MG1, Fitchett JR2, Cassell JA3, Atun R4.
Journal of global health.J Glob Health.2015 Dec;5(2):020405. doi: 10.7189/jogh.05.020405.
BACKGROUND: We report the first study that analyses public and philanthropic investments awarded to UK institutions for research related to sexually transmitted infections (STIs).METHODS: We systematically searched award data from the major funders for information on all infectious disease research
PMID 26322229

Japanese Journal

Real time PCR法を用いた淋菌, クラミジア診断の有用性の検討

濱砂良一,川井修一,安藤由起子,伊東健治,倉島雅子,西村敬史,山口隆正,吉村誠,小林とも子,村谷哲郎,松本哲朗
感染症学雑誌 : 日本伝染病学会機関誌 : the journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 85(1), 1-7, 2011-01-20
NAID 10028048189

男子淋菌性尿道炎由来 Neisseria gonorrhoeae の各種抗菌薬に対する感受性と cefixime 低感受性株penA遺伝子の解析

小野寺昭一,清田浩,遠藤勝久,伊藤博之,細部高英,讃岐邦太郎,吉田正樹,高倉真理子,高畑正裕
日本化学療法学会雜誌 = Japanese journal of chemotherapy 59(1), 17-24, 2011-01-10
NAID 10027817118

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 76」「マクロライド系抗菌薬」「ナイセリア属」「ナイセリア」「Neisseriaceae」
拡張検索	「serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis」「serogroup W-135 Neisseria meningitidis」「penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae」

「100Cases 76」

Neisseria
	Fluorescent antibody stain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Betaproteobacteria
Order:	Neisseriales
Family:	Neisseriaceae
Genus:	Neisseria; Trevisan, 1885
Species
	N. bacilliformis; N. cinerea; N. denitrificans; N. elongata; N. flavescens; N. gonorrhoeae; N. lactamica; N. macacae; N. meningitidis; N. mucosa; N. pharyngis; N. polysaccharea; N. sicca; N. subflava; N. weaveri

　　[★]

☆case76　頭痛

■glossary

傾眠 drowsiness 正常、病的の区別なく眠り込む場合に用いられる

意識不鮮明　 confusion 周囲に対する認識や理解は低下し、思考の清明さや、記憶の正確さが失われる

錯乱　 confusion　夢幻様状態より見当識障害と思考の滅裂が見られる状態(PSY.40)

MA = Master of Arts 文学修士

　The Master of Arts (BrE: MA, UsE: M.A.) is awarded in Arts, Humanities, Theology and Social Sciences (Wikipedia)

graduate student 大学院生

rousable adj. 覚醒できる、目を覚ますことができる

rouse vt. ～の目を覚まさせる、呼び起こす。喚起する、鼓舞する、奮起させる。(感情を)起こさせる、かき立てる

lateralize vt. (生理)(大脳が)(左右半球に心的機能差がある、左右差がある。(器官・機能・活動などが)大脳の(左右いずれかの)片側優位下にある。(医学)(障害などが)大脳の片半球にあると診断される

乳頭浮腫 papilledema 原因を問わず視神経乳頭が腫脹している状態

うっ血乳頭 choked disc 脳圧亢進による乳頭浮腫

■症例

24歳、男性　精神学の修士過程を専攻している大学院生

主訴：激しい頭痛

現病歴：頭部全体に痛みがある。2回嘔吐。傾眠と錯乱が認められるようになった。明るい光を嫌う()he finds bright lights uncomfortable。

既往歴：病気の既往はない。アレルギーはない。タバコ1日10本。アルコール24 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)13.7本/週)。薬は服用してない。

家族歴：彼女と同居。3歳と4歳の子供がいる。

・診察 examination

　見た感じ紅潮しており、調子が悪そう。体温：39.2℃。項部硬直あり(he has stiffness on passice flexion of his neck)。皮疹なし。副鼻腔に圧痛なし。鼓膜所見は正常。脈拍：120/分。血圧：98/74 mmHg。心血管系、胸部、腹部に異常所見なし(normal)。意識レベル低下。命令に応じて覚醒する(JCS10？)。局所神経症状認めない。眼底所見正常

・検査 investigation

　血液検査

　　白血球：上昇。血清 Na：低下。血清尿素：上昇。血清クレアチニン：上昇。血液培養：検査中

　画像検査

　　胸部X線：異常所見なし。頭部 CT：正常

　心電図：洞性頻脈

　腰椎穿刺

　　髄液所見：混濁。白血球：増多。蛋白：増多。糖：低下(普通の人の血糖100mg/dLと考える。→　1g/L　→　1/180　mol/L　→　5.56 mmol/L。グラム染色：結果待ち

■Q

　診断、鑑別診断、管理

■A

　細菌性髄膜炎、髄膜炎・クモ膜下出血、経験的抗菌薬投与・

■解説

(第1パラグラフ)細菌性髄膜炎

・(症状)突然発症。激しい頭痛、嘔吐、錯乱、羞明、項部硬直

・低血圧、白血球増多、腎機能低下　→　ウイルス性よりむしろ細菌性の感染を示唆する。　←　重症敗血症～敗血症ショックかな？(私見)

・(髄膜炎菌の種類)

＜テーブル挿入　髄膜炎＞

・(疫学)HIM. 2621 (多分、全患者中(←私見))

　Streptococcus pneumoniae ～50%

　Neisseria meningitidis ～25%、

　group B streptococci ～15%

　Listeria monocytogenes ～10%

　Haemophilus influenzae type B <10%

・Neisseria meningitidisは全身性の脈管の皮疹(点状出血、紫斑)が特徴的(generalized vasculitic rash)

(第2パラグラフ)鑑別診断

・激しい頭痛

　・the most severe headaches are experienced in meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage and classic migraine.

　　・meningitis：単回の発作(single episode)。症状は時間単位で出現。

　　・subarachnoid hemorrhage：単回の発作(single episode)。突然発症(突発完成？)。硝子体出血を認めることがある。

　　・classic migraine：繰り返す(数回/年～1回/週。平均月2回。発作は4-72時間継続)

・髄膜刺激：急性に発熱をきたした多くの病態でみられる(acute febrile conditions)。特に子供。　←　そうなの？

・頚部硬直：頚部や脊椎の局所感染症でも起こる。　←　パーキンソン病などによる筋トーヌスの異常亢進も除外しよう

・他の髄膜炎：脳脊髄液所見で鑑別する

(第3パラグラフ)経験的治療

・(細菌性)髄膜炎が疑われたら、確定診断する前に適切な抗菌薬を投与(empirical treatment)。　→　数時間の経過で死亡することがある。

・ペニシリンアレルギーがなければ、ceftriaxoneかceftaximeの静脈内投与が一般的な治療法

(第4パラグラフ)腰椎穿刺

・乳頭浮腫がない、あるいは占拠性病変を示唆する片側性の神経徴候(lateralized neurological signs)がある患者では(CTの結果を待たずに)腰椎穿刺をすぐにやるべき(CASES)　←　どういう事？

・局在性の神経徴候(localized neurological sign)がある場合はまずCTを撮るべき(CASES)。　→　the dangers of coning　←　鉤ヘルニアの事？

(第5パラグラフ)細菌性髄膜炎の管理

・診断：CSF 検査(グラム染色、髄液培養(確定診断、感受性試験)

・管理

　・意識が低下しているのでそれなりの看護(must be nursed)。アヘン剤による鎮痛。生理食塩水による低ナトリウム血症の補正。低血圧を補正するために inotrope(a drug with positive inotropic effects, e.g. dobutamine, digitalis, milrinone )も必要かもしれない。(100CASES)

　・感受性のある抗菌薬の投与(大量静注、髄液移行性の高いもの)、髄液所見の正常化・CRP 陰転後、1週間抗菌薬を投与して治療を終了。対症療法として脳圧亢進には高張脳圧降下薬(マンニトールなど)を投与。(IMD.1042)

(第6パラグラフ)家族構成を考えた治療

・(意訳)誰が3-4歳の世話をしていたのか分からないけど、子供も検査すべき。髄膜炎菌か原因菌が不明だったら、リファンピシンによる予防的治療と髄膜炎球菌に対する予防接種をすべき。　←　日本ではどうなんでしょうか。

□350ml アルコール5%

350x0.05/10=1.75 unit

■莢膜を有し、髄膜炎を起こす細菌　→　莢膜を有することで血液中で補体などを介した貪食を免れ、血行性にクモ膜下腔まで到達しうる。

・Streptococcus pneumoniae

・Haemophilus influenzae type b

・Neisseria meningitidis

■敗血症

・定義

　感染症による全身性炎症反応症候群(SIRS)をセプシス(sepsis, 広義の敗血症？)とする

　感染症の病原体は、一般細菌(グラム陽性菌・陰性菌)、真菌、寄生虫、ウイルスなど

　皮膚や粘膜の傷とか、種々の臓器にある感染巣から、細菌がリンパ流から血中に入り、全身に播種されて、新たに転移性の感染巣をつくり、重篤な全身症状を引き起こす。

・全身性炎症反応症候群の診断基準

　下記項目のうち2項目以上が当てはまる

　　1. 体温>38℃ or 体温<36℃

　　2. 心拍数>90bpm

　　3. 呼吸数>20回/min or PaCO2<32mmHg

　　4. (白血球数>12,000/ul or 白血球数<4,000/ul) or ( 幼若好中球>10% )　←　ここでいう幼若好中球とは桿状好中球のことである。

・敗血症の周辺疾患概念

　1. 全身性炎症反応症候群 systemic inflammatory response syndrome SIRS

　　発熱や白血球増加などの全身の炎症の徴候によって特徴づけられる病態(SIRSの診断基準に合致する病態)

　2. 敗血症 sepsis

　　SIRSが感染の結果である場合

　3. 重症敗血症 severe sepsis

　　主要臓器障害を伴う敗血症

　4. 敗血症性ショック septic shock

　　輸液投与に不応性の低血圧を伴う重症敗血症

　5. 多臓器機能障害症候群 multiorgan dysfunction syndrome MODS

　　2つ以上の主要臓器の機能異常

　6. 多臓器不全 multiorgan failure MOF

　　2つ以上の主要臓器の不全状態

■参考文献

HIM = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition

PSY = 標準精神医学第3版

CASES = 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine Second edition

IMD = 内科診断学第2版

「マクロライド系抗菌薬」

　　[★]

英: macrolide antibiotic macrolide antibiotics, macrolides, MLs
同: マクロライド系抗生物質　←厳密には違うが、多くの人が間違って使っている
関: 抗菌薬

特徴

抗菌スペクトルが広い
静菌的に作用
大きな環状構造を有する。14員環-16員環
タンパク質合成阻害薬
抗生物質としての作用の他に、抗炎症作用を有するらしい

炎症の抑制 ex.びまん性汎細気管支炎

構造

http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/life-science-catalog/product-catalog.html?TablePage=14572877
Macrolide antibiotics contain a many-membered lactone ring (14-membered rings for erythromycin and clarithromycin and a 15-membered ring for azithromycin) to which are attached one or more deoxy sugars. Clarithromycin differs from erythromycin only by methylation of the hydroxyl group at the 6 position, and azithromycin differs by the addition of a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom into the lactone ring. These structural modifications improve acid stability and tissue penetration and broaden the spectrum of activity.(GOO. chapter 46)

作用機序

50Sリボソームに結合してタンパク質合成を阻害

inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by reacting with the 50s ribosomal subunit and preventing the release of the uncharged tRNA.

薬理作用

動態

経口で吸収される

抗菌スペクトル

ペニシリンより広い抗菌スペクトル
グラム陽性球菌、グラム陰性球菌、グラム陰性桿菌、スピロヘータ、一部のリケッチア、ウイルス

適応

マイコプラズマ肺炎、クラミジア感染症、カンピロバクター腸炎、レジオネラ症
びまん性汎細気管支炎：14員環マクロライドのみ
URIs, pneumonias, STD

グラム陽性球菌(ペニシリンアレルギー), Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia, Neisseria

注意

禁忌

副作用

肝障害
消化器障害
QT延長、心室性不整脈

悪心、嘔吐、消化器の蠕動を促進

薬物相互作用

テオフィリン

喘息の治療薬。CYP3A4で代謝される。中毒域と治療域がちかいので注意する

マクロライド系抗菌薬

14員環

15員環

アジスロマイシン azithromycin

16員環

14員環 (ケトライド系抗菌薬)

テリスロマイシン telithromycin　→　厳密にはケトライド系

有効性 (SMB.147)

○：殺菌的、△静菌的

「ナイセリア属」

　　[★]

英: Neisseria
同: Neisseria属
関

ナイセリア属

感染症(first aid step1 2006 p.140)

	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Neisseria meningitidis
polysaccharide capsule	×	○
maltose fermentation	×	○
vaccine	×	○
infection	gonorrhea septic arthritis neonatal conjunctivitis PID	meningococcemia meningitis Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

感染症

Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Neisseria meningitidis
尿道炎	髄膜炎
子宮頚管炎	敗血症
卵管炎	肺炎
前立腺炎	尿道炎
敗血症	関節炎
関節炎
結膜炎
咽頭炎
骨盤死膣炎

「ナイセリア」

　　[★]

英: Neisseria、neisserial
関: ナイセリア属、Neisseria属

「Neisseriaceae」

　　[★]

ナイセリア科

イセリア科

関: Neisseria

「serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis」

　　[★]

血清型A株髄膜炎菌、A群髄膜炎菌

関: serogroup A meningococci、serogroup A meningococcus

「serogroup W-135 Neisseria meningitidis」

　　[★]

血清型W-135株髄膜炎菌、W-135群髄膜炎菌

「penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae」

　　[★] ペニシリナーゼ産生淋菌

[Sherris-1] Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[2] ttp://www.meningitis.org/assets/x/53954

[pmid11422256-3] Tronel H, Chaudemanche H, Pechier N, Doutrelant L, Hoen B (May 2001). "Endocarditis due to Neisseria mucosa after tongue piercing". Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7 (5): 275–6. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2001.00241.x. PMID 11422256.

[UllrichM-4] Ullrich, M (editor) (2009). Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5.

[Seib-5] Seib KL, Rappuoli, R (2010). "Difficulty in Developing a Neisserial Vaccine". Neisseria: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-51-6.

[Shafer-6] Shafer WM et al. (2010). "Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Expressed by the Pathogenic Neisseria". Neisseria: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-51-6.

[PMID_23231489-7] Unemo M, Nicholas RA (December 2012). "Emergence of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and untreatable gonorrhea". Future Microbiol. 7 (12): 1401–1422. doi:10.2217/fmb.12.117. PMC 3629839. PMID 23231489.

Neisseria

Fluorescent antibody stain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Betaproteobacteria
Order:	Neisseriales
Family:	Neisseriaceae
Genus:	Neisseria Trevisan, 1885
Species
N. bacilliformis N. cinerea N. denitrificans N. elongata N. flavescens N. gonorrhoeae N. lactamica N. macacae N. meningitidis N. mucosa N. pharyngis N. polysaccharea N. sicca N. subflava N. weaveri

匿名

検索

案内

Neisseria