decrease

• vt.vi.

• 減少する/させる。縮小する/させる。(力・温度など)低下する/させる、衰える/衰えさせる

• n.

• 減少、縮小、低下。減少/縮小/低下の数/量/額/率/度合い

関

decline、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、lessen、loss、lower、lowering、reduce、reduction、taper

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. make smaller; "He decreased his staff" (同)lessen, minify
2. a process of becoming smaller or shorter (同)decrement
3. decrease in size, extent, or range; "The amount of homework decreased towards the end of the semester"; "The cabin pressure fell dramatically"; "her weight fell to under a hundred pounds"; "his voice fell to a whisper" (同)diminish, lessen, fall
4. the amount by which something decreases (同)decrement
5. the act of decreasing or reducing something (同)diminution, reduction, step-down
6. a change downward; "there was a decrease in his temperature as the fever subsided"; "there was a sharp drop-off in sales" (同)lessening, drop-off
7. utter with seeming casualness; "drop a hint"; drop names"
8. a shape that is spherical and small; "he studied the shapes of low-viscosity drops"; "beads of sweat on his forehead" (同)bead, pearl
9. a small indefinite quantity (especially of a liquid); "he had a drop too much to drink"; "a drop of each sample was analyzed"; "there is not a drop of pity in that man"; "years afterward, they would pay the blood-money, driblet by driblet"--Kipling (同)drib, driblet
10. stop pursuing or acting; "drop a lawsuit"; "knock it off!" (同)knock off
11. fall or sink into a state of exhaustion or death; "shop til you drop"
12. give birth; used for animals; "The cow dropped her calf this morning"
13. a sudden sharp decrease in some quantity; "a drop of 57 points on the Dow Jones index"; "there was a drop in pressure in the pulmonary artery"; "a dip in prices"; "when that became known the price of their stock went into free fall" (同)dip, fall, free_fall
14. a central depository where things can be left or picked up
15. the act of dropping something; "they expected the drop would be successful"
16. a free and rapid descent by the force of gravity; "it was a miracle that he survived the drop from that height" (同)fall
17. a predetermined hiding place for the deposit and distribution of illicit goods (such as drugs or stolen property)
18. leave or unload; "unload the cargo"; "drop off the passengers at the hotel" (同)drop_off, set_down, put down, unload, discharge
19. change from one level to another; "She dropped into army jargon"
20. go down in value; "Stock prices dropped"
21. let fall to the ground; "Dont drop the dishes"
22. lose (a game); "The Giants dropped 11 of their first 13"
23. omit (a letter or syllable) in speaking or writing; " New Englanders drop their post-vocalic rs"
24. take (a drug, especially LSD), by mouth; "She dropped acid when she was a teenager"
25. terminate an association with; "drop him from the Republican ticket"
26. to fall vertically; "the bombs are dropping on enemy targets"
27. undergo meiosis; "The cells reduce"
28. cook until very little liquid is left; "The cook reduced the sauce by boiling it for a long time" (同)boil_down, concentrate
29. be the essential element; "The proposal boils down to a compromise" (同)come_down, boil_down
30. take off weight (同)melt off, lose weight, slim, slenderize, thin, slim down
31. make smaller; "reduce an image" (同)scale_down
32. narrow or limit; "reduce the influx of foreigners" (同)tighten
33. make less complex; "reduce a problem to a single question"
34. cut down on; make a reduction in; "reduce your daily fat intake"; "The employer wants to cut back health benefits" (同)cut_down, cut_back, trim, trim down, trim back, cut, bring_down
35. bring to humbler or weaker state or condition; "He reduced the population to slavery"
36. destress and thus weaken a sound when pronouncing it
37. lessen and make more modest; "reduce ones standard of living"
38. lower in grade or rank or force somebody into an undignified situation; "She reduced her niece to a servant"
39. reposition (a broken bone after surgery) back to its normal site
40. simplify the form of a mathematical equation of expression by substituting one term for another
41. the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue; "the company operated at a loss last year"; "the company operated in the red last year" (同)red ink, red
42. gradual decline in amount or activity; "weight loss"; "a serious loss of business"
43. something that is lost; "the car was a total loss"; "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt"
44. the disadvantage that results from losing something; "his loss of credibility led to his resignation"; "losing him is no great deprivation" (同)deprivation
45. the act of losing someone or something; "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock"
46. the experience of losing a loved one; "he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather"
47. inflect for number, gender, case, etc., "in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives"
48. a condition inferior to an earlier condition; a gradual falling off from a better state (同)declination
49. change toward something smaller or lower (同)diminution
50. grow smaller; "Interest in the project waned" (同)go_down, wane
51. go down in value; "the stock market corrected"; "prices slumped" (同)slump, correct
52. go down; "The roof declines here"
53. music
54. becoming less or smaller
55. made less in size or amount or degree (同)reduced

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. …'を'『減らす』 / 『減る』,少なくなる / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『減少』,縮小《+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)減少量(額)《+『in』(『of』)+『名』》
2. 〈しずくが〉『したたる』,垂れる《+『down』》 / 〈物が〉『落ちる』,落下する《+『down』》 / 〈人が〉『ばったり倒れる』,崩れ落ちる / 『下落する』,減少する《+『off』(『away』)》 / 終わる,やめになる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》引き離される,落後する / (…から)手を引く,やめる《+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / (…に)ちょっと立ち寄る,(…を)ひょっこり訪ねる《+『in』(『by,over,round』)『at』(『on』)+『名』》 / …‘を'『したたらせる』,垂らす / (…へ)…‘を'『落とす』,落下させる《+『名』+『into』(『on』)+『名』》 / …‘を'降ろす,下げる / …‘を'減少させる / …‘を'漏らす,ふと口にする / 〈人〉に〈短い手紙・伝言〉‘を'送る / 《話》…‘を'なぐり倒す,撃ち落とす / 《話》《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人〉‘を'乗り物から降ろす / (…から)〈ある音・文字〉‘を'落とす,抜かす,省く《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘と'関係を絶つ;〈問題など〉‘を'打ち切る / …‘を'やめさせる;(…から)…‘を'追い出す《+『名from』+『名』》 / (ばくちなどで)〈金〉‘を'なくす / 〈C〉(…の)『しずく』,したたり《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(液体・事物の)少量,微量《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉あめ玉,ドロップ / 《a ~》落下,降下(fall);落下距離 / 《a ~》(…の)下落,減少《+『in』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》点滴薬 / 《話》《a ~》少量の酒 / 〈C〉《おもに米》(郵便箱などの)落とし口,差し入れ口
3. (あるところまで)〈数量など〉‘を'『減らす』,小さくする;〈程度・地位など〉‘を'『下げる』《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 《しばしば受動態で》(ある状態・形に)…‘を'『する,』変える,至らせる《+『名』+『to』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (単純な要素・部分に)…‘を'分解する,還元する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'(…に)換算する,約分する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 《話》〈人が〉減量する / 〈数量などが〉減る;〈程度・位などが〉下がる
4. 〈U〉(…を)『失うこと』,紛失《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『損害』,損失;損失額《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に)『負けること』,(…の)敗北;失敗《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(状態・程度の)『減少』,低下 / 《複数形で》(戦場における)(人の)損害,此傷者数
5. (穏やかに,礼儀正しく)…'を'『断る』,拒絶する,拒否する / 〈名詞・代名詞・形容詞〉'を'語形変化させる / 『断る』,辞退する / 《文》〈土地などが〉『下に傾く』;〈太陽・月が〉傾く / 《文》『衰える』,衰徴する / 『衰徴』,衰弱

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/26 06:21:06」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Shown is the first row of decrease stitches knit into a sweater to create gathering.

A decrease in knitting is a reduction in the number of stitches, usually accomplished by suspending the stitch to be decreased from another existing stitch or by knitting it together with another stitch.

Methods of Single Decreasing (knitting)

When more than one stitch is suspended from a stitch, they can hang in different orders. For example, the first stitch could be on top of the second stitch (when seen from the right side) or the reverse, leaning to the left or the right. The order of stitches is important, both for appearance and for the way it pulls the fabric.

• K2tog ("knit two together") -- Work to the two stitches to be decreased, insert the right-hand needle into the first two stitches as if to knit, wrap yarn around needle in normal manner, slip the two stitches off together and drop them. This creates a right-leaning decrease.

• SSK ("slip, slip, knit") -- Work to the two stitches to be decreased, slip two stitches one at a time to the right-hand needle, as if to knit; insert the left-hand needle into the two stitches from front to back, knit the two stitches together and drop them. This creates a left-leaning decrease.

• S1, K1, PSSO ("slip one, knit one, pass slipped stitch over") -- This results in a similar look to the SSK but can appear less tidy. Work to the two stitches to be decreased, slip next stitch to the right-hand needle as if to knit, knit next stitch, pass slipped stitch over knit stitch. Also creates a left-leaning decrease.

• K2tog tbl ("knit two together through the back loops") -- This looks similar to the SSK or S1, K, PSSO, but is faster to work. Work to the two stitches to be decreased, then insert the right hand needle into the backs of the next two stitches (i.e. behind the left-hand needle, such that the two needles are anti-parallel in the stitches). Wrap the yarn normally and slip the two stitches off the left needle. This makes a left-leaning decrease.

Methods of Double Decreasing (knitting)

Sometimes a double decrease is made, in which three stitches are suspended from a single stitch. This allows for six possible stitch orders: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312 and 321. Here, the first number is the topmost stitch, and the last number is the bottommost stitch. Thus, 213 means that the second stitch is uppermost (as seen from the right side), followed by the first, then third stitches. The uppermost stitch is most important; there is not much visual difference between 213 and 231.

The simplest double decreases are k3tog and p3tog, which both slant to the right. An attractively symmetric double decrease is 213, which can be done as follows: slip stitches 1 and 2 knitwise simultaneously, knit stitch 3, then pass the slipped stitches over the just-knitted stitch.

Relation to binding off

Binding off is effectively a series of adjacent decreases.

The simplest binding off method is to pass each knitted loop over the loop next to it. The final loop is secured by passing the knitting yarn through it, so it is best to start at the point furthest from the knitting yarn. This makes a tight edge, in contrast to other binding off methods that have a tendency to flare out. This method also does not require that the knitting yarn be nearby, so it can be done at any time or position, e.g., to form button holes.

The next simplest binding off is successive k2tog or p2tog stitches, or their counterparts k2tog tbl and p2tog tbl. In all these cases, the knitted stitch is returned to the left needle, to be combined with the following stitch.

Role in fabric shaping

Decreases are useful in shaping the edges of knitted pieces, and also in creating surface curvature in pieces, e.g., by creating darts.

References

External links

• Videos from KnittingHelp.com

Hiatt, June Hemmons (1988). The Principles of Knitting. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 58–65. 

Reader's Digest Complete Guide to Needlework. Reader's Digest Association. 1979. 

Vogue Knitting: The Ultimate Knitting Book. New York: Sixth and Spring Books. 2002. 

Wiseman, Nancie M. (2002). The Knitter's Guide to Finishing Techniques. Woodinville, WA: Martingale & Company. pp. 34–42. 

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Related Links

• decreaseの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

decreaseとは。意味や和訳。[動] 〔dikris〕 （▽発音注意）(自)（数量・強度・力などが） 徐々に減る（⇔increase）decrease in population人口が漸減する.━━(他)…を徐々に 減らす, 減少させる.[類語]「（数・量が）減少する」という意味ではde... - goo辞書は国語、  ...

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Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 14」「drop」「reduce」「reduction」「lower」
拡張検索	「decreased activity」「decreased libido」「gradually decrease」「congenital heart diseases with decreased pulmonary blood flow」

「100Cases 14」

　　[★]

☆case14　複視

■glossary

diplopia n. 複視

筋力低下、筋無力、筋脱力 muscle weakness, muscular weakness

sunken

vt. sinkのpp.

adj.

沈没した、沈んだ、水中の

沈下した、一段低いところにある

落ち込んだ、くぼんだ

3,4-ジアミノピリジン 3,4-diaminopyridine 3,4-DAP K+チャネル阻害薬;ランバート・イートン筋無力症治療

■症例

43-year-old woman

cheif complaint: diplopia

present history: diplopia and holding her head up ; more marked in the evenings, for the last 3 months. difficulty of chewing. voice has become quieter. weight loss (3kg / 6months). non-smoker. drinks about 15 units/week. no regular medication.

past history: no significant previous medical illnesses.

family history: lives with her husband and three children.

・診察 examination

looks well.

organ systems: normal; cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal systems.

muscle power; grossly normal. decrease after testing a movement repetitively.

motor function: normal; tone, coordination, reflexes and sensation.

bilateral ptosis. exacerbated by prolonged upward gaze

eye: normal; pupillary reflexes, eye movements, and funduscopy

■答え

diagnosis: myathenia gravis

differential diagnoses:

CASES

上位and/or下位運動ニューロン motor neurone disease　運動ニューロン疾患：線維束性攣縮。進行例では筋力低下

筋 muscular dystrophy　筋ジストロフィー：ある種の筋肉が選択的に筋力低下する。家族歴がある。

筋 dystrophia myotonica　強直性筋ジストロフィー：咬筋、側頭筋、胸鎖乳突筋の筋萎縮、四肢遠位端の筋萎縮。顔貌が特徴的(前頭部脱毛、無表情、窪んだ頬)。家族歴ある。筋電図が診断に有用(急降下爆撃音)。

筋 polymyositis　多発筋炎：普通は皮疹と関節痛が出現。CKが上昇。筋生検が診断に有用

筋 myopathy　ミオパチー：甲状腺中毒性ミオパチー、甲状腺機能低下症によるミオパチー、クッシング症候群によるミオパチー、アルコール性のミオパチー

神経筋接合部？ non-metastatic associations of malignancy (paraneoplastic syndrome(傍腫瘍性症候群 = 腫瘍随伴症候群)のこと)：胸腺腫の症例の10%に重症筋無力症がみられる。ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群は小細胞癌と関連がある。

HIM.2674

• 神経筋接合部 congenital myasthenia syndrome　先天性筋無力症症候群
• 神経筋接合部 drug-induced myasthenia　薬剤性筋無力症

Treatment with penicillamine (used for scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis) may result in true autoimmune MG, but the weakness is usually mild, and recovery occurs within weeks or months after discontinuing its use.

　重症筋無力症の誘発：ペニシラミン(強皮症や関節リウマチの治療に用いられる)。

　　mildだし、薬剤の中断で改善する。

Aminoglycoside antibiotics or procainamide can cause exacerbation of weakness in myasthenic patients; very large doses can cause neuromuscular weakness in normal individuals.

　重症筋無力症の悪化：アミドグリコシド系抗菌薬、プロカインアミド

　　MGの患者の筋脱力が悪化する。

• 神経筋接合部 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome　ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群：全身の筋肉が冒されるが、特に下肢の近位筋が冒される。MGと同じように～70%の患者で脳神経所見(眼瞼下垂、複視など)が認められる。MGと違うのは(1)反射が消失・減弱すること、(2)自律神経系の変化(口渇、勃起不全)を生じる、(3)神経刺激検査で漸増(waxing)が見られることである。病因は神経筋接合部のP/Q type calcium channelsに対する抗体の出現であり、85%の患者で見いだされる。治療はMGのように血漿交換や免疫抑制薬が使われる。3,4-DAPやpyridostigmineは症状に対する治療のために用いる。前者は運動神経の終末部でカルシウムチャネルをブロックし活動電位を延長させる。後者はアセチルコリンエステラーゼを阻害してシナプスにおける神経伝達物質の濃度を上げる。
• 精神疾患 neurasthenia　神経衰弱症：歴史的な用語。器質的な障害を伴わない筋無力症のような脱力を伴う症候群。患者は筋脱力や疲労を訴えてやってくる。筋肉の検査では器質的変化は認めないが"jerky release"あるいは"give-away weakness"が認められる。患者の主訴は反復動作による筋力低下よりむしろ疲労や感情鈍麻である。
• 内分泌疾患 hyperthyroidism　甲状腺機能亢進症：MGが疑われる患者にはthyroid function testをルーチンにやる。甲状腺機能異常は筋無力症の筋力低下を大きくすることがある。
• 神経筋接合部 botulism　ボツリヌス症：ボツリヌス毒素はシナプス前膜からの神経伝達物質の開口分泌を妨げる。症状はbulbar weakness (複視、構音障害、嚥下困難)。感覚障害はない。深部腱反射は初期には保たれている。進行すれば反射は見られなくなる。筋脱力は全身性。呼吸困難に陥ることがある。精神状態は正常。自律神経症状(麻痺性イレウス、便秘、urinary retention、瞳孔の散大、瞳孔の反応性低下、口渇)。確定診断は血清中の毒素の検出だけど、見つかることはまれ。神経伝導検査(nerve conduction studies)：compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs)の低下。高頻度の刺激で振幅が増加。治療：intubation for airway protection、呼吸補助、aggressive inpatient supportive care(e.g., nutrition, DVT prophylaxis)。馬の抗毒素を検査結果が帰ってくる前に投与する(？)。
• 上位運動ニューロン intracranial mass lesions　頭蓋内占拠病変：複視はintracranial mass lesionが外眼筋の神経を圧迫することにより生じる。
• 筋 progressive external ophthalmoplegia　進行性外眼筋麻痺：外眼筋の筋脱力を伴う。四肢の近位筋の筋力低下やそのほかの全身症状を伴うことがある。ミトコンドリアの異常を有する。

■参考文献

HIM = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition

CASES = 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine Second edition

IMD = 内科診断学第2版

「drop」

　　[★]

• n.
• vt.
• vi.

• (液体が)したたる、ぼたぼた落ちる
• (物が)(急に、思いがけなく)落ちる(down)。(花が)散る。(人が)(車などから)ひらりと(飛び)降りる(off)。(正式)(川・丘などが)下る(down)
• (人が)(疲れて・傷ついて)急に倒れる。死ぬ。(意識的に)身を伏せる
• (程度・数量・価値などが)下がる(fall)、落ちる(away)。健康や病状が悪化する
• (事が)やめになる。(～から)手を引く、やめる(from)。(視界から)見えなくなる(out of, from)。(交通・話などが)とだえる(off)
• 急に(ある状態に)なる、陥る(into, to)
• (略式)ひょいと(～に)立ち寄る(in, by, over, round)(on, at, into)。(人に)偶然であう(in)(across, on, with)
• 落後(後退)する、遅れる(away, back, off, behind)
• (動物が)生まれる
• (猟犬が)獲物を見て伏せる
• (言葉・ため息などが)(～から)ふともれる(from)
• (水・空気の流れに沿って)穏やかに動く
• (トランプ)(ブリッジなどで)(特定の札が)出るはめになる、死ぬ
• (球技)(球が)ホール(ポケット、ゴール)に入る(転がり込む)
• 逮捕される

関

decline, decrease, depression, droplet, dropping, dropwise, fall, instill, instillation, lower, lowering, reduction

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「reduce」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 減少させる、縮小させる、減らす、(化学)還元する

• vi.

• (細胞などが)縮小する

関

decline、decrease、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、fall、lessen、loss、reduction、taper

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「reduction」

　　[★]

• n.

• 減少、低下、縮小、減力、節減、(化学)還元

関

decline、decrease、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、hypoergy、loss、lower、lowering、parsimony、reduce、retrenchment

　 　 　

「lower」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (low比較級)より低い、下位の、下等な、低次の、低下させる、低減させる

関

decline、decrease、depression、drop、fall、inferio、inferior、inferiorly、low level、lower dimension、lower level、lower order、lowering、reduction

　 　 　 　 　

「decreased activity」

　　[★]

• 活動性低下

関

hypoactive、hypoactivity、underactivity

「decreased libido」

　　[★]

• 性欲減退

関

increased libido、libido、loss of libido

「gradually decrease」

　　[★]

• 漸減する

関

tapered、waning

「congenital heart diseases with decreased pulmonary blood flow」

　　[★] 肺血流減少性先天性心疾患