channels

チャネル 　

WordNet

1. official routes of communication; "you have to go through channels"
2. direct the flow of; "channel information towards a broad audience" (同)canalize, canalise
3. a television station and its programs; "a satellite TV channel"; "surfing through the channels"; "they offer more than one hundred channels" (同)television channel, TV channel
4. a passage for water (or other fluids) to flow through; "the fields were crossed with irrigation channels"; "gutters carried off the rainwater into a series of channels under the street"
5. (often plural) a means of communication or access; "it must go through official channels"; "lines of communication were set up between the two firms" (同)communication channel, line
6. a path over which electrical signals can pass; "a channel is typically what you rent from a telephone company" (同)transmission channel
7. a deep and relatively narrow body of water (as in a river or a harbor or a strait linking two larger bodies) that allows the best passage for vessels; "the ship went aground in the channel"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉『水路』(川・湾・運河の船の通行ができる深い部分) / 〈U〉河床・川底 / 〈C〉『海峡』 / 〈C〉みぞ(groove),(道路の)水渠(すいきょ) / 《複数形で》(運搬・伝達の)正式の経路(手続き);(一般に)経路 / 〈C〉(テレビ・ラジオの)チャンネル / …‘に'水路を開く / …‘に'みぞを堀る / …'を'伝える,流す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/21 23:03:13」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Channel, channels, and similar terms may refer to:

• Channels (band), a rock band fronted by ex-Jawbox singer/guitarist J. Robbins
• Channels (film), a 2008 film
• Channel (transistors), the conductive path followed by electrons or holes through a semiconductor
• Ion channel, a protein that allows ion flow through a cell membrane
• Legal channeling, the act of legally making one entity responsible for an event, and thereby dismissing other parties from liability
• Meridian (Chinese medicine), a concept central to traditional Chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture, and to martial arts such as tai chi and qigong
• Mediumship or channelling, communication with spirits
• Pre-Chorus, part of a song structure of popular music

Places

• Channel (geography), in physical geography, a landform consisting of the outline of the path of a narrow body of water
• Stream channel, the physical confine of a stream, including bed and banks
• Channel Glacier, a glacier in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica

Europe

• English Channel, the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France
• Channel Islands, an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy

North America

• Channel, California, a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States
• Channel Islands of California, a chain of eight islands located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California
• Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador, a town on Newfoundland island, Canada
• Channel Lake, Illinois, a census-designated place in Lake County, Illinois, United States
• Channels State Forest, a state forest in Virginia, United States

Asia and Pacific

• Channel Country, region of outback Australia in Queensland and partly in South Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales
• Channel Highway, a regional highway in Tasmania, Australia
• Channel Rock, a big rock in Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong

Business

• Channel (chart pattern), a pair of parallel trend lines that form a chart pattern for a stock or commodity
• Channel Express, a defunct British airline
• Channel Home Centers, a defunct home improvement chain based in the northeastern United States
• Distribution channel, a chain of intermediaries, each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer
• Marketing channel, set of activities necessary to transfer the ownership of goods from the point of production to the point of consumption
• A video blog hosted by a video-sharing website

Technology

• Channel (broadcasting), a range of frequencies assigned for the operation of a television, radio, or other broadcast station
• Channel (digital image), the grayscale representation of a primary color in a digital image
• Channel (programming), in computer science, a tool used for interprocess communication
• Audio channel, a communications channel in a storage device used in operations such as multitrack recording and playback
• Channel I/O, in computing, a high-performance input/output (I/O) architecture
• Communication channel, a transmission medium used to convey information
• Television channel, a television station or its cable/satellite counterpart

Sport

• Channel (association football), football (soccer) terminology for particular areas of the pitch
• Channel Football Club, an Australian rules football club in Tasmania

Fiction

• Channeler (The Wheel of Time), fictional characters in the Wheel of Time fantasy book series by Robert Jordan
• Channeling (Rolemaster), a magic element in the Rolemaster role-playing game

See also

• Canal, man-made channels for water
• Canal (disambiguation)
• Chanel (disambiguation)
• Channel Tunnel or Chunnel, a rail tunnel underneath the English Channel
• Channel catfish, catfish species in North America

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 心筋活動電位および抗不整脈剤の作用 myocardial action potential and action of antiarrhythmic drugs
• 2. 女性骨盤の外科解剖学 surgical female pelvic anatomy
• 3. 虚血プレコンディショニングの定義および病因 definition and pathogenesis of ischemic preconditioning
• 4. 低カリウム血症の原因 causes of hypokalemia
• 5. 赤血球水分量の制御 control of red blood cell hydration

English Journal

• A hydrophilic polymer based microfluidic system with planar patch clamp electrode array for electrophysiological measurement from cells.

• Xu B, Ye W, Zhang Y, Shi J, Chan C, Yao X, Yang M.SourceInterdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Mar 15;53:187-92. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.049. Epub 2013 Sep 29.
• This paper presents a microfluidic planar patch clamp system based on a hydrophilic polymer poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) for whole cell current recording. The whole chip is fabricated by UV-assisted molding method for both microfluidic channel structure and planar electrode partition. Th
• PMID 24140835

• Joint toxicity of permethrin and cypermethrin at sublethal concentrations to the embryo-larval zebrafish.

• Yang Y, Ma H, Zhou J, Liu J, Liu W.SourceMOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
• Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Feb;96:146-54. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.014. Epub 2013 Nov 1.
• Pyrethroids, the widely used pesticides, are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. However, little information is so far available regarding the joint toxicity of type I and type II pyrethroids to fish. Zebrafish is a well-accepted aquatic vertebrate model for toxicity assessment due to small size, eas
• PMID 24184047

• CRAC channel inhibition produces greater anti-inflammatory effects than glucocorticoids in CD8 cells from COPD patients.

• Grundy S, Kaur M, Plumb J, Reynolds S, Hall S, House D, Begg M, Ray D, Singh D.Source*University of Manchester NIHR Translational Research Facility, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, U.K.
• Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Feb;126(3):223-32. doi: 10.1042/CS20130152.
• There are increased numbers of pulmonary CD8 lymphocytes in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). CRAC (calcium release-activation calcium) channels play a central role in lymphocyte activation though the regulation of the transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells). We s
• PMID 23905758

Japanese Journal

• Characterization of surface dielectric barrier discharge influenced by intermediate frequency for ozone production

• Plasma Sources Science and Technology 25(3), 35012-35023, 2016-06-01
• NAID 120005743888

• Silicon on-chip wavelength-selective switch composed of Mach–Zehnder-interferometer-based switches and microring resonators

• Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55(6), 068001, 2016-05-16
• NAID 150000112611

• Direct digital manufacturing of autonomous centrifugal microfluidic device

• Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55(6S1), 06GN02, 2016-05-12
• NAID 150000112560

Related Links

• Channels | Define Channels at Dictionary.com

channel noun A vein, usually in the crook of the elbow or the instep, favored for the injection of narcotics; main line (1950s+ Narcotics) verb To lower the body of a car by opening channels around parts of the frame: Johnny Slash, the ...

• Channels Television - Your Home for the News

Diplomatic Channels Aviation This Week More Programmes LIVE TV PC & Mac iPad & iPhone Android Blackberry APPs Download Android App Download for iOS Socials Facebook Twitter Google Plus Youtube ABOUT US ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 14」
関連記事	「channel」

「100Cases 14」

　　[★]

☆case14　複視

■glossary

diplopia n. 複視

筋力低下、筋無力、筋脱力 muscle weakness, muscular weakness

sunken

vt. sinkのpp.

adj.

沈没した、沈んだ、水中の

沈下した、一段低いところにある

落ち込んだ、くぼんだ

3,4-ジアミノピリジン 3,4-diaminopyridine 3,4-DAP K+チャネル阻害薬;ランバート・イートン筋無力症治療

■症例

43-year-old woman

cheif complaint: diplopia

present history: diplopia and holding her head up ; more marked in the evenings, for the last 3 months. difficulty of chewing. voice has become quieter. weight loss (3kg / 6months). non-smoker. drinks about 15 units/week. no regular medication.

past history: no significant previous medical illnesses.

family history: lives with her husband and three children.

・診察 examination

looks well.

organ systems: normal; cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal systems.

muscle power; grossly normal. decrease after testing a movement repetitively.

motor function: normal; tone, coordination, reflexes and sensation.

bilateral ptosis. exacerbated by prolonged upward gaze

eye: normal; pupillary reflexes, eye movements, and funduscopy

■答え

diagnosis: myathenia gravis

differential diagnoses:

CASES

上位and/or下位運動ニューロン motor neurone disease　運動ニューロン疾患：線維束性攣縮。進行例では筋力低下

筋 muscular dystrophy　筋ジストロフィー：ある種の筋肉が選択的に筋力低下する。家族歴がある。

筋 dystrophia myotonica　強直性筋ジストロフィー：咬筋、側頭筋、胸鎖乳突筋の筋萎縮、四肢遠位端の筋萎縮。顔貌が特徴的(前頭部脱毛、無表情、窪んだ頬)。家族歴ある。筋電図が診断に有用(急降下爆撃音)。

筋 polymyositis　多発筋炎：普通は皮疹と関節痛が出現。CKが上昇。筋生検が診断に有用

筋 myopathy　ミオパチー：甲状腺中毒性ミオパチー、甲状腺機能低下症によるミオパチー、クッシング症候群によるミオパチー、アルコール性のミオパチー

神経筋接合部？ non-metastatic associations of malignancy (paraneoplastic syndrome(傍腫瘍性症候群 = 腫瘍随伴症候群)のこと)：胸腺腫の症例の10%に重症筋無力症がみられる。ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群は小細胞癌と関連がある。

HIM.2674

• 神経筋接合部 congenital myasthenia syndrome　先天性筋無力症症候群
• 神経筋接合部 drug-induced myasthenia　薬剤性筋無力症

Treatment with penicillamine (used for scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis) may result in true autoimmune MG, but the weakness is usually mild, and recovery occurs within weeks or months after discontinuing its use.

　重症筋無力症の誘発：ペニシラミン(強皮症や関節リウマチの治療に用いられる)。

　　mildだし、薬剤の中断で改善する。

Aminoglycoside antibiotics or procainamide can cause exacerbation of weakness in myasthenic patients; very large doses can cause neuromuscular weakness in normal individuals.

　重症筋無力症の悪化：アミドグリコシド系抗菌薬、プロカインアミド

　　MGの患者の筋脱力が悪化する。

• 神経筋接合部 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome　ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群：全身の筋肉が冒されるが、特に下肢の近位筋が冒される。MGと同じように～70%の患者で脳神経所見(眼瞼下垂、複視など)が認められる。MGと違うのは(1)反射が消失・減弱すること、(2)自律神経系の変化(口渇、勃起不全)を生じる、(3)神経刺激検査で漸増(waxing)が見られることである。病因は神経筋接合部のP/Q type calcium channelsに対する抗体の出現であり、85%の患者で見いだされる。治療はMGのように血漿交換や免疫抑制薬が使われる。3,4-DAPやpyridostigmineは症状に対する治療のために用いる。前者は運動神経の終末部でカルシウムチャネルをブロックし活動電位を延長させる。後者はアセチルコリンエステラーゼを阻害してシナプスにおける神経伝達物質の濃度を上げる。
• 精神疾患 neurasthenia　神経衰弱症：歴史的な用語。器質的な障害を伴わない筋無力症のような脱力を伴う症候群。患者は筋脱力や疲労を訴えてやってくる。筋肉の検査では器質的変化は認めないが"jerky release"あるいは"give-away weakness"が認められる。患者の主訴は反復動作による筋力低下よりむしろ疲労や感情鈍麻である。
• 内分泌疾患 hyperthyroidism　甲状腺機能亢進症：MGが疑われる患者にはthyroid function testをルーチンにやる。甲状腺機能異常は筋無力症の筋力低下を大きくすることがある。
• 神経筋接合部 botulism　ボツリヌス症：ボツリヌス毒素はシナプス前膜からの神経伝達物質の開口分泌を妨げる。症状はbulbar weakness (複視、構音障害、嚥下困難)。感覚障害はない。深部腱反射は初期には保たれている。進行すれば反射は見られなくなる。筋脱力は全身性。呼吸困難に陥ることがある。精神状態は正常。自律神経症状(麻痺性イレウス、便秘、urinary retention、瞳孔の散大、瞳孔の反応性低下、口渇)。確定診断は血清中の毒素の検出だけど、見つかることはまれ。神経伝導検査(nerve conduction studies)：compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs)の低下。高頻度の刺激で振幅が増加。治療：intubation for airway protection、呼吸補助、aggressive inpatient supportive care(e.g., nutrition, DVT prophylaxis)。馬の抗毒素を検査結果が帰ってくる前に投与する(？)。
• 上位運動ニューロン intracranial mass lesions　頭蓋内占拠病変：複視はintracranial mass lesionが外眼筋の神経を圧迫することにより生じる。
• 筋 progressive external ophthalmoplegia　進行性外眼筋麻痺：外眼筋の筋脱力を伴う。四肢の近位筋の筋力低下やそのほかの全身症状を伴うことがある。ミトコンドリアの異常を有する。

■参考文献

HIM = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition

CASES = 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine Second edition

IMD = 内科診断学第2版

「channel」

　　[★]

• n.

• 川床、川底。水路、河道
• 海峡
• 水管、導管
• 溝
• 経路、ルート。道筋、方向

• チャネル、チャンネル、イオンチャネル

関

ion channel、ionic channel