(義務、(果皮や種子を含んだ果汁)スト　　　　

WordNet

highly recommended; "a book that is must reading"
a necessary or essential thing; "seat belts are an absolute must"
grape juice before or during fermentation
call to duty, military service, jury duty, etc.
a gathering of military personnel for duty; "he was thrown in the brig for missing muster"
gather or bring together; "muster the courage to do something"; "she rallied her intellect"; "Summon all your courage" (同)rally, summon, come_up, muster up
the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet

PrepTutorEJDIC

《義務・必要》…『ねばならない』,すべきである / 《命令・強制》…『ねばならない』,…せよ;《否定文では禁止》…『してはいけない』 / …『にちがいない』,きっと…のはずだ;《「must have+過去分詞」の形で》…であったに違いない,きっと…であったはずだ / 『必ず…する』,…は避けられない / どうしても…しないと承知しない / 《話》《過去のあいにくのでき事》あいにく…した / 《話》絶対必要なもの,欠かせないもの,必ず見る(聞く,読む)べきもの / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》絶対必要な,不可欠の
〈人・物〉‘を'集める;(戦闘・点呼などで)〈兵〉‘を'召集する / 〈勇気など〉‘を'呼び集める,奮い起こす《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 集まる / 召集,人員点呼;検閲 / (人・物の)集合,群れ / 人員名簿,点呼名簿
ミュー(ギリシア語アルファベットの第12字М,μ;英語のM,mに相当)
museum / music

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/05/28 01:52:27」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Must (disambiguation).

For the word "must" meaning compulsion, see wikt:must. For the condition affecting male elephants, see musth.

Grapes being pressed to create must.

Must (from the Latin vinum mustum, “young wine”) is freshly pressed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit. The solid portion of the must is called pomace; it typically makes up 7%–23% of the total weight of the must. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, typically between 10 and 15%, must is also used as a sweetener in a variety of cuisines. Unlike commercially sold grape juice, which is filtered and pasteurized, must is thick with particulate matter, opaque, and comes in various shades of brown and/or purple.

Winemaking

The length of time that the pomace stays in the juice is critical for the final character of the wine. When the winemaker judges the time to be right, the juice is drained off the pomace, which is then pressed to extract the juice retained by the matrix. Yeast is added to the juice to begin the fermentation, while the pomace is often returned to the vineyard or orchard to be used as fertilizer. A portion of selected unfermented must may be kept as Süssreserve, to be added prior to bottling as a sweetening component. Some winemakers create a second batch of wine from the used pomace by adding a quantity of water equivalent to the juice removed, letting the mixture sit for 24 hours, and draining off the liquid. This wine may be used as a drink for the employees of the winemaker or as a basis for some pomace brandies. Grappa, however, by law, must be produced only from the pomace solids, with no water added.

For mead production

This term is also used by meadmakers for the unfermented honey-water mixture that becomes mead. The analogous term in beer brewing is wort.

In cookery

Must was commonly used as a cooking ingredient in ancient Rome. It was boiled down in lead or bronze kettles into a milder concentrate called defrutum or a stronger concentrate called saba. It was often used as a souring agent and preservative, especially in fruit dishes. Reduced must is used in Balkan and Middle Eastern cookery, either as a syrup known as pekmez or dibis or as the basis for confections where it is thickened with flour: moustalevria, soutzoukos, churchkhela. Moustokoúloura ("must cookies") is a popular Greek variety of soda cookies or biscuits whose sweet dough is made by kneading flour, olive oil, and must. They are made in various shapes and sizes, and they are dark brown in color because of the must.

Roman lead poisoning theory

Geochemist Jerome Nriagu published an article in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1983 hypothesizing that defrutum and saba may have contained enough lead acetate to be of danger to those who consumed them regularly. This theory has been thoroughly criticized by, among others, pharmacologist John Scarborough.^[1]

In Christian liturgy

In Roman Catholic Eucharistic liturgy, must may be substituted for sacramental wine, on condition that the ordinary has granted permission for the benefit of a priest or lay person who should not, usually because of alcoholism, ingest wine; but in normal circumstances it may not be used in place of wine.^[2]

Official Roman Catholic documents define must (mustum in Latin) precisely as "grape juice that is either fresh or preserved by methods that suspend its fermentation without altering its nature (for example, freezing),"^[2] and it excludes pasteurized grape juice.^[3]

This teaching goes back at least to Pope Julius I (337–352), who is quoted in Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica as having declared that in case of necessity, but only then, juice pressed from a grape could be used. Aquinas himself declared that it is forbidden to offer fresh must in the chalice, because this is unbecoming owing to the impurity of the must; but he added that in case of necessity it may be done.^[4]

Aquinas himself declared:

Must has already the species of wine, for its sweetness ["Aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit humorem"; Virgil, Georg. i, 295] indicates fermentation, which is "the result of its natural heat" (Meteor. iv); consequently this sacrament can be made from must. ... It is forbidden to offer must in the chalice, as soon as it has been squeezed from the grape, since this is unbecoming owing to the impurity of the must. But in case of necessity it may be done: for it is said by the same Pope Julius, in the passage quoted in the argument: "If necessary, let the grape be pressed into the chalice."^[5]

Liturgical norms

The latest document from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the matter, issued on 24 July 2003, gave the following norms, which simplify those previously in force:^[2]

The Ordinary is competent to give permission for an individual priest or layperson to use mustum for the celebration of the Eucharist. Permission can be granted habitually, for as long as the situation that occasioned the granting of permission continues (e.g., the priest is an alcoholic).

When the principal celebrant at a concelebration has permission to use mustum, a chalice of normal wine is to be prepared for the concelebrants.

Given the centrality of the celebration of the Eucharist in the life of a priest, one must proceed with great caution before admitting to Holy Orders those candidates unable to ingest alcohol without serious harm.

Attention should be paid to medical advances in the area of alcoholism and encouragement given to the production of unaltered mustum.

References

^ Grout, James. "Lead Poisoning and Rome". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60N6AQZTk. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Gluten Allergies/Alcohol Intolerance and the Bread and Wine used at Mass", circular letter Prot. 89/78-174 98 of 24 July 2003, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, to Presidents of Episcopal Conferences.
^ "The Use of Mustum and Low-Gluten Hosts at Mass". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. November 2003. http://www.usccb.org/liturgy/innews/1103.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
^ Summa Theologica, III, q. 74, art. 5, reply to objection 3.
^ Summa Theologica, III, q. 74, art. 5, reply to objection 3

External links

Further information from the USCCB's Committee on Divine Worship
Further information from the Liturgy Office of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 76」「～ねばならない」「マスト」
拡張検索	「mustard」「musty」「Indian mustard」「propylbenzilylcholine mustard」
関連記事	「mu」

「100Cases 76」

　　[★]

☆case76　頭痛

■glossary

傾眠 drowsiness 正常、病的の区別なく眠り込む場合に用いられる

意識不鮮明　 confusion 周囲に対する認識や理解は低下し、思考の清明さや、記憶の正確さが失われる

錯乱　 confusion　夢幻様状態より見当識障害と思考の滅裂が見られる状態(PSY.40)

MA = Master of Arts 文学修士

　The Master of Arts (BrE: MA, UsE: M.A.) is awarded in Arts, Humanities, Theology and Social Sciences (Wikipedia)

graduate student 大学院生

rousable adj. 覚醒できる、目を覚ますことができる

rouse vt. ～の目を覚まさせる、呼び起こす。喚起する、鼓舞する、奮起させる。(感情を)起こさせる、かき立てる

lateralize vt. (生理)(大脳が)(左右半球に心的機能差がある、左右差がある。(器官・機能・活動などが)大脳の(左右いずれかの)片側優位下にある。(医学)(障害などが)大脳の片半球にあると診断される

乳頭浮腫 papilledema 原因を問わず視神経乳頭が腫脹している状態

うっ血乳頭 choked disc 脳圧亢進による乳頭浮腫

■症例

24歳、男性　精神学の修士過程を専攻している大学院生

主訴：激しい頭痛

現病歴：頭部全体に痛みがある。2回嘔吐。傾眠と錯乱が認められるようになった。明るい光を嫌う()he finds bright lights uncomfortable。

既往歴：病気の既往はない。アレルギーはない。タバコ1日10本。アルコール24 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)13.7本/週)。薬は服用してない。

家族歴：彼女と同居。3歳と4歳の子供がいる。

・診察 examination

　見た感じ紅潮しており、調子が悪そう。体温：39.2℃。項部硬直あり(he has stiffness on passice flexion of his neck)。皮疹なし。副鼻腔に圧痛なし。鼓膜所見は正常。脈拍：120/分。血圧：98/74 mmHg。心血管系、胸部、腹部に異常所見なし(normal)。意識レベル低下。命令に応じて覚醒する(JCS10？)。局所神経症状認めない。眼底所見正常

・検査 investigation

　血液検査

　　白血球：上昇。血清 Na：低下。血清尿素：上昇。血清クレアチニン：上昇。血液培養：検査中

　画像検査

　　胸部X線：異常所見なし。頭部 CT：正常

　心電図：洞性頻脈

　腰椎穿刺

　　髄液所見：混濁。白血球：増多。蛋白：増多。糖：低下(普通の人の血糖100mg/dLと考える。→　1g/L　→　1/180　mol/L　→　5.56 mmol/L。グラム染色：結果待ち

■Q

　診断、鑑別診断、管理

■A

　細菌性髄膜炎、髄膜炎・クモ膜下出血、経験的抗菌薬投与・