関: respiration frequency、respiration rate、ventilation frequency

WordNet

the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)r
be worthy of or have a certain rating; "This bond rates highly"
amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis; "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5" (同)charge per unit
a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected"
a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; "the literacy rate"; "the retention rate"; "the dropout rate"
assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide" (同)rank, range, order, grade, place
estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans" (同)value
give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat
a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a womans coiffure
any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse
catch rats, especially with dogs
desert ones party or group of friends, for example, for ones personal advantage
employ scabs or strike breakers in
pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
standing or position on a scale
a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator

PrepTutorEJDIC

resistance / 17歳以下父兄同伴映画の表示 / rook
〈C〉『割合』,『率』 / 〈C〉《the~,a~》『速度』(speed),進度 / 〈C〉『値段』,『相場』;料金 / 〈U〉等級(class),(…)等 / 《複数形ぃ》《英》地方税 / (…の金額に)…‘の'『値段を決める』,見積もる《+『名』+『at』+『名』》 / …‘を'『評価する』,みなす / 《米話》…‘に'値する,‘の'価値がある / 『評価される』;みなされる
…‘を'どなりつける
『ネズミ』 / ひきょう者,裏切り者 / ネズミをつかまえる / 《話》(人を)裏切る,密告する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》
呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
〈C〉〈U〉（品質・技量などによる）格づけ,評価 / 〈C〉（個人・会社の経済的な）信用度 / 〈C〉(トン・馬力による)(船舶・車)の等級 / 〈C〉(テレビ・ラジオの)視聴率
《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/18 05:58:29」(JST)

wiki en

Breathing (which in organisms with lungs is called ventilation and includes inhalation and exhalation) is a part of respiration. Thus,

Measurement

Human respiration rate is measured when a person is at rest and involves counting the number of breaths for one minute by counting how many times the chest rises. An optical breath rate sensor can be used for monitoring patients during a magnetic resonance imaging scan.^[1] Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, or other medical conditions. When checking respiration, it is important to also note whether a person has any difficulty breathing.

Inaccuracies in respiratory measurement have been reported in the literature. One study compared respiratory rate counted using a 90-second count period, to a full minute, and found significant differences in the rates.^{[citation needed]} Another study found that rapid respiratory rates in babies, counted using a stethoscope, were 60–80% higher than those counted from beside the cot without the aid of the stethoscope.^{[citation needed]} Similar results are seen with animals when they are being handled and not being handled—the invasiveness of touch apparently is enough to make significant changes in breathing.

Various other methods to measure respiratory rate are commonly used, including impedance pneumography,^[2] and capnography which are commonly implemented in patient monitoring.

Normal range

The typical respiratory rate for a healthy adult at rest is 12–20 breaths per minute.^[3]

Average resting respiratory rates by age are:^[4]^[5]

birth to 6 weeks: 30–60 breaths per minute
6 months: 25–40 breaths per minute
3 years: 20–30 breaths per minute
6 years: 18–25 breaths per minute
10 years: 17–23 breaths per minute
Adults: 12-18-breaths per minute^[3]
Elderly ≥ 65 years old: 12-28 breaths per minute.^[6]
Elderly ≥ 80 years old: 10-30 breaths per minute.^[6]

Minute volume

Respiratory minute volume is the volume of air which is inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from the lungs in one minute.

Diagnostic value

The value of respiratory rate as an indicator of potential respiratory dysfunction has been investigated but findings suggest it is of limited value.

One study found that only 33% of people presenting to an emergency department with an oxygen saturation below 90% had an increased respiratory rate.^{[citation needed]} An evaluation of respiratory rate for the differentiation of the severity of illness in babies under 6 months found it not to be very useful. Approximately half of the babies had a respiratory rate above 50 breaths per minute, thereby questioning the value of having a "cut-off" at 50 breaths per minute as the indicator of serious respiratory illness.

It has also been reported that factors such as crying, sleeping, agitation and age have a significant influence on the respiratory rate.^{[citation needed]} As a result of these and similar studies the value of respiratory rate as an indicator of serious illness is limited.

Abnormal respiratory rates

Apnea
Dyspnea
Hyperpnea
Tachypnea
Hypopnea
Bradypnea
Orthopnea
Platypnea
Biot's respiration
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Kussmaul breathing

References

^ [1]
^ Grenvik, A., Ballou, S., McGinley, E., Millen, J., Cooley, W.L., Safar P. (1972) Impedance Pneumography: Comparison between Chest Impedance Changes and Respiratory Volumes in II Healthy Volunteers. Chest. October 1972;62(4):439-443 [2]
^ ^a ^b Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology (24 ed.). p. 619. ISBN 0071780033.
^ Scott L. DeBoer (4 November 2004). Emergency Newborn Care. Trafford Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4120-3089-2.
^ Wilburta Q. Lindh; Marilyn Pooler; Carol Tamparo; Barbara M. Dahl (9 March 2009). Delmar's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Competencies. Cengage Learning. p. 573. ISBN 978-1-4354-1914-8.
^ ^a ^b Rodríguez-Molinero A. et al., Normal respiratory rate and peripheral blood oxygen saturation in the elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Dec;61(12):2238-40.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における身体的診察：一般原則および標準的な測定 the pediatric physical examination general principles and standard measurements
2. 機械的人工換気の概要 overview of mechanical ventilation
3. 救急外来における呼吸困難の成人の評価 evaluation of the adult with dyspnea in the emergency department
4. 最新の診療アップデート practice changing updates
5. 小児における急性呼吸窮迫の緊急評価および即時的マネージメント emergent evaluation and immediate management of acute respiratory distress in children

English Journal

The association of cardiac vagal control and executive functioning - Findings from the MIDUS study.

Kimhy D, Crowley OV, McKinley PS, Burg MM, Lachman ME, Tun PA, Ryff CD, Seeman TE, Sloan RP.SourceDivision of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: kimhyda@nyspi.columbia.edu.
Journal of psychiatric research.J Psychiatr Res.2013 May;47(5):628-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.018. Epub 2013 Feb 20.
Cardiac vagal control (CVC), an index of parasympathetic contribution to cardiac regulation, has been linked to enhanced executive functioning (EF). However, findings to date have been based on small or unique samples. Additionally, previous studies assessed the CVC-EF link only during rest or recov
PMID 23434176

Comparative analysis of immune responses following experimental infection of pigs with European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains of differing virulence.

Weesendorp E, Morgan S, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Graaf DJ, Graham SP, Rebel JM.SourceDepartment of Infection Biology, Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Electronic address: eefke.weesendorp@wur.nl.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2013 Apr 12;163(1-2):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.013. Epub 2012 Sep 19.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is difficult to control due to a high mutation rate and the emergence of virulent strains. The objective of this study was to analyze the immunological and pathological responses after infection with the European subtype 3 strain Lena in co
PMID 23036445

Baseline respiratory parameters in panic disorder: A meta-analysis.

Grassi M, Caldirola D, Vanni G, Guerriero G, Piccinni M, Valchera A, Perna G.SourceDepartment of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano (Co), Italy. Electronic address: massi.gra@gmail.com.
Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2013 Apr 5;146(2):158-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.034. Epub 2012 Oct 27.
BACKGROUND: The presence of abnormalities in baseline respiratory function of subjects with panic disorder (PD) is expected according to PD respiratory theories. We aimed to meta-analyze results from studies comparing baseline respiratory and hematic parameters related to respiration between subject
PMID 23107756

Japanese Journal

脳卒中における再生医療の展望(<特集>明日の脳神経外科を拓く神経科学)

本望修
脳神経外科ジャーナル 20(8), 574-579, 2011-08-20
われわれは,1990年代初期から,各種細胞(幹細胞を含む)を用いた神経再生治療へ向けた基礎研究を継続してきた.近年は,骨髄間葉系幹細胞(mesenchymal stem cell:MSC)をドナー細胞とした神経再生研究に注目し,MSCは経静脈内投与で脳梗塞に対して著明な治療効果が認められるという基礎研究結果を多数報告してきた.これらの基礎研究結果に基づき,2007年1月より自己血清で培養した自己M …
NAID 110008713063

脳血管障害による嚥下障害への対応 : 神経内科医の立場から-脳梗塞急性期の嚥下障害

巨島文子
音声言語医学 52(3), 197-201, 2011-07-20
脳梗塞急性期には高率に嚥下障害を合併する. 脳梗塞の病型により嚥下障害の特徴があり, その病態を把握して正確な評価をしたうえで全身状態に併せて訓練を選択し, 絶食の判断や適切な食事療法および薬物治療を行うことが誤嚥を減少させる. 口腔ケアや呼吸リハビリテーションも併用する. 重症例ではボツリヌス毒素注入療法や手術療法を考慮する. 嚥下障害は誤嚥や栄養障害を引き起こし, 予後を決定する因子となる. …
NAID 10029278419

Synergistic inhibition effect of 2-phenylethanol and ethanol on bioproduction of natural 2-phenylethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and process enhancement(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Wang Hang,Dong Qingfeng,Guan Ang,Meng Chun,Shi Xian'ai,Guo Yanghao
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 112(1), 26-31, 2011-07
… In this work the synergistic inhibition effect of the target product PEA and the byproduct ethanol on the bioconversion rate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae R-UV3 was systematically studied and a new kinetic model with an item representing the synergistic effect was proposed. … The glucose concentration was regulated at the level of 0.2±0.1g/L by controlling a suitable respiratory quotient on line, which could limit the accumulation of the ethanol lower than 10g/L. …
NAID 110008686239

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「呼吸数」「R」「RR」「respiration rate」「respiration frequency」
関連記事	「rate」「rat」「respiratory」

「呼吸数」

　　[★]

英: respiratory frequency, respiratory rate RR, f
関: 呼吸

正常の呼吸

出典不明

乳児：40回/分
幼児：30回/分
学童：30回/分以下
成人：15-20回/分　10-15回/分(医学事典)

SPE.376

/分

新生児：29-32
乳児　：22-28
幼児　：20-28
学童　：18-20
成人　：16-18

出典不明

	呼吸数(回/分)	脈拍数(回/分)	脈拍数/呼吸数比
新生児	40～50	120	2.4～3.0
乳児	30～40	120	3.0～4.0
幼児	20～30	90	3.0～4.5
学童	18～20	80	4.0～4.4
成人	16～18	70	3.9～4.4