lowering

• n.

• 低下、低減

関

decline、decrease、depression、drop、fall、lower、reduction

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. the act of causing something to move to a lower level (同)letting down
2. the act of causing to become less
3. yield to temptation or sin; "Adam and Eve fell"
4. the season when the leaves fall from the trees; "in the fall of 1973" (同)autumn
5. come as if by falling; "Night fell"; "Silence fell" (同)descend, settle
6. be born, used chiefly of lambs; "The lambs fell in the afternoon"
7. begin vigorously; "The prisoners fell to work right away"
8. go as if by falling; "Grief fell from our hearts"
9. occur at a specified time or place; "Christmas falls on a Monday this year"; "The accent falls on the first syllable"
10. pass suddenly and passively into a state of body or mind; "fall into a trap"; "She fell ill"; "They fell out of favor"; "Fall in love"; "fall asleep"; "fall prey to an imposter"; "fall into a strange way of thinking"; "she fell to pieces after she lost her work"
11. a lapse into sin; a loss of innocence or of chastity; "a fall from virtue"
12. a sudden decline in strength or number or importance; "the fall of the House of Hapsburg" (同)downfall
13. when a wrestlers shoulders are forced to the mat (同)pin
14. a movement downward; "the rise and fall of the tides"
15. come under, be classified or included; "fall into a category"; "This comes under a new heading" (同)come
16. lose an upright position suddenly; "The vase fell over and the water spilled onto the table"; "Her hair fell across her forehead" (同)fall down
17. fall to somebody by assignment or lot; "The task fell to me"; "It fell to me to notify the parents of the victims" (同)light
18. be inherited by; "The estate fell to my sister"; "The land returned to the family"; "The estate devolved to an heir that everybody had assumed to be dead" (同)return, pass, devolve
19. touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly; "Light fell on her face"; "The sun shone on the fields"; "The light struck the golden necklace"; "A strange sound struck my ears" (同)shine, strike
20. assume a disappointed or sad expression; "Her face fell when she heard that she would be laid off"; "his crest fell"
21. be captured; "The cities fell to the enemy"
22. be cast down; "his eyes fell"
23. be due; "payments fall on the 1st of the month"
24. come out; issue; "silly phrases fell from her mouth"
25. descend in free fall under the influence of gravity; "The branch fell from the tree"; "The unfortunate hiker fell into a crevasse"
26. die, as in battle or in a hunt; "Many soldiers fell at Verdun"; "Several deer have fallen to the same gun"; "The shooting victim fell dead"
27. drop oneself to a lower or less erect position; "She fell back in her chair"; "He fell to his knees"
28. lose office or power; "The government fell overnight"; "The Qing Dynasty fell with Sun Yat-sen"
29. lose ones chastity; "a fallen woman"
30. move in a specified direction; "The line of men fall forward"
31. slope downward; "The hills around here fall towards the ocean"
32. suffer defeat, failure, or ruin; "We must stand or fall"; "fall by the wayside"
33. to be given by assignment or distribution; "The most difficult task fell on the youngest member of the team"; "The onus fell on us"; "The pressure to succeed fell on the youngest student"
34. to be given by right or inheritance; "The estate fell to the oldest daughter"
35. a concavity in a surface produced by pressing; "he left the impression of his fingers in the soft mud" (同)impression, imprint
36. a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment (同)slump, economic crisis
37. a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity
38. angular distance below the horizon (especially of a celestial object)
39. pushing down; "depression of the space bar on the typewriter"
40. sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy
41. utter with seeming casualness; "drop a hint"; drop names"
42. a shape that is spherical and small; "he studied the shapes of low-viscosity drops"; "beads of sweat on his forehead" (同)bead, pearl
43. a small indefinite quantity (especially of a liquid); "he had a drop too much to drink"; "a drop of each sample was analyzed"; "there is not a drop of pity in that man"; "years afterward, they would pay the blood-money, driblet by driblet"--Kipling (同)drib, driblet
44. stop pursuing or acting; "drop a lawsuit"; "knock it off!" (同)knock off
45. fall or sink into a state of exhaustion or death; "shop til you drop"
46. give birth; used for animals; "The cow dropped her calf this morning"
47. a sudden sharp decrease in some quantity; "a drop of 57 points on the Dow Jones index"; "there was a drop in pressure in the pulmonary artery"; "a dip in prices"; "when that became known the price of their stock went into free fall" (同)dip, fall, free_fall
48. a central depository where things can be left or picked up
49. the act of dropping something; "they expected the drop would be successful"
50. a free and rapid descent by the force of gravity; "it was a miracle that he survived the drop from that height" (同)fall
51. a predetermined hiding place for the deposit and distribution of illicit goods (such as drugs or stolen property)
52. leave or unload; "unload the cargo"; "drop off the passengers at the hotel" (同)drop_off, set_down, put down, unload, discharge
53. change from one level to another; "She dropped into army jargon"
54. go down in value; "Stock prices dropped"
55. let fall to the ground; "Dont drop the dishes"
56. lose (a game); "The Giants dropped 11 of their first 13"
57. omit (a letter or syllable) in speaking or writing; " New Englanders drop their post-vocalic rs"
58. take (a drug, especially LSD), by mouth; "She dropped acid when she was a teenager"
59. terminate an association with; "drop him from the Republican ticket"
60. to fall vertically; "the bombs are dropping on enemy targets"
61. make smaller; "He decreased his staff" (同)lessen, minify
62. a process of becoming smaller or shorter (同)decrement
63. decrease in size, extent, or range; "The amount of homework decreased towards the end of the semester"; "The cabin pressure fell dramatically"; "her weight fell to under a hundred pounds"; "his voice fell to a whisper" (同)diminish, lessen, fall
64. the amount by which something decreases (同)decrement
65. the act of decreasing or reducing something (同)diminution, reduction, step-down
66. a change downward; "there was a decrease in his temperature as the fever subsided"; "there was a sharp drop-off in sales" (同)lessening, drop-off
67. inflect for number, gender, case, etc., "in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives"
68. a condition inferior to an earlier condition; a gradual falling off from a better state (同)declination
69. change toward something smaller or lower (同)diminution
70. grow smaller; "Interest in the project waned" (同)go_down, wane
71. go down in value; "the stock market corrected"; "prices slumped" (同)slump, correct
72. go down; "The roof declines here"
73. move something or somebody to a lower position; "take down the vase from the shelf" (同)take_down, let down, get_down, bring_down
74. cause to drop or sink; "The lack of rain had depressed the water level in the reservoir" (同)depress
75. set lower; "lower a rating"; "lower expectations" (同)lour
76. any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent (同)reducing
77. the act of reducing complexity (同)simplification
78. shrubby raspberry of eastern North America having showy rose to purplish flowers and red or orange thimble-shaped fruit (同)purple-flowering raspberry, Rubus odoratus, thimbleberry
79. any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Prunus cultivated for their showy white or pink single or double blossoms
80. a plant that does not bear flowers

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 低くする,低下させる;堕落させる
2. (空模様が)険悪な,荒れ模様の / しかめっつらの,(顔つきが)不機嫌な
3. 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》『落下する』,落ちる / 〈人・物が〉『倒れる』《+『down』(『over』)》 / 傷ついて倒れる,倒れて死ぬ / (…まで)垂れ下がる,〈道などが〉下降する《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈目・顔などが〉下を向く,うつむく,沈む / 〈暗やみ・静けさなどが〉(…に)たれ込める;〈災害・責任・病気・眠けなどが〉(…に)降りかかる《+『on』(『upon, over』)+『名』》 / 〈程度・数量・値段などが〉(…まで)『下がる』,減少する《+『to』+『名』》 / 誘惑に負ける,墜落する / (勢力・威信・人望などを)失う《+『from』(『in』)+『名』》 / 〈政権などが〉倒れる,〈要塞などが〉陥落する;(…の手に)落ちる《+『to』+『名』》 / 『なる』,陥る / 〈時・事が〉(…に)当たる,起こる,(しかるべき位置に)来る《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈光線・視線などが〉(…に)向けられる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』 / (…に)分かれる《+『into』+『名』》 / 〈言葉などが〉(…から)漏れる《+『from』》 / 〈C〉(…から)『落ちること』,落下《+『from』+『名』》;(…への)落下《+『to』(『toward』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(雨・雪などの)降った量《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《固有名詞としては単数扱い》滝 / 〈C〉(…から…までの)落差《+『from』+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉倒れること,転倒 / 〈C〉(程度・数量・値段などの)下落,減少,衰退《+『in』+『名』》 / 《単数形で》(…の)陥落,崩壊《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉堕落 / 〈C〉傾斜
4. 『秋』(autumn)
5. 〈C〉『くぼ地』,くぼみ / 〈U〉〈C〉『意気消沈』,憂うつ;うつ病 / 〈C〉『不景気』,不況 / 〈U〉押し下げること,降下,低下
6. 〈しずくが〉『したたる』,垂れる《+『down』》 / 〈物が〉『落ちる』,落下する《+『down』》 / 〈人が〉『ばったり倒れる』,崩れ落ちる / 『下落する』,減少する《+『off』(『away』)》 / 終わる,やめになる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》引き離される,落後する / (…から)手を引く,やめる《+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / (…に)ちょっと立ち寄る,(…を)ひょっこり訪ねる《+『in』(『by,over,round』)『at』(『on』)+『名』》 / …‘を'『したたらせる』,垂らす / (…へ)…‘を'『落とす』,落下させる《+『名』+『into』(『on』)+『名』》 / …‘を'降ろす,下げる / …‘を'減少させる / …‘を'漏らす,ふと口にする / 〈人〉に〈短い手紙・伝言〉‘を'送る / 《話》…‘を'なぐり倒す,撃ち落とす / 《話》《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人〉‘を'乗り物から降ろす / (…から)〈ある音・文字〉‘を'落とす,抜かす,省く《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘と'関係を絶つ;〈問題など〉‘を'打ち切る / …‘を'やめさせる;(…から)…‘を'追い出す《+『名from』+『名』》 / (ばくちなどで)〈金〉‘を'なくす / 〈C〉(…の)『しずく』,したたり《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(液体・事物の)少量,微量《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉あめ玉,ドロップ / 《a ~》落下,降下(fall);落下距離 / 《a ~》(…の)下落,減少《+『in』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》点滴薬 / 《話》《a ~》少量の酒 / 〈C〉《おもに米》(郵便箱などの)落とし口,差し入れ口
7. …'を'『減らす』 / 『減る』,少なくなる / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『減少』,縮小《+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)減少量(額)《+『in』(『of』)+『名』》
8. (穏やかに,礼儀正しく)…'を'『断る』,拒絶する,拒否する / 〈名詞・代名詞・形容詞〉'を'語形変化させる / 『断る』,辞退する / 《文》〈土地などが〉『下に傾く』;〈太陽・月が〉傾く / 《文》『衰える』,衰徴する / 『衰徴』,衰弱
9. (lowの比較級)『もっと低い』,(価格が)もっと安い / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『下級の』;低い(下の)ほうの / …‘を'『下げる』,降ろす / 〈価格・程度・量・調子など〉‘を'『下げる』,小さくする,低下させる / 〈人〉‘を'品位(品格)を落とす / 低くなる,下がる,滅る
10. (…に向かって)顔をしかめる,まゆをひそめる《+『at(on, upon)』+『名』》 / 〈空模様が〉険悪になる,〈雨などが〉降りそうな / しかめっつら / 険悪な空模様
11. 〈U〉〈C〉(…を)『減らすこと』,減少,縮小,格下げ,(…の)割り引き《+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉減少(縮小)した量;割引額 / 〈C〉縮図,縮写 / 〈U〉換算約分

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/23 02:19:34」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

In mathematics and mathematical physics, raising and lowering indices are operations on tensors which change their type. Raising and lowering indices are a form of index manipulation in tensor expressions.

Tensor type

Given a tensor field on a manifold M, in the presence of a nonsingular form on M (such as a Riemannian metric or Minkowski metric), one can raise or lower indices to change a type (a, b) tensor to a (a + 1, b − 1) tensor (raise index) or to a (a − 1, b + 1) tensor (lower index), where the notation (a, b) has been used to denote the tensor order a + b with a upper indices and b lower indices.

One does this by multiplying by the covariant or contravariant metric tensor and then contracting indices, meaning two indices are set equal and then summing over the repeated indices (applying Einstein notation). See examples below.

Vectors (order-1 tensors)

Multiplying by the contravariant metric tensor and contracting produces another tensor with an upper index:

The same base symbol is typically used to denote this new tensor, and repositioning the index is typically understood in this context to refer this new tensor, and is called raising the index, which would be written

Similarly, multiplying by the covariant metric tensor and contracting lowers an index (with the same understanding about the reuse of the base symbol):

The form g_ij need not be nonsingular to lower an index, but to get the inverse (and thus raise an index) it must be nonsingular.

Raising and then lowering the same index (or conversely) are inverse operations, which is reflected in the covariant and contravariant metric tensors being inverse to each other:

where δⁱ_k is the Kronecker delta or identity matrix. Since there are different choices of metric with different metric signatures (signs along the diagonal elements, i.e. tensor components with equal indices), the name and signature is usually indicated to prevent confusion. Different authors use different metrics and signatures for different reasons.

Mnemonically (though incorrectly), one could think of indices "cancelling" between a metric and another tensor, and the metric stepping up or down the index. In the above examples, such "cancellations" and "steps" are like

Again, while a helpful guide, this is only mnemonical and not a property of tensors since the indices do not cancel like in equations, it is only a concept of the notation. The results are continued below, for higher order tensors (i.e. more indices).

When raising indices of quantities in spacetime, it helps to decompose summations into "timelike components" (where indices are zero) and "spacelike components" (where indices are 1, 2, 3, represented conventionally by Latin indices).

Example from Minkowski spacetime

The covariant 4-position is given by

in components:

(where x_j are the usual Cartesian coordinates) and the Minkowski metric tensor with signature (-+++) is defined as

$\eta_{\mu \nu}=\eta^{\mu \nu}=\begin{pmatrix} -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$

in components:

To raise the index, multiply by the tensor and contract:

then for λ = 0:

and for λ = j = 1, 2, 3:

So the index-raised contravariant 4-position is:

Tensors (higher order)

Order-2

For an order-2 tensor, twice multiplying by the contravariant metric tensor and contracting in different indices raises each index:

and twice multiplying by the covariant metric tensor and contracting in different indices lowers each index:

Example from classical electromagnetism and special relativity

The contravariant electromagnetic tensor in the (+−−−) signature is given by

$F^{\alpha\beta} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & -E_x/c & -E_y/c & -E_z/c \\ E_x/c & 0 & -B_z & B_y \\ E_y/c & B_z & 0 & -B_x \\ E_z/c & -B_y & B_x & 0 \end{pmatrix}$

in components:

To obtain the covariant tensor F_αβ, multiply by the metric tensor and contract:

$\begin{align} F_{\alpha\beta} & = \eta_{\alpha\gamma} \eta_{\beta\delta} F^{\gamma\delta} \\ & = \eta_{\alpha 0} \eta_{\beta 0} F^{0 0} + \eta_{\alpha i} \eta_{\beta 0} F^{i 0} + \eta_{\alpha 0} \eta_{\beta i} F^{0 i} + \eta_{\alpha i} \eta_{\beta j} F^{i j} \end{align} \,$

and since F⁰⁰ = 0 and F⁰ⁱ = − Fⁱ⁰, this reduces to

Now for α = 0, β = k = 1, 2, 3:

$\begin{align} F_{0k} & = (\eta_{0i} \eta_{k0} - \eta_{00} \eta_{ki} ) F^{i0} + \eta_{0i} \eta_{kj} F^{ij} \\ & = (0 - (-\delta_{ki}) ) F^{i0} + 0 \\ & = F^{k0} = - F^{0k} \\ \end{align}$

and by antisymmetry, for α = k = 1, 2, 3, β = 0:

then finally for α = k = 1, 2, 3, β = ℓ = 1, 2, 3;

$\begin{align} F_{k\ell} & = (\eta_{ k i} \eta_{ \ell 0} - \eta_{ k 0} \eta_{ \ell i} ) F^{i 0} + \eta_{ k i} \eta_{ \ell j} F^{i j} \\ & = 0 + \delta_{ k i} \delta_{ \ell j} F^{i j} \\ & = F^{k \ell} \\ \end{align}$

The (covariant) lower indexed tensor is then:

$F_{\alpha\beta} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & E_x/c & E_y/c & E_z/c \\ -E_x/c & 0 & -B_z & B_y \\ -E_y/c & B_z & 0 & -B_x \\ -E_z/c & -B_y & B_x & 0 \end{pmatrix}$

Order-n

When a vector space is equipped with an inner product (or metric as it is often called in this context), there exist operations that convert a contravariant (upper) index into a covariant (lower) index and vice versa. A metric itself is a (symmetric) (0,2)-tensor, it is thus possible to contract an upper index of a tensor with one of lower indices of the metric. This produces a new tensor with the same index structure as the previous, but with lower index in the position of the contracted upper index. This operation is quite graphically known as lowering an index. Conversely, a metric has an inverse which is a (2,0)-tensor. This inverse metric can be contracted with a lower index to produce an upper index. This operation is called raising an index.

For a tensor of order-n, indices are raised by:

and lowered by:

and for a mixed tensor:

See also

• Ricci calculus
• Einstein notation
• Metric tensor
• Musical isomorphism
• Bilinear products and dual spaces

References

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Amperometric biosensing of organophosphate and organocarbamate pesticides utilizing polypyrrole entrapped acetylcholinesterase electrode.

• Dutta RR, Puzari P.SourceDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Feb 15;52:166-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.050. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
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• Effects of granulation on organic acid metabolism and its relation to mineral elements in Citrus grandis juice sacs.

• Wang XY, Wang P, Qi YP, Zhou CP, Yang LT, Liao XY, Wang LQ, Zhu DH, Chen LS.SourceInstitute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Feb 15;145:984-90. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.021. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
• We investigated the effects of granulation on organic acid metabolism and its relation to mineral elements in 'Guanximiyou' pummelo (Citrus grandis) juice sacs. Granulated juice sacs had decreased concentrations of citrate and isocitrate, thus lowering juice sac acidity. By contrast, malate concentr
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• Using quantile regression to assess disparities in medication adherence.

• Juarez DT, Tan C, Davis JW, Mau MM.SourceCollege of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI, USA. dtjuarez@hawaii.edu.
• American journal of health behavior.Am J Health Behav.2014 Jan;38(1):53-62. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.38.1.6.
• OBJECTIVE: To examine racial/ethnic disparities in medication adherence between Asian and Pacific Islander Americans and Whites.METHODS: This retrospective data analysis included diabetes patients enrolled in a health plan in Hawaii (N = 43,445). For anti-diabetic, lipid-lowering, and anti-hypertens
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• Magnetic-based multi-layer microparticles for endothelial progenitor cell isolation, enrichment, and detachment.

• Wadajkar AS, Santimano S, Tang L, Nguyen KT.SourceDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; Joint Biomedical Engineering Program between The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
• Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Jan;35(2):654-63. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.015. Epub 2013 Oct 18.
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• … ∼124 mV/decade), a virtual absence of drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL; …
• NAID 150000110647

• Investigating the Effect of the Learning Circle on Group Cohesion and Lowering Anxiety in English Discussion Class (EDC)

• Truxal David
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• Kinematic analysis of punt kick in football goalkeepers based on the level of kick effort

• Tago Takahito,Nishino Koichi,Kaneko Kenichi,Wada Tadashi,Nishiyama Tetsunari,Funato Kazuo
• 日本体育大学スポーツ科学研究 3, 36-43, 2015-03-27
• … Compared to punt kicks with a lower level of effort, the punt kicks with a higher level of effort involved an increase in the hip joint extension angle for the right leg during the backswing and the lowering of the knee joint angle of the right leg at the start of the forward swing, thus producing forward swing velocity for the right foot. …
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• Impact of inserted Ta ultrathin layer and postdeposition annealing on the forming voltage of Ir/Ti/Ta/HfO

• Asanuma Shutaro,Shima Hisashi,Yamazaki Masashi,Hayama Kazumi,Hata Nobuhiro,Akinaga Hiroyuki
• Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(4S), 04DD10, 2015-03-19
• … The lowering of forming voltage was observed when the combination of Ti and Ta layer thicknesses was Ti (45 nm)/Ta (5 nm) and the device was annealed after the deposition of the top electrode. …
• NAID 150000110534

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「drop」「decrease」「reduction」「lower」「decline」
拡張検索	「lowering intraocular pressure」「glucose-lowering」「flowering hormone」

「drop」

　　[★]

• n.
• vt.
• vi.

• (液体が)したたる、ぼたぼた落ちる
• (物が)(急に、思いがけなく)落ちる(down)。(花が)散る。(人が)(車などから)ひらりと(飛び)降りる(off)。(正式)(川・丘などが)下る(down)
• (人が)(疲れて・傷ついて)急に倒れる。死ぬ。(意識的に)身を伏せる
• (程度・数量・価値などが)下がる(fall)、落ちる(away)。健康や病状が悪化する
• (事が)やめになる。(～から)手を引く、やめる(from)。(視界から)見えなくなる(out of, from)。(交通・話などが)とだえる(off)
• 急に(ある状態に)なる、陥る(into, to)
• (略式)ひょいと(～に)立ち寄る(in, by, over, round)(on, at, into)。(人に)偶然であう(in)(across, on, with)
• 落後(後退)する、遅れる(away, back, off, behind)
• (動物が)生まれる
• (猟犬が)獲物を見て伏せる
• (言葉・ため息などが)(～から)ふともれる(from)
• (水・空気の流れに沿って)穏やかに動く
• (トランプ)(ブリッジなどで)(特定の札が)出るはめになる、死ぬ
• (球技)(球が)ホール(ポケット、ゴール)に入る(転がり込む)
• 逮捕される

関

decline, decrease, depression, droplet, dropping, dropwise, fall, instill, instillation, lower, lowering, reduction

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「decrease」

　　[★]

• vt.vi.

• 減少する/させる。縮小する/させる。(力・温度など)低下する/させる、衰える/衰えさせる

• n.

• 減少、縮小、低下。減少/縮小/低下の数/量/額/率/度合い

関

decline、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、lessen、loss、lower、lowering、reduce、reduction、taper

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「reduction」

　　[★]

• n.

• 減少、低下、縮小、減力、節減、(化学)還元

関

decline、decrease、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、hypoergy、loss、lower、lowering、parsimony、reduce、retrenchment

　 　 　

「lower」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (low比較級)より低い、下位の、下等な、低次の、低下させる、低減させる

関

decline、decrease、depression、drop、fall、inferio、inferior、inferiorly、low level、lower dimension、lower level、lower order、lowering、reduction

　 　 　 　 　

「decline」

　　[★]

• n.

• 減退、減少、低下、衰え

• v.

• 低下する、減退する

関

decrease、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、loss、lower、lowering、reduce、reduction

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「lowering intraocular pressure」

　　[★]

• 眼圧下降、眼圧低下

関

reduction of intraocular pressure

「glucose-lowering」

　　[★]

• 血糖降下性の、血糖降下の

関

hypoglycemic

「flowering hormone」

　　[★]

• 花成ホルモン、開花ホルモン

関

florigen