n.

頭部、頭

WordNet

to go or travel towards; "where is she heading"; "We were headed for the mountains"
the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head; "he is two heads taller than his little sister"; "his horse won by a head"
the pressure exerted by a fluid; "a head of steam"
the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a persons head; "call heads or tails!"
a projection out from one end; "the head of the nail", "a pinhead is the head of a pin"
a single domestic animal; "200 head of cattle"
the striking part of a tool; "the head of the hammer"
the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains; "he stuck his head out the window" (同)caput
a person who is in charge; "the head of the whole operation" (同)chief, top_dog
(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent (同)head word
a rounded compact mass; "the head of a comet"
a user of (usually soft) drugs; "the office was full of secret heads"
an individual person; "tickets are $5 per head"
that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container; "the beer had a large head of foam"
the front of a military formation or procession; "the head of the column advanced boldly"; "they were at the head of the attack"
the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint; "the head of the humerus"
the top of something; "the head of the stairs"; "the head of the page"; "the head of the list"
be the first or leading member of (a group) and excel; "This student heads the class" (同)head up
be in charge of; "Who is heading this project?" (同)lead
be in the front of or on top of; "The list was headed by the name of the president"
form a head or come or grow to a head; "The wheat headed early this year"
remove the head of; "head the fish"
take its rise; "These rivers head from a mountain range in the Himalayas"
of or relating to the head
a headlike protuberance on an organ or structure; "the caput humeri is the head of the humerus which fits into a cavity in the scapula"
a savage who cuts off and preserves the heads of enemies as trophies (同)head-shrinker
a recruiter of personnel (especially for corporations)
a vertical board or panel forming the head of a bedstead
someone who smokes marijuana habitually
of leafy vegetables; having formed into a head; "headed cabbages"
having a head of a specified kind or anything that serves as a head; often used in combination; "headed bolts"; "three-headed Cerberus"; "a cool-headed fighter pilot"
having a heading or caption; "a headed column"; "headed notepaper"
having a heading or course in a certain direction; "westward headed wagons"
the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about; "the heading seemed to have little to do with the text" (同)header, head

PrepTutorEJDIC

(顔を含めた)『頭』,頭部,首;(髪の生えている部分の)頭 / 『頭脳』,頭の働き,知力,才能;理性 / 『長』,指導者,支配者 / (ある物の)頭,上部,先端,先頭 / (川・泉の)源,水源 / (人・動物の)頭数,一人,1頭 / 『首席』,首位 / 《複数形で》(頭像のある)貨幣の表 / 項目,表題(新聞の)見出し / 《米俗》マリファナ常用者 / 長の,指導者の / …‘の'先頭に立つ,‘を'率いる;…‘の'長である / (…の方へ)…‘を'向ける《+『名』+『for』(『toward』)+『名』》 / (サッカーで)〈ボール〉‘を'頭で受ける,ヘディングする / (…に向かって)進む《+for(toward)+名》・「give a head」で「オーラルセックスをする・相手の性器をなめる」
頭蓋(ずがい)の
首狩りを行う未開人 / 人材を引き抜く人
寝台の頭板(あたまいた)
マリファナ常用者
頭[部]のある,見出しのある / (キャベツなどが)結球した / 《複合語を作って》「…の頭を持つ」「頭が…の」の意を表す
彼は,彼が / 《指す人の性別が分からないか,または分かる必要のない場合に》その人,あの人,自分 / 《he who(that)の形で》《文》…するものはだれでも / (動物の)おす(雄)
鬼ごっこ(tag,tick,tig)
(章・節などの)表題,見出し

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/26 03:02:05」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

「Head」のその他の用法については「ヘッド」をご覧ください。

head（ヘッド）はUNIXおよびUNIX系のシステムでテキストファイルやパイプ上のデータの冒頭から数行を表示するプログラムである。コマンドの文法は以下の通り。

head [options] <file_name>

デフォルトでは、head は入力の先頭10行を標準出力に表示する。表示すべき行数はコマンド行オプションで変更できる。以下の例では filename の先頭20行を表示する。

head -n 20 filename

次は、名前が foo* で始まる全てのファイルの先頭5行を表示する。

head -n 5 foo*

外部リンク

head (1) JM Project マニュアル
FreeBSD documentation for head（英語）
head(1) man page（SunOS リファレンスマニュアル）
head(1) man page（HP-UX リファレンス）

A head is the part of an organism, which usually comprises the eyes, ears, nose and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions, such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do. Heads develop in animals by an evolutionary trend known as cephalization. In bilaterally symmetrical animals, nervous tissues concentrate at the anterior region, forming structures responsible for information processing. Through biological evolution, sense organs and feeding structures also concentrate into the anterior region; these collectively form the head.

1 Human head
2 Other animals
- 2.1 Vertebrates
- 2.2 Arthropods
  - 2.2.1 Insects
  - 2.2.2 Vertebrates v invertebrate chordates
3 In society and culture
- 3.1 Heraldry
- 3.2 Art
- 3.3 Idiomatic expressions
- 3.4 Engineering and scientific fields
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links

Human head

The human head is an anatomical unit that consists of the skull, hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae. The term "skull" collectively denotes the mandible (lower jaw bone) and the cranium (upper portion of the skull that houses the brain). The skull can also be described as being composed of the cranium, which encloses the cranial cavity, and the facial skeleton (includes the mandible). There are eight bones in the cranium and fourteen in the facial skeleton.^[1]

Sculptures of human heads are generally based on a skeletal structure that consists of a cranium, jawbone, and cheekbone. Though the number of muscles making up the face is generally consistent between sculptures, the shape of the muscles varies widely based on the function, development, and expressions reflected on the faces of the subjects.^[2]

Proponents of identism believe that the mind is identical to the brain. Philosopher John Searle asserts his identist beliefs, stating "the brain is the only thing in the human head". Similarly, Dr. Henry Bennet-Clark has stated that the head encloses billions of "miniagents and microagents (with no single Boss)".^[3]

Mid-sagittal section of a human skull, by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1489
Transection of a human head, by Thomas Bartholin, 1673

Other animals

Vertebrates

Evolution of the head In the vertebrates has occurred by the fusion of a fixed number of anterior segments, in the same manner as in other ”heteronomously segmented animals”. In some cases segments or a portion of the segments disappear. The head segments also lose most of its systems except for the nervous system. With the progressive development of cephalization, "the head incorporates more and more of the adjacent segments into its structure, so that in general it may be said that the higher the degree of cepahalization the greater is the number of segments composing the head".^[4]

Arthropods

In some arthropods, especially trilobites (pictured at right), the cephalon, or cephalic region, is the region of the head which is a collective of "fused segments".^[5]

Insects

Head of a Nomada-species bee

A typical insect head is composed of eyes, antennae, and components of mouth. As these components differ substantially from insect to insect, they form important identification links. Eyes in the head found, in several types of insects, are in the form of a pair of compound eyes with multiple faces. In many other types of insects the compound eyes are seen in a "single facet or group of single facets". In some case, the eyes may be seen as marks on the dorsal or located near or toward the head, two or three ocelli (single faceted organs).^[6]

Antennae on the insect's head is found in the form of segmented attachments, in pairs, that are usually located between the eyes. These are in varying shapes and sizes, in the form of filaments or in different enlarged or clubbed form.^[6]

Insects have mouth parts in various shapes depending on their feeding habits. Labrum is the "upper lip" which is in the front area of the head and is the most exterior part. A pair of mandible is found on backside of the labrum flanking the side of the mouth, succeeded by a pair of maxillae each of which is known as maxilliary palp. At the back side of the mouth is the labium or lower lip. There is also an extra mouth part in some insects which is termed as hypopharynx which is usually located between the maxillac.^[6]

Vertebrates v invertebrate chordates

Though invertebrate chordates such as the lancelet have heads, there has been a question of how the vertebrate head, characterized by a bony skull clearly separated from the main body, might have evolved from the head structures of these animals.^[7] In 2014, a transient larva tissue of the lancelet was found to be virtually indistinguishable from the neural crest-derived cartilage which forms the vertebrate skull, suggesting that persistence of this tissue and expansion into the entire head space could be a viable evolutionary route to formation of the vertebrate head.^[7]

In society and culture

Heraldry

The heads of humans and other animals are a commonly recurring charges in heraldry.^[8] Heads of humans are sometimes blazoned simply as a "man's head", but are far more frequently described in greater detail, either characteristic of a particular race or nationality (such as Moors' heads, Saxons' heads, Egyptians' heads or Turks' heads), or specifically identified (such as the head of Moses in the crest of Hilton, or the head of St. John the Baptist in the crest of the London Company of Tallowchandlers).^[8]^[9] Several varieties of women's heads also occur, including maidens' heads (often couped under the bust, with hair disheveled), ladies' heads, nuns' heads (often veiled), and occasionally queens' heads. The arms of Daveney of Norfolk include "three nun's heads veiled couped at the shoulders proper," and the bust of a queen occurs in the arms of Queenborough, Kent.^[8] Infants' or children's heads are often couped at the shoulders with a snake wrapped around the neck (e.g. "Argent, a boy's head proper, crined or, couped below the shoulders, vested gules, garnished gold," in the arms of Boyman).^[8]

The flag of Corsica displays a head in profile view
The Stockholm city coat of arms displays the head of Birger Jarl.

Art

Study on the proportions of head and eyes by Leonardo da Vinci

"Head of a young man" – Domenico Beccafumi

One of the ways of drawing sketches of heads—as Jack Ham advises—is to develop it in six well defined steps starting with the shape of the head in the shape of an egg. Female head in particular is sketched in a double circle design procedure with proportions considered as ideal of female head. In the first circle division is made of five sections on the diameter, each section of five eyes width. It is then developed over a series of ten defined steps with the smaller circle imposed partially over the larger circle at lower end at the fourth stage. Eyes and chins are fitted in various shapes to form the head.^[10]

Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the world’s greatest artists who drew sketches of human anatomy using grid structures. His image of the face drawn on the grid structure principle is in perfect proportion.^[11] In this genre, using the technique of pen and ink, Leonardo created a sketch which is a "Study on the proportions of head and eyes”(pictured).^[12]

Idiomatic expressions

An idiom is a phrase or a fixed expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal, meaning.

"To come to a head" – to reach a critical stage and require immediate action^[13]
"To bite someone's head off" – to criticize someone strongly^[14]
"Can't make head or tail of something" – cannot understand something^[15]
"A head start" – an early start that provides an advantage over others^[16]
"Head and shoulders above someone or something" – better than someone or something in some way^[17]
"To want someone's head on a platter" – to want someone severely punished^[18]
"To bang your head against a brick wall" – to continually try to achieve something without success^[19]
"To have one's head in the clouds" – to not pay attention to what is happening around one because one is so absorbed by one's own thoughts^[20]^[21]

Engineering and scientific fields

The head's function and appearance play an analogous role in the etymology of many technical terms. Cylinder head, pothead, and weatherhead are three such examples.

Gallery

Nerves of the human head, from Gray's Anatomy, 1858
Head of St. John the Baptist by Andrea Vaccaro, oil on canvas, 17th century
Sculpture of the beheaded Sainte Solange, patron saint of the French province of Berry
Patron saints of Zürich, fresco, c. 1400–1425
Heraldic depiction of a bison head cabossed

References

^ Halim, A. (30 December 2008). Human Anatomy:Volume Iii: Head, Neck And Brain. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-906566-4-1.
^ Slobodkin, Louis (1973). Sculpture: Principles and Practice. Courier Corporation. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-486-22960-7.
^ Cobb, John B. (4 February 2008). Back To Darwin: A Richer Account of Evolution. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 371–375. ISBN 978-0-8028-4837-6.
^ Henrietta Hyman, Libbie (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7.
^ Stevenson, Angus (19 August 2010). Oxford Dictionary of English. OUP Oxford. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c McCafferty, W. Patrick (1 January 1983). Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-0-86720-017-1.
^ ^a ^b Jandzik, D.; Garnett, A. T.; Square, T. A.; Cattell, M. V.; Yu, J. K.; Medeiros, D. M. (2014). "Evolution of the new vertebrate head by co-option of an ancient chordate skeletal tissue". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature14000. For laysummary see: "Evolution: How vertebrates got a head". Research. Nature (paper) 516 (7530): 171. 11 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "H". Head. heraldsnet.org.
^ Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (2007). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-60239-001-0.
^ Drawing the Head and Figure. Penguin. January 1983. ISBN 978-0-399-50791-5.
^ "Leonardo da Vinci Face facts". royalcollection.org.
^ "Study on the proportions of head and eyes by Leonardo da Vinci". European-art.findthedata.com.
^ Dolgopolov, Y. (2004). A Collection of Confusible Phrases. Llumina Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-59526-334-6.
^ Palmatier, R.A. (2000). Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms. ABC-Clio ebook. Greenwood Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-313-31436-0.
^ Curtis, S. (2015). Connect: Stories Behind Idioms 1: Making sense of their origins and meanings. Connect. Acel Learning (S) Pte Limited. p. 84. ISBN 978-981-09-5822-0.
^ Ammer, C. (2013). The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-547-67753-8.
^ Brenner, G. (2011). Webster's New World American Idioms Handbook. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. PT 234. ISBN 978-0-544-18890-7.
^ "head on a platter". Cambridge Idioms Dictionary (2nd ed.). 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2015 – via TheFreeDictionary.com.
^ Ayto, J. (2010). Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms. Oxford Paperback Reference. OUP Oxford. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-19-954378-6.
^ Kirkpatrick, E.M.L.; Schwarz, C.M. (1993). The Wordsworth Dictionary of Idioms. Reference Library. Wordsworth. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-85326-309-5.
^ "English Idioms & Idiomatic Expressions - Body idioms/Head". Learn English Today. 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.

External links

The First Human Head Transplant Has Been Scheduled For 2017. Iflscience.com

UpToDate Contents

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1. 幼児および小児における軽微な頭部外傷：評価 minor head trauma in infants and children evaluation
2. 頭頚部癌の長期生存者に対するアプローチの概要 overview of approach to long term survivors of head and neck cancer
3. 乳児および小児における軽度頭部外傷：マネージメント minor head trauma in infants and children management
4. 新生児の評価 assessment of the newborn infant
5. 頭頸部癌患者における二次発癌 second primary malignancies in patients with head and neck cancers

English Journal

A centric/non-centric impact protocol and finite element model methodology for the evaluation of American football helmets to evaluate risk of concussion.

Post A1, Oeur A, Walsh E, Hoshizaki B, Gilchrist MD.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2014 Dec;17(16):1785-800. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2013.766724. Epub 2013 Mar 12.
American football reports high incidences of head injuries, in particular, concussion. Research has described concussion as primarily a rotation dominant injury affecting the diffuse areas of brain tissue. Current standards do not measure how helmets manage rotational acceleration or how acceleratio
PMID 23477767

Design of an implant for first metatarsophalangeal hemi-arthroplasty.

Kumar A1, Donley B, Cavanagh PR.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2014 Dec;17(16):1777-84. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2013.766723. Epub 2013 Mar 12.
This study was designed to examine the three-dimensional geometry of the head of the first metatarsal bone of the foot. Ninety-seven adult first metatarsal head (MTH1) bones were scanned using a laser scanner at 400 dpi. A best-fit ellipsoid was obtained from the articular surfaces of MTH1 for each
PMID 23477729

Periocular photodynamic therapy for squamous intra-epidermal carcinoma.

Casie Chetty N1, Hemmant B, Skellett AM.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):516-8. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.849793. Epub 2013 Nov 12.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the response of Metvix photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of periocular Bowen's disease.METHODS: Four patients with biopsy-proven Bowen' disease were treated with Metvix PDT between November 2010 and January 2012. A detailed description of the technique used is desc
PMID 24215518

Topical photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with 5-aminolevulinic acid: randomized controlled trial with six months follow-up.

Buinauskaite E1, Maciulaitis R, Buinauskiene J, Valiukeviciene S.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):519-22. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.848257. Epub 2013 Nov 12.
BACKGROUND: Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment for actinic keratosis (AK) with some transient adverse events.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of two different light doses when treating AKs with ALA
PMID 24215475

Japanese Journal

臨床研究・症例報告転倒,頭部打撲後にびまん性脳損傷,脳萎縮を遺し外傷か虐待の鑑別に苦慮した乳児例

田﨑優子,五十嵐登,久保達哉 [他]
小児科臨床 67(5), 911-915, 2014-05
NAID 40020042222

第79回東京女子医科大学学会総会シンポジウム「放射線治療の最近の進歩」(2)頭頸部癌の放射線治療

泉佐知子,橋本弥一郎,石井由佳,三橋紀夫
東京女子医科大学雑誌 84(2), 67-74, 2014-04-25
放射線治療は,機能・形態の温存に優れているという特徴から,頭頸部癌の根治的治療に従来より大きな役割を果たしてきた.頭頸部癌の治療法の選択は,主に原発部位や臨床病期,病理組織により決定されるが,近年では臓器温存に注目が集まり,従来では外科的治療を行われていた症例に対しても臓器温存を目的とした化学放射線療法がおこなわれるようにもなってきた.しかし癌が治癒し長期間生存する症例が増えるとともに,化学放射線 …
NAID 110009770442