出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/10/07 11:04:07」(JST)
Leukopenia | |
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Classification and external resources | |
Specialty | Infectious disease, hematology |
ICD-10 | D70 |
ICD-9-CM | 288.50 |
DiseasesDB | 32396 |
MeSH | D007970 |
[edit on Wikidata]
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Leukopenia (also known as leukocytopenia or leucopenia, from Greek λευκός "white" and πενία "deficiency") is a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) found in the blood, which places individuals at increased risk of infection.
Neutropenia, a subtype of leukopenia, refers to a decrease in the number of circulating neutrophil granulocytes, the most abundant white blood cells. The terms leukopenia and neutropenia may occasionally be used interchangeably, as the neutrophil count is the most important indicator of infection risk. This should not be confused with agranulocytosis.
Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as with a cold or influenza. It can be associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, myelofibrosis and aplastic anemia (failure of white cell, red cell and platelet production). HIV and AIDS are also a threat to white cells.
Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin's lymphoma, some types of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis, sjogren's disease and Lyme disease. Many other causes exist, such as deficiency in certain minerals, such as copper and zinc.
Pseudoleukopenia can develop upon the onset of infection. The leukocytes (predominately neutrophils, responding to injury first) start migrating towards the site of infection and can be scanned at the site of infection. Their migration causes bone marrow to produce more WBCs to combat infection as well as to restore the leukocytes in circulation, but as the blood sample is taken upon the onset of infection, it contains low amount of WBCs, which is why it is called "pseudoleukopenia".
Some medications can affect the number and function of white blood cells.
Medications which can cause leukopenia include clozapine, an antipsychotic medication with a rare adverse effect leading to the total absence of all granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils). The antidepressant and smoking addiction treatment drug bupropion HCl (Wellbutrin) can also cause leukopenia with long-term use. Minocycline, a commonly prescribed antibiotic, is another drug known to cause leukopenia. There are also reports of leukopenia caused by divalproex sodium or valproic acid (Depakote), a drug used for epilepsy (seizures), mania (with bipolar disorder) and migraine.
The anticonvulsant drug, lamotrigine, has been associated with a decrease in white blood cell count.[1]
The FDA monograph for metronidazole states that this medication can also cause leukopenia, and the prescriber information suggests a complete blood count, including differential cell count, before and after, in particular, high-dose therapy.
Other medications include immunosuppressive drugs, such as sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, ciclosporin, leflunomide and TNF inhibitors.[2] Interferons used to treat multiple sclerosis, such as interferon beta-1a and interferon beta-1b, can also cause leukopenia.
Chemotherapy targets cells that grow rapidly, such as tumors, but can also affect white blood cells, because they are characterized by bone marrow as rapid growing.[3] A common side effect of cancer treatment is neutropenia, the lowering of neutrophils (a specific type of white blood cell).[4]
Decreased white blood cell count may be present in cases of arsenic toxicity.[5]
Leukopenia can be identified with a complete blood count.[6]
Below are blood reference ranges for various types leucocytes/WBCs.[7] The 2.5 percentile (right limits in intervals in image, showing 95% prediction intervals) is a common limit for defining leukocytosis.
Hematologic disease: Monocyte and granulocyte disease (CFU-GM/CFU-Baso/CFU-Eos), including immunodeficiency (D70-D71, 288)
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Monocytes/ macrophages |
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Granulocytes |
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PBD |
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Immune disorders: Lymphoid and complement immunodeficiency (D80–D85, 279.0–4)
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Primary |
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Acquired |
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Leukopenia: Lymphocytopenia |
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Complement deficiency |
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リンク元 | 「100Cases 34」「白血球」「麻疹」「白血球減少症」「leucopenic」 |
拡張検索 | 「feline panleukopenia virus」「feline panleukopenia」 |
07解 | 異メ | 流マ | HIM.A-1 | ||||
顆粒球 | 好中球 | 桿状核球 | 40~70 | 44~66 | 40~60 | 4~14 | 0~5 |
分葉核球 | 43~59 | 40~70 | |||||
好酸球 | 2~4 | 0~ 4 | 2~4 | 0~6 | |||
好塩基球 | 0~2 | 0~0.5 | 0~2 | 0~2 | |||
無顆粒球 | リンパ球 | 25~40 | 30~38 | 26~40 | 20~50 | ||
単球 | 3~6 | 0~ 5 | 3~6 | 4~8 |
(margination)
(rolling)
(adheresion & arrested)
(transmigration)
血管内皮細胞 | 白血球 | |
Rolling | ||
E-selectin | - | 糖鎖(SLex) |
P-selectin | - | 糖鎖 |
糖鎖(GlyCAM-1)(=CD34) | - | L-selectin |
Adhestion | ||
ICAM-1 | - | LFA-1 integlin(CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 integlin(CD11b/CD18) |
VCAM-1 | - | VLA-1 integlin |
transmigration | ||
PECAM-1(CD31) | - | PECAM-1(CD31) |
.