n.

屈曲

関: bend、bending、curvature、flex、inflection

WordNet

act of bending a joint; especially a joint between the bones of a limb so that the angle between them is decreased (同)flexure
a circular segment of a curve; "a bend in the road"; "a crook in the path" (同)crook, twist, turn
change direction; "The road bends"
diagonal line traversing a shield from the upper right corner to the lower left (同)bend dexter
curved segment (of a road or river or railroad track etc.) (同)curve
form a curve; "The stick does not bend" (同)flex
exhibit the strength of; "The victorious army flexes its invincibility"
the act of flexing; "he gave his biceps a flex to impress the ladies"
bend a joint; "flex your wrists"; "bend your knees" (同)bend
cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form; "bend the rod"; "twist the dough into a braid"; "the strong man could turn an iron bar" (同)bend, deform, twist, turn
contract; "flex a muscle"
(medicine) a curving or bending; often abnormal; "curvature of the spine"
the property possessed by the curving of a line or surface (同)curve
the rate of change (at a point) of the angle between a curve and a tangent to the curve
a change in the form of a word (usually by adding a suffix) to indicate a change in its grammatical function (同)inflexion
deviation from a straight or normal course (同)flection, flexion
Latino without inflectional morphology

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈まっすぐな物〉'を'『曲げる』 / (…に)〈人〉'を'『従わせる』,屈服させる,〈意志〉'を'曲げさせる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (…の方向に)〈視線・歩みなど〉'を'『向ける』,〈心など〉'を'傾ける《+『名』+『to』(『toward』,『on』)+『名/(do『ing』)》 / 〈物が〉曲がる / 身をかがめる;(…に)かがみこむ《+[『down』]『over』+『名』》 / (運命・意志,人などに)『従う』,屈服する《+『before』(『to』)+『名』》 / (…を方向に)『曲がる』,向かう《+『to』(『toward』)+『名』》 / (仕事などに)取り組む,身を入れる《+『to』+『名』》 / 曲がり,湾曲部,曲がった所 / (…を)曲げる(曲がる)こと,(身を)かがめること《+『of』+『名』》 / (綱の)結び目 / 《話》《the bends》ケーソン病,潜水病
(仕事などを始める準備運動として)〈手足など〉‘を'曲げる,〈筋肉〉‘を'縮める
電線,電気のコード
湾曲;湾曲部
〈U〉語形変化,屈折;〈C〉変化形,活用形 / 〈U〉(音声の)抑揚 / 〈U〉〈C〉湾曲,屈曲

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/15 08:13:49」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Not to be confused with Inflection.

File:Human anatomy sbi.svg

Anatomical planes in a human. Flexion usually occurs in a sagittal plane when the body is in the anatomical position.

In anatomy, flexion (from the Latin word flectere, to bend^[1]) is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing. The skeletal (bones, cartilage, and ligaments) and muscular (muscles and tendons) systems work together to move the joint into a "flexed" position. For example the elbow is flexed when the hand is brought closer to the shoulder. The trunk may be flexed toward the legs or the neck to the chest.

The opposite term is extension, or straightening. Flexion decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint, and extension increases it.

Note that specific flexion activities may occur only along the sagittal plane, i.e. from the forward to backward direction, and not side-to-side direction, which is further discussed in abduction.

Exercises

These exercises are used after an injury or surgery. They are done by a physical therapist or nurse initially, and may be continued by the patient.

In the healing process, active range of motion exercises should avoid forcing the appendage into the extension or flexion position. The stress induced may re-injure the affected appendage (limb).

Muscles of flexion

Upper limb

of forearm at elbow
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis
- Biceps brachii

of humerus at shoulder
- Pectoralis major
- Anterior deltoid
- Coracobrachialis

of carpus at wrist
- flexor carpi radialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris

Lower limb

of femur/thigh at hip (L1-L2)^[2]
- Iliopsoas
- Tensor fasciae latae
- Rectus femoris
- (additional minor contributions from other hip flexors)

of leg at knee (L5-S2)^[3]
- Posterior compartment of thigh/Hamstrings
  - Biceps femoris
  - Semitendinosus
  - Semimembranosus
- Gracilis
- Sartorius
- Tensor fasciae latae
- Gastrocnemius
- Popliteus
- Plantaris (negligible)

of toes
- Posterior compartment of leg
  - Flexor hallucis longus
  - Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Quadratus plantae
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis

of proximal phalanges at metatarsophalangeal joint^[4]
- Lumbrical muscle (foot)
- Plantar interossei
- Dorsal interossei

Other

torso/lumbar vertebrae
- Rectus abdominis muscle

neck at atlanto-occipital joint
- Longus capitis muscle

Additional images

An example of an arm flexed in the pronated position; with the biceps partially contracted.
An example of an arm flexed in a supinated position with the biceps fully contracted.

References

^ Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dtion, Mosby-Year Book 1994, p. 624
^ Hip Articulations
^ Knee Articulations
^ Foot Articulations

External links

Flexion at eMedicine Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

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5. Z形成術 z plasty

English Journal

Dynamic simulation of tibial tuberosity realignment: model evaluation.

Purevsuren T1, Elias JJ, Kim K, Kim YH.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2015 Nov;18(14):1606-10. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2014.936857. Epub 2014 Jul 15.
This study was performed to evaluate a dynamic multibody model developed to characterize the influence of tibial tuberosity realignment procedures on patellofemoral motion and loading. Computational models were created to represent four knees previously tested at 40°, 60°, and 80° of flexion with
PMID 25025488

Numerical analysis of the influence of nucleus pulposus removal on the biomechanical behavior of a lumbar motion segment.

Huang J1, Yan H, Jian F, Wang X, Li H.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2015 Nov;18(14):1516-24. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2014.921815. Epub 2014 Jun 3.
Nucleus replacement was deemed to have therapeutic potential for patients with intervertebral disc herniation. However, whether a patient would benefit from nucleus replacement is technically unclear. This study aimed to investigate the influence of nucleus pulposus (NP) removal on the biomechanical
PMID 24893132

Finite element analysis to characterize how varying patellar loading influences pressure applied to cartilage: model evaluation.

Shah KS1, Saranathan A, Koya B, Elias JJ.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2015 Nov;18(14):1509-15. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2014.921814. Epub 2014 May 29.
A finite element analysis (FEA) modeling technique has been developed to characterize how varying the orientation of the patellar tendon influences the patellofemoral pressure distribution. To evaluate the accuracy of the technique, models were created from MRI images to represent five knees that we
PMID 24874443

Japanese Journal

クランチは行なうべきか止めるべきか : 脊椎屈曲エクササイズの潜在的リスクおよびプログラムデザインへの応用の可能性に関する科学的根拠に基づく考察

Contreras Bret,Schoenfeld Brad
Strength & conditioning journal : 日本ストレングス&コンディショニング協会機関誌 21(9), 43-50, 2014-11
NAID 40020246434

腰痛治療器(ATM2)を用いたエクササイズが健常男性の体幹・股関節可動域に及ぼす即時効果 : 無作為化対照研究

伊藤一也,蒲田和芳
理学療法科学 29(5), 735-738, 2014-10
NAID 40020248328

Feeding effect of selenium enriched rotifers on larval growth and development in red sea bream Pagrus major

Kim Hee-Jin,Sakakura Yoshitaka,Maruyama Isao,Nakamura Toshio,Takiyama Kazushi,Fujiki Haruyuki,Hagiwara Atsushi
Aquaculture 432, 273-277, 2014-08-20
… mm), the number of caudal fin rays (5.8 vs 1.9), and the proportion of individuals undergoing notochord flexion (55 vs 3%). …
NAID 120005457077

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 76」「bend」「curvature」「inflection」「flex」
拡張検索	「dorsiflexion」「dorsal flexion」

「100Cases 76」

　　[★]

☆case76　頭痛

■glossary

傾眠 drowsiness 正常、病的の区別なく眠り込む場合に用いられる

意識不鮮明　 confusion 周囲に対する認識や理解は低下し、思考の清明さや、記憶の正確さが失われる

錯乱　 confusion　夢幻様状態より見当識障害と思考の滅裂が見られる状態(PSY.40)

MA = Master of Arts 文学修士

　The Master of Arts (BrE: MA, UsE: M.A.) is awarded in Arts, Humanities, Theology and Social Sciences (Wikipedia)

graduate student 大学院生

rousable adj. 覚醒できる、目を覚ますことができる

rouse vt. ～の目を覚まさせる、呼び起こす。喚起する、鼓舞する、奮起させる。(感情を)起こさせる、かき立てる

lateralize vt. (生理)(大脳が)(左右半球に心的機能差がある、左右差がある。(器官・機能・活動などが)大脳の(左右いずれかの)片側優位下にある。(医学)(障害などが)大脳の片半球にあると診断される

乳頭浮腫 papilledema 原因を問わず視神経乳頭が腫脹している状態

うっ血乳頭 choked disc 脳圧亢進による乳頭浮腫

■症例

24歳、男性　精神学の修士過程を専攻している大学院生

主訴：激しい頭痛

現病歴：頭部全体に痛みがある。2回嘔吐。傾眠と錯乱が認められるようになった。明るい光を嫌う()he finds bright lights uncomfortable。

既往歴：病気の既往はない。アレルギーはない。タバコ1日10本。アルコール24 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)13.7本/週)。薬は服用してない。

家族歴：彼女と同居。3歳と4歳の子供がいる。

・診察 examination

　見た感じ紅潮しており、調子が悪そう。体温：39.2℃。項部硬直あり(he has stiffness on passice flexion of his neck)。皮疹なし。副鼻腔に圧痛なし。鼓膜所見は正常。脈拍：120/分。血圧：98/74 mmHg。心血管系、胸部、腹部に異常所見なし(normal)。意識レベル低下。命令に応じて覚醒する(JCS10？)。局所神経症状認めない。眼底所見正常

・検査 investigation

　血液検査

　　白血球：上昇。血清 Na：低下。血清尿素：上昇。血清クレアチニン：上昇。血液培養：検査中

　画像検査

　　胸部X線：異常所見なし。頭部 CT：正常

　心電図：洞性頻脈

　腰椎穿刺

　　髄液所見：混濁。白血球：増多。蛋白：増多。糖：低下(普通の人の血糖100mg/dLと考える。→　1g/L　→　1/180　mol/L　→　5.56 mmol/L。グラム染色：結果待ち

■Q

　診断、鑑別診断、管理

■A

　細菌性髄膜炎、髄膜炎・クモ膜下出血、経験的抗菌薬投与・