WordNet

an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood as a result of infection (as in leukemia) (同)leucocytosis
reveal its presence or make an appearance; "the ghost manifests each year on the same day"
a customs document listing the contents put on a ship or plane
record in a ships manifest; "each passenger must be manifested"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『明白な』,はっきりした(clear) / …‘を'『はっきり表す』(『示す』),表明する・(税関に提出するための船・飛行機の)積み荷目録;乗客名簿・宣言・声明書・檄文・特に，共産党宣言・政策綱領（イギリスの選挙で政党から公表されるもので，具体性を欠く選挙スローガンや公約と異なり，政策の数値目標，実施期限，財源などを明示する）

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/12 07:01:51」(JST)

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Leukocytosis is a white blood cell count (the leukocyte count) above the normal range in the blood.^[1]^[2] It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response,^[3] most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors. It may also occur after strenuous exercise, convulsions such as epilepsy, emotional stress, pregnancy and labour, anesthesia, and epinephrine administration.^[1]

There are five principal types of leukocytosis:^[4]

Neutrophilia (the most common form)^[5]
Lymphocytosis
Monocytosis
Eosinophilia
Basophilia

This increase in leukocytes (primarily neutrophils) is usually accompanied by a "left shift" in the ratio of immature to mature neutrophils. The proportion of immature leukocytes increases due to proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow which is stimulated by several products of inflammation including C3a and G-CSF. Although it may indicate illness, leukocytosis is considered a laboratory finding instead of a separate disease. This classification is similar to that of fever, which is also a test result instead of a disease.^{[citation needed]} "Right shift" in the ratio of immature to mature neutrophils is considered with reduced count or lack of "young neutrophils" (metamyelocytes, and band neutrophils) in blood smear, associated with the presence of "giant neutrophils". This fact shows suppression of bone marrow activity, as a hematological sign specific for pernicious anemia and radiation sickness.^[6]

A leukocyte count above 25 to 30 x 10⁹/L is termed a leukemoid reaction, which is the reaction of a healthy bone marrow to extreme stress, trauma, or infection. It is different from leukemia and from leukoerythroblastosis, in which either immature white blood cells (acute leukemia) or mature, yet non-functional, white blood cells (chronic leukemia) are present in peripheral blood.^{[citation needed]}

Leukocyte counts

Below are blood reference ranges for various types leucocytes/WBCs.^[7] The 97.5 percentile (right limits in intervals in image, showing 95% prediction intervals) is a common limit for defining leukocytosis.

Classification

Leukocytosis can be subcategorized by the type of white blood cell that is increased in number. Leukocytosis in which neutrophils are elevated is neutrophilia; leukocytosis in which lymphocyte count is elevated is lymphocytosis; leukocytosis in which monocyte count is elevated is monocytosis; and leukocytosis in which eosinophil count is elevated is eosinophilia.^[8]

Causes

Causes of leukocytosis
Neutrophilic leukocytosis (neutrophilia)	Acute bacterial infections, especially pyogenic infections^[8] Sterile inflammation Tissue necrosis^[8] Myocardial infarction^[8] Burns^[8]
Eosinophilic leukocytosis (eosinophilia)	Allergic disorders Asthma^[8] Hay fever^[8] Drug allergies^[8] Allergic skin diseases^[8] Pemphigus^[8] Dermatitis herpetiformis Parasitic infections^[8] Some forms of malignancy Hodgkin's lymphoma^[8] Some forms of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma^[8] Systemic autoimmune diseases^[8] (e.g. SLE) Some forms of vasculitis^[8] Cholesterol embolism (transiently)^[8]
Basophilic leukocytosis Basophilia	(rare)^[8] Myeloproliferative disease, e.g. Chronic myelogenous leukemia^[8]
Monocytosis	Chronic infections^[8] Tuberculosis^[8] Bacterial endocarditis^[8] Rickettsiosis^[8] Malaria^[8] Systemic autoimmune diseases, e.g. SLE^[8] Inflammatory bowel diseases, e.g. ulcerative colitis^[8]
Lymphocytosis	Chronic infections^[8] Tuberculosis^[8] Brucellosis^[8] Viral infections Hepatitis^[8] Cytomegalovirus infection^[8] Infectious mononucleosis^[8] Pertussis^[8] some forms of malignancy, such as lymphocytic leukæmias

Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids.

For lung diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, WBC count is very important for the diagnosis of the disease, as leukocytosis is usually present.

The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow.^{[citation needed]}

Certain medications, including corticosteroids, lithium and beta agonists, may cause leukocytosis.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Rogers, Kara, ed. (2011), "Leukocytosis definition", Blood: Physiology and Circulation, Chicago: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 198, ISBN 978-1-61530-250-5, retrieved 12 November 2011
^ TheFreeDictionary > Leukocytosis Citing: Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2008 and The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, 2007
^ Porth, Carol Mattson (2011), "White blood cell response", Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (3rd ed.), Philadelphia: Wolters Klower Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 64–65, ISBN 978-1-58255-724-3, retrieved 13 November 2011
^ Zorc, Joseph J, ed. (2009), "Leukocytosis", Schwartz's Clinical Handbook of Pediatrics (4th ed.), Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 559, ISBN 978-0-7817-7013-2, retrieved 12 November 2011
^ Schwartz, M. William, ed. (2003), "Leukocytosis", The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult (3rd ed.), Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 54, ISBN 0-7817-3539-4, retrieved 12 November 2011
^ Lutan, Vasile. Fiziopatologie medicală. Vol. 2, 31.3.2.1. Leucocitozele; http://library.usmf.md/ebooks.php?key=b11
^ Specific references are found in article Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests#White_blood_cells_2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Table 12-6 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson, Robbins Basic Pathology, Philadelphia: Saunders, ISBN 1-4160-2973-7 8th edition.
^ Leukocytosis: Basics of Clinical Assessment, American Family Physician. November 2000.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 白血球増多症および好中球増多症の定義およびメカニズム definition and mechanisms of leukocytosis and neutrophilia
2. 好中球増多症の患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with neutrophilia
3. 好中球増多症の原因 causes of neutrophilia
4. Hyperleukocytosis and leukostasis in hematologic malignancies
5. 成人における確定診断を得られていない低血圧やショックの評価および初期アプローチ evaluation of and initial approach to the adult patient with undifferentiated hypotension and shock

English Journal

Pretreatment leukocytosis is an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer.

Mabuchi S, Matsumoto Y, Isohashi F, Yoshioka Y, Ohashi H, Morii E, Hamasaki T, Aozasa K, Mutch DG, Kimura T.SourceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
Gynecologic oncology." abstractLink="yes" alsec="jour" alterm="Gynecol Oncol.2011 Jul;122(1):25-32. Epub 2011 Apr 22.
PMID 21514632

Simultaneous Diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Peripheral Neuroblastic Tumor in a Child.

D'Angelo P, Grigoli A, Sementa AR, Tropia S, Alaggio R, Arico M.Source* Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, "G. Di Cristina" Children's Hospital, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedale Civico, Palermo † Section of Pathology, IRCCS "Giannina Gaslini" Institute, Genoa ‡ Department of Oncologic Sciences, Section of Pathology, University of Padua § Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, A.O.U. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology : official journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology." abstractLink="yes" alsec="jour" alterm="J Pediatr Hematol Oncol.2011 Jun 3. [Epub ahead of print]
We report the case of a 3-year-old girl with a mediastinal mass, severe anemia, leukocytosis and neutropenia, in whom, after initial suspicion of metastatic neuroblastoma, a final diagnosis of concurrent ganglioneuroblastoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia was made. The mediastinal tumor was surgic
PMID 21646915

Japanese Journal

Emphysematous Cystitis in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Toyota Noriko,Ogawa Daisuke,Ishii Keita,Hirata Kyoji,Wada Jun,Shikata Kenichi,Makino Hirofumi
Acta Medica Okayama 65(2), 129-133, 2011-04
… Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein level. …
NAID 120002970772

四肢の筋膜炎を合併した好酸球性胃腸炎の1例

松浦友春,山出美穂子,松下直哉,川崎真佑,寺井智宏,魚谷貴洋,高柳泰宏,山田貴教,小平知世,杉本光繁,古田隆久,杉本健,大澤恵,伊熊睦博
日本消化器病学会雑誌 108(3), 444-450, 2011
症例は28歳女性．心窩部痛で発症し，好酸球優位の白血球増多，大量の胸腹水と広範な全周性腸管壁肥厚，腹水中の好酸球増多を認め，好酸球性胃腸炎と診断した．第8病日から四肢の安静時疼痛が出現し，筋膜炎の併発と判断した．プレドニゾロン40mg投与で腹部症状・四肢痛とも軽快し，約3週間の経過で消失した．好酸球性胃腸炎における筋膜炎併発は極めてまれであり，治療経過の報告も乏しい．若干の考察を加えて報告する．
NAID 130000669393

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「白血球」「白血球増多症」「manifest」「pleocytosis」
拡張検索	「eosinophilic leukocytosis」

「白血球」

Leukocytosis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	D72.8
ICD-9	288.3, 288.6x
DiseasesDB	33024
MeSH	D007964

　　[★]

英: leukocyte, leucocyte (Z), white blood cell (Z), WBC, white corpuscle, white cell
関: 赤血球、血球、血液

白血球

顆粒球

基準値

4000-9000 (/μl)　(2007前期解剖学授業プリント)

異常値の出るメカニズム第5版

5000- 8400 (/μl) (健常者の2/3)
4500-11000 (/μl) (95%範囲)

年齢との関連

新生児期>幼児期>成人期(20歳までに成人値)
妊婦でも増加(妊娠#妊娠による変化)

生理的な変動

精神的ストレス↑　　→　交感神経の刺激により好中球の血管壁遊離が促進されるため
午前↓、午後↑

基準値

			07解	異メ	流マ		HIM.A-1
顆粒球	好中球	桿状核球	40～70	44～66	40～60	4～14	0～5
		分葉核球				43～59	40～70
	好酸球		2～4	0～ 4	2～4		0～6
	好塩基球		0～2	0～0.5	0～2		0～2
無顆粒球	リンパ球		25～40	30～38	26～40		20～50
	単球		3～6	0～ 5	3～6		4～8

07解: 2007前期解剖学授業プリント
異メ: 異常値の出るメカニズム第5版 p.91
流マ: 流れが分かる実践検査マニュアル上巻 p.10

血管外滲出 extravasation (SMB.37 BPT.37)

(margination)

1. 赤血球は軽く早く流れるので血管の中央をながれ、白血球は血管のへりを流れている

(rolling)

2. IL-1, TNFで血管内皮細胞が活性化し、血管内腔にE-selectinを発現する
3. P-selectinはヒスタミンやトロンビンの働きにより、血管内腔に発現する
4. 白血球と血管内皮細胞の接着分子で接着することで、白血球がrollingを始める
3. 次第にselectinによる接着はdown regulateされる

(adheresion & arrested)

4. 炎症部位から出されたケモカインが血管内皮細胞の表面ののペプチドグリカンに結合し、白血球に提示される
5. 白血球表面のインテグリンが活性化し、血管内皮細胞のICAM-1, VCAM-1と強く結合する

(transmigration)

6. 白血球と血管内皮細胞に発現しているPECAM-1(CD31)がお互い接着し、白血球が血管内皮細胞の間隙を通って細胞外マトリックスに入る

血管内皮細胞		白血球
Rolling
E-selectin	－	糖鎖(SLe^x)
P-selectin	－	糖鎖
糖鎖(GlyCAM-1)(=CD34)	－	L-selectin
Adhestion
ICAM-1	－	LFA-1 integlin(CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 integlin(CD11b/CD18)
VCAM-1	－	VLA-1 integlin
transmigration
PECAM-1(CD31)	－	PECAM-1(CD31)

白血球の染色

ギムザ染色

好酸性：赤く染まる→ヘモグロビン
好塩基性：青く染まる→リボソーム、核内のヒストン蛋白
好酸性でも好塩基性でもない：淡いピンクに染まる

MPO myeloperoxidase反応（染色）

MPOをもつ：顆粒球（前骨髄球～分葉核球）、単球（前単球～単球）
MPOをもたない：リンパ球系細胞

エステラーゼ esterase

好中球：長鎖エステルを分解
単球：短鎖エステルを分解

関節液

　　炎症感染
200 2000 20000
500 5000 50000

臨床関連

LAD(leukocyte adhesion deficiency)症候群 (SMB.37)

白血球のインテグリンが欠損または減少する先天性疾患

反復性の細菌皮膚感染

SIRSの診断基準：＜4,000/ul or ＞12,000/ul

「白血球増多症」

　　[★]

英: leukocytosis
同: 白血球増加症、(国試)白血球増多
関: 白血球

[show details]

白血球増多症 : 約 3,650 件
白血球増加症 : 約 6,380 件

細菌感染症で増加する。例外的に麻疹、腸チフス、マラリア、敗血症、粟粒結核などの重症感染では白血球が減少する

DIF.294

V	I	N	D	I	C	A	T	E
Vascular	Infection	Neoplasm	Degenerative	Intoxication	Congenital	Auto-immune	Trauma	Endocrinopathy
心筋梗塞肺梗塞脳血管障害血栓性静脈炎	細菌による炎症性疾患寄生虫感染症重度の真菌感染症ウイルスでは増えない　(例外: 伝染性単核球症)	急性白血病慢性白血病原発性骨髄線維症		リチウム中毒糖質コルチコイド鉛中毒	ダウン症候群	アナフィラキシーショック喘息結節性多発動脈炎皮膚筋炎	熱傷骨折大量出血打撲 contusion	クッシング症候群 pregnancy tyroid storm diabetic ketoacidosis

国試

075A043

「manifest」

　　[★]

adj.

明白な、はんぜんとした、一目瞭然の。公知の。(精神分析)意識に現れた、顕在的な

vt.

明らかにする、明示する。証明する。(行為などによって)(感情などを)表す

vi.

(幽霊などが)現れる

osteomyelitis classically manifests as an acute systemic illness with malaise, fever, leukocytosis, and throbbing pain over the affected region.

In PAN, renal involvement most commonly manifests as hypertension, renal insufficiency, or hemorrhage due to microaneurysms. (HIM.2125)(結節性多発動脈炎では、一般的に腎病変は高潔悦、腎不全あるいは微小血管瘤による出血として現れる)

n.

関: clarify, conspicuous, disclose, dominant, dramatic, elucidate, express, intense, manifestation, marked, markedly, notable, outstanding, overt, profound, remarkable, reveal, significant, striking, uncover, unmask

「pleocytosis」

　　[★]

n.

(病理)髄液細胞増加、髄液細胞増加症、プレオサイトーシス

関: leukocytosis

「eosinophilic leukocytosis」

　　[★] 好酸球増多、好酸球性白血球増加症

[Rogers2011-1] Rogers, Kara, ed. (2011), "Leukocytosis definition", Blood: Physiology and Circulation, Chicago: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 198, ISBN 978-1-61530-250-5, retrieved 12 November 2011

[2] TheFreeDictionary > Leukocytosis Citing: Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2008 and The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, 2007

[Porth2011-3] Porth, Carol Mattson (2011), "White blood cell response", Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (3rd ed.), Philadelphia: Wolters Klower Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 64–65, ISBN 978-1-58255-724-3, retrieved 13 November 2011

[Zorc-4] Zorc, Joseph J, ed. (2009), "Leukocytosis", Schwartz's Clinical Handbook of Pediatrics (4th ed.), Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 559, ISBN 978-0-7817-7013-2, retrieved 12 November 2011

[Schwartz2003-5] Schwartz, M. William, ed. (2003), "Leukocytosis", The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult (3rd ed.), Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 54, ISBN 0-7817-3539-4, retrieved 12 November 2011

[6] Lutan, Vasile. Fiziopatologie medicală. Vol. 2, 31.3.2.1. Leucocitozele; http://library.usmf.md/ebooks.php?key=b11

[7] Specific references are found in article Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests#White_blood_cells_2.

[Kumar12-6-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Table 12-6 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson, Robbins Basic Pathology, Philadelphia: Saunders, ISBN 1-4160-2973-7 8th edition.

[9] Leukocytosis: Basics of Clinical Assessment, American Family Physician. November 2000.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

leukocytosis