retention

• n.

• 保持、維持、貯留、保定、保持率

関

accumulate、accumulation、hold、keep、maintain、maintenance、pooling、retain、sustain

　 　

WordNet

1. the act of retaining something (同)keeping, holding
2. take and maintain control over, often by violent means; "The dissatisfied students held the Presidents office for almost a week"
3. keep from exhaling or expelling; "hold your breath"
4. a cell in a jail or prison (同)keep
5. a stronghold
6. power by which something or someone is affected or dominated; "he has a hold over them"
7. contain or hold; have within; "The jar carries wine"; "The canteen holds fresh water"; "This can contains water" (同)bear, carry, contain
8. support or hold in a certain manner; "She holds her head high"; "He carried himself upright" (同)carry, bear
9. be the physical support of; carry the weight of; "The beam holds up the roof"; "He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam"; "Whats holding that mirror?" (同)support, sustain, hold_up
10. have or hold in ones hands or grip; "Hold this bowl for a moment, please"; "A crazy idea took hold of him" (同)take_hold
11. organize or be responsible for; "hold a reception"; "have, throw, or make a party"; "give a course" (同)throw, have, make, give
12. aim, point, or direct; "Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames"
13. assert or affirm; "Rousseaus philosophy holds that people are inherently good"
14. cover as for protection against noise or smell; "She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate"; "hold ones nose"
15. have as a major characteristic; "The novel holds many surprises"; "The book holds in store much valuable advise"
16. hold the attention of; "The soprano held the audience"; "This story held our interest"; "She can hold an audience spellbound"
17. keep from departing; "Hold the taxi"; "Hold the horse"
18. remain committed to; "I hold to these ideas"
19. remain in a certain state, position, or condition; "The weather held"; "They held on the road and kept marching"
20. stop dealing with; "hold all calls to the Presidents office while he is in a meeting"
21. supply with room and board; "He is keeping three women in the guest cottage"; "keep boarders"
22. the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress (同)donjon, dungeon
23. retain possession of; "Can I keep my old stuffed animals?"; "She kept her maiden name after she married" (同)hold_on
24. maintain by writing regular records; "keep a diary"; "maintain a record"; "keep notes" (同)maintain
25. maintain for use and service; "I keep a car in the countryside"; "She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips" (同)maintain
26. keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., "keep clean"; "hold in place"; "She always held herself as a lady"; "The students keep me on my toes" (同)maintain, hold
27. maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger; "May God keep you" (同)preserve
28. fail to spoil or rot; "These potatoes keep for a long time" (同)stay fresh
29. have as a supply; "I always keep batteries in the freezer"; "keep food for a week in the pantry"; "She keeps a sixpack and a weeks worth of supplies in the refrigerator"
30. hold and prevent from leaving; "The student was kept after school"
31. look after; be the keeper of; have charge of; "He keeps the shop when I am gone"
32. raise; "She keeps a few chickens in the yard"; "he keeps bees"
33. store or keep customarily; "Where do you keep your gardening tools?"
34. admit as valid; "The court sustained the motion"
35. supply with necessities and support; "She alone sustained her family"; "The money will sustain our good cause"; "Theres little to earn and many to keep" (同)keep, maintain
36. keep in ones mind; "I cannot retain so much information"
37. allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature; "We cannot continue several servants any longer"; "She retains a lawyer"; "The familys fortune waned and they could not keep their household staff"; "Our grant has run out and we cannot keep you on"; "We kept the work going as long as we could"; "She retained her composure"; "this garment retains its shape even after many washings" (同)continue, keep, keep on
38. secure and keep for possible future use or application; "The landlord retained the security deposit"; "I reserve the right to disagree" (同)hold, keep back, hold back
39. hold back within; "This soil retains water"; "I retain this drug for a long time"; "the dam retains the water"
40. a storage site similar to a detention basin but the water in storage is permanently obstructed from flowing downstream

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 保持(維持)すること;保持(維持)された状態 / 保持(維持)する力 / 記憶(力)
2. (手などに)…‘を'『持つ』,『持っている』,つかむ,つかんでいる・〈人・物〉‘を'『押しとどめる』,押えておく,留めておく・《副詞[句]を伴って》(ある位置・状態に)〈手・足など体の一部〉‘を'『保つ』(keep) ・〈容器などが〉〈物など〉‘を'『入れている』,収容できる(進行形にできない) ・〈重い荷物など〉‘に'耐える,持ちこたえる(bear);〈物〉‘を'支える(support) ・〈職・地位など〉‘を'占める,占めている(進行形にできない) ・〈土地・財産など〉‘を'所有している(進行形にできない) ・〈会など〉‘を'開催する,〈式〉‘を'行う・〈軍隊などが〉〈土地など〉‘を'確保する;(敵などから)〈とりでなど〉‘を'守る《+『名』+『against』+『名』》・〈注意・関心・興味など〉‘を'引きつけておく,引き留めておく・〈考え・意見など〉‘を'心にいだいている・…‘と'考える,信ずる / 『しっかりと付いている』,切れ(折れ)ないでいる・(…に)『しっかりつかまっている』,しがみついている《+『to』+『名』》・(約束・信念などを)固く守る《+『to』+『名』》・《『hold』+『形』〈補〉》(…の)『ままである』・(引き続いて)有効である,当てはまる・〈U〉〈C〉(…を)‐手でつかむ(握る)こと』,把握《+『of』(『on』)+『名』》・〈U〉(人の心などを)つかむこと,支配[力],掌握《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》・〈C〉つかまるもの,手(足)がかり・(音楽の記号の)フェルマータ
3. 船倉;(飛行機の)貨物室
4. 〈物〉‘を'『ずっと持っている』,保持する / 〈物〉‘を'『保存しておく』,しまっておく,取っておく / 〈ある状熊〉‘を'『保ち続ける』,保つ / (ある状態・関係・場所に)〈人・物〉‘を'『保つ』,しておく,とどめておく / 〈日記・帳簿など〉‘を'つけている / 〈約束・規則・慣習など〉‘を'『守る』,‘に'従う,〈約束した時間・定められた祭りなどの日〉‘を'守る / …‘の'『管理する』,世話をする / (…から)…‘を'『守る』,保護する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 《『keep』+『形』(『過分』)〈補〉》ある状態・動作などを)『保つ』,(…し)続ける,(…の)ままでいる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所に)『ずっといる』 / 〈食物などが〉保存がきく,もつ / 〈U〉生活費;食物,糧食;(動物の)飼育費 / 〈C〉(中世の城の)本丸,天守閣
5. …‘を'『持続する』,続けてする / 〈人〉‘を'『元気づける』 / 〈家族など〉‘を'『養う』 / 《文》(物が下から)…‘を'『支える』 / 〈損害・傷害など〉‘を'『受ける』,こうむる / 〈苦難など〉‘に'耐える,耐え抜く / (法的に)…‘を'認める / …‘を'立証する,確証する
6. …‘を'『持ち続ける』,保持する / …‘を'記憶にとどめる,覚えている / (報酬を払って)〈弁護士など〉‘を'抱えておく

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/22 05:06:30」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Retention may refer to:

General

• Retention (memory), in learning, the ability to retain facts and figures in memory
  • Selective retention
• Cultural retention
• Customer retention
• University student retention
• Employee retention, the ability to keep employees within an organization
  • Forced retention
• Grade retention, in schools, keeping a student in the same grade for another year (that is, not promoting the student to the next higher grade with his/her classmates)
• Retention basin,
• Retention election, in the United States court system, a process whereby a judge is periodically subject to a vote in order to remain in the position of judge
• Retention rate
• Retention ratio, in company earnings
• Retention of vision, in magic
• Water retention (medicine), abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body
• Urinary retention, the lack or inability to urinate
• Variable retention, in land management and forestry conservation

Information and records

• Retention (news server), in Usenet, the time a news server holds a newsgroup posting before deleting it as no longer relevant
• Data retention, in law and computing
  • Data retention (telecommunication)
• Retention period, of a document, in records management
• Retention of title clause, in law

Chemistry

• Retention agent, a process chemical
• CO₂ retention
• Retention of configuration, in chemical reactions
• ER retention, proteins retained in the endoplasmic reticulum after folding
• Retention factor

Maths

• Retention distance
• Retention uniformity

See also

• All pages beginning with "Retention"
• All pages with titles containing "Retention"
• Water retention (disambiguation)
• Retainer (disambiguation)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 急性尿閉 acute urinary retention
• 2. 女性における慢性尿閉 chronic urinary retention in women
• 3. Osteomyelitis in adults: Treatment
• 4. 成人の精神刺激薬使用障害への薬物療法 pharmacotherapy for stimulant use disorders in adults
• 5. 周術期に成人に静脈内投与するオピオイド鎮痛薬 perioperative uses of intravenous opioids in adults

English Journal

• Variation in Networks and Forms of Support for Care-Seeking Across the HIV Care Continuum in the Rural Southeastern United States.

• Hill M1, Huff A2, Chumbler N3.
• The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association.J Rural Health.2018 Dec;34(1):71-79. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12238. Epub 2017 Mar 14.
• PMID 28295611

• Differences in Selected HIV Care Continuum Outcomes Among People Residing in Rural, Urban, and Metropolitan Areas-28 US Jurisdictions.

• Nelson JA1,2, Kinder A1,3, Johnson AS4, Hall HI4, Hu X4, Sweet D1,5, Guido A6, Katner H1,7, Janelle J1,8, Gonzalez M1,9, Paz NM1,10, Ledonne C1,11, Henry J1,12, Bramel T1,13, Harris J1,14.
• The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association.J Rural Health.2018 Dec;34(1):63-70. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12208. Epub 2016 Sep 13.
• PMID 27620836

• The influence of different curriculum designs on students' dropout rate: a case study.

• Vergel J1, Quintero GA1, Isaza-Restrepo A1, Ortiz-Fonseca M1, Latorre-Santos C2, Pardo-Oviedo JM2.
• Medical education online.Med Educ Online.2018 Dec;23(1):1432963. doi: 10.1080/10872981.2018.1432963.
• PMID 29392996

• Lipid-based nanocarrier efficiently delivers highly water soluble drug across the blood-brain barrier into brain.

• Dutta L1, Mukherjee B1, Chakraborty T2, Das MK2, Mondal L1, Bhattacharya S1, Gaonkar RH3, Debnath MC3.
• Drug delivery.Drug Deliv.2018 Nov;25(1):504-516. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1435749.
• PMID 29426257

Japanese Journal

• Selective separation of elements from complex solution matrix with molecular recognition plus macrocycles attached to a solid-phase: A review

• Rahman Ismail M. M.,Begum Zinnat A.,Hasegawa Hiroshi
• Microchemical Journal (110), 485-493, 2013-09-00
• … One group of SPE materials includes those with macrocyclic ligands immobilized on a solid-phase, which are capable of selective separation and pre-concentration of elements, and such selectivity in metal retention is generally termed as molecular recognition. …
• NAID 120005308290

• Selective recovery of indium from the etching waste solution of the flat-panel display fabrication process

• Hasegawa Hiroshi,Rahman Ismail M. M.,Umehara Yoshihiro,Sawai Hikaru,Maki Teruya,Furusho Yoshiaki,Mizutani Satoshi
• Microchemical Journal 110, 133-139, 2013-09-00
• … The retention and the corresponding indium recovery rate (%) were the key characteristics for the appraisal of MRT-SPE types: AnaLig TE 02 (TE 02), AnaLig TE 03, AnaLig TE 07, AnaLig TE 13 and AnaLig PM 02. … The indium retention or recovery with TE 02 MRT-SPE from the real etching waste solution was in the range of 97 to 99% with the relative standard deviation of <4.4%. … The indium retention capacity of the TE 02 MRT-SPE was 0.147mmolg-1. …
• NAID 120005254064

• Effects of Interfacial Fluorination on Performance Enhancement of High-k-Based Charge Trap Flash Memory

• Wang Chenjie,Huo Zongliang,Liu Ziyu,Liu Yu,Cui Yanxiang,Wang Yumei,Li Fanghua,Liu Ming
• Jpn J Appl Phys 52(7), 070201-070201-4, 2013-07-25
• … Interfacial fluorination suppresses the growth of the interfacial layer, which is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profile analysis, increases enhanced program/erase efficiency, and improves data retention characteristics. …
• NAID 150000107315

• The effect of liposomal size on the targeted delivery of doxorubicin to Integrin alpha v beta 3-expressing tumor endothelial cells

• Kibria Golam,Hatakeyama Hiroto,Ohga Noritaka,Hida Kyoko,Harashima Hideyoshi
• Biomaterials 34(22), 5617-5627, 2013-07-00
• … Doxil, which accumulated in tumor tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, failed to suppress tumor growth. …
• NAID 120005307930

Related Links

• retentionの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

retention 【名】 保有、保存、保持、保持率、保持力 想起力、記憶力 保持されて... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

• retentionの意味 - 英和辞書 - 英語辞書 - goo辞書

retentionとは。意味や和訳。[名][U][C]((形式))1 保有，保存，保持[維持]（力）the retention rate((米))（大学の）学生在籍率（ 全入学者のうち4年次に在籍していた学生の率で，全米の大学はこれを連邦政府に報告する義務がある）.2 ...

• Retention | Define Retention at Dictionary.com

retention re·ten·tion (rĭ-těn'shən) n. Involuntary withholding by the body of wastes or secretions that are normally eliminated. The holding by the body of what normally belongs in it, such as food in the stomach. An ability to recall or ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 14」「sustain」「hold」「keep」「維持」
拡張検索	「memory retention」「heat retention」

「100Cases 14」

　　[★]

☆case14　複視

■glossary

diplopia n. 複視

筋力低下、筋無力、筋脱力 muscle weakness, muscular weakness

sunken

vt. sinkのpp.

adj.

沈没した、沈んだ、水中の

沈下した、一段低いところにある

落ち込んだ、くぼんだ

3,4-ジアミノピリジン 3,4-diaminopyridine 3,4-DAP K+チャネル阻害薬;ランバート・イートン筋無力症治療

■症例

43-year-old woman

cheif complaint: diplopia

present history: diplopia and holding her head up ; more marked in the evenings, for the last 3 months. difficulty of chewing. voice has become quieter. weight loss (3kg / 6months). non-smoker. drinks about 15 units/week. no regular medication.

past history: no significant previous medical illnesses.

family history: lives with her husband and three children.

・診察 examination

looks well.

organ systems: normal; cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal systems.

muscle power; grossly normal. decrease after testing a movement repetitively.

motor function: normal; tone, coordination, reflexes and sensation.

bilateral ptosis. exacerbated by prolonged upward gaze

eye: normal; pupillary reflexes, eye movements, and funduscopy

■答え

diagnosis: myathenia gravis

differential diagnoses:

CASES

上位and/or下位運動ニューロン motor neurone disease　運動ニューロン疾患：線維束性攣縮。進行例では筋力低下

筋 muscular dystrophy　筋ジストロフィー：ある種の筋肉が選択的に筋力低下する。家族歴がある。

筋 dystrophia myotonica　強直性筋ジストロフィー：咬筋、側頭筋、胸鎖乳突筋の筋萎縮、四肢遠位端の筋萎縮。顔貌が特徴的(前頭部脱毛、無表情、窪んだ頬)。家族歴ある。筋電図が診断に有用(急降下爆撃音)。

筋 polymyositis　多発筋炎：普通は皮疹と関節痛が出現。CKが上昇。筋生検が診断に有用

筋 myopathy　ミオパチー：甲状腺中毒性ミオパチー、甲状腺機能低下症によるミオパチー、クッシング症候群によるミオパチー、アルコール性のミオパチー

神経筋接合部？ non-metastatic associations of malignancy (paraneoplastic syndrome(傍腫瘍性症候群 = 腫瘍随伴症候群)のこと)：胸腺腫の症例の10%に重症筋無力症がみられる。ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群は小細胞癌と関連がある。

HIM.2674

• 神経筋接合部 congenital myasthenia syndrome　先天性筋無力症症候群
• 神経筋接合部 drug-induced myasthenia　薬剤性筋無力症

Treatment with penicillamine (used for scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis) may result in true autoimmune MG, but the weakness is usually mild, and recovery occurs within weeks or months after discontinuing its use.

　重症筋無力症の誘発：ペニシラミン(強皮症や関節リウマチの治療に用いられる)。

　　mildだし、薬剤の中断で改善する。

Aminoglycoside antibiotics or procainamide can cause exacerbation of weakness in myasthenic patients; very large doses can cause neuromuscular weakness in normal individuals.

　重症筋無力症の悪化：アミドグリコシド系抗菌薬、プロカインアミド

　　MGの患者の筋脱力が悪化する。

• 神経筋接合部 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome　ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群：全身の筋肉が冒されるが、特に下肢の近位筋が冒される。MGと同じように～70%の患者で脳神経所見(眼瞼下垂、複視など)が認められる。MGと違うのは(1)反射が消失・減弱すること、(2)自律神経系の変化(口渇、勃起不全)を生じる、(3)神経刺激検査で漸増(waxing)が見られることである。病因は神経筋接合部のP/Q type calcium channelsに対する抗体の出現であり、85%の患者で見いだされる。治療はMGのように血漿交換や免疫抑制薬が使われる。3,4-DAPやpyridostigmineは症状に対する治療のために用いる。前者は運動神経の終末部でカルシウムチャネルをブロックし活動電位を延長させる。後者はアセチルコリンエステラーゼを阻害してシナプスにおける神経伝達物質の濃度を上げる。
• 精神疾患 neurasthenia　神経衰弱症：歴史的な用語。器質的な障害を伴わない筋無力症のような脱力を伴う症候群。患者は筋脱力や疲労を訴えてやってくる。筋肉の検査では器質的変化は認めないが"jerky release"あるいは"give-away weakness"が認められる。患者の主訴は反復動作による筋力低下よりむしろ疲労や感情鈍麻である。
• 内分泌疾患 hyperthyroidism　甲状腺機能亢進症：MGが疑われる患者にはthyroid function testをルーチンにやる。甲状腺機能異常は筋無力症の筋力低下を大きくすることがある。
• 神経筋接合部 botulism　ボツリヌス症：ボツリヌス毒素はシナプス前膜からの神経伝達物質の開口分泌を妨げる。症状はbulbar weakness (複視、構音障害、嚥下困難)。感覚障害はない。深部腱反射は初期には保たれている。進行すれば反射は見られなくなる。筋脱力は全身性。呼吸困難に陥ることがある。精神状態は正常。自律神経症状(麻痺性イレウス、便秘、urinary retention、瞳孔の散大、瞳孔の反応性低下、口渇)。確定診断は血清中の毒素の検出だけど、見つかることはまれ。神経伝導検査(nerve conduction studies)：compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs)の低下。高頻度の刺激で振幅が増加。治療：intubation for airway protection、呼吸補助、aggressive inpatient supportive care(e.g., nutrition, DVT prophylaxis)。馬の抗毒素を検査結果が帰ってくる前に投与する(？)。
• 上位運動ニューロン intracranial mass lesions　頭蓋内占拠病変：複視はintracranial mass lesionが外眼筋の神経を圧迫することにより生じる。
• 筋 progressive external ophthalmoplegia　進行性外眼筋麻痺：外眼筋の筋脱力を伴う。四肢の近位筋の筋力低下やそのほかの全身症状を伴うことがある。ミトコンドリアの異常を有する。

■参考文献

HIM = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition

CASES = 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine Second edition

IMD = 内科診断学第2版

「sustain」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 下から支える。(重責など)になう。…に耐える
• (損害などを)うける、こうむる。経験する。(役を)演ずる

A 24-year^old woman is involved in an automobile accident and sustains a splenic laceration.

• 補給する、持続させる。継続する。～に栄養を補給する。～の生命を維持する
• 指示する、支援する。励ます、元気づける
• 正当と認める、認可する。確認する、確証する。立証する。

関

continuity、duration、hold、keep、last、maintain、maintenance、persist、persistence、retention

　 　 　

「hold」

　　[★]

• v.

• (過去-過去分詞held)持つ、維持する、保つ、保持する、抱える

• n.

• 保持

関

harbor、have、keep、maintain、maintenance、possess、retain、retention、sustain

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「keep」

　　[★]

• v.

• (過去-過去分詞kept)保持する、維持する、保つ、続ける、続く

関

continue、follow、hold、maintain、maintenance、retain、retention、succeed、sustain

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「維持」

　　[★]

英

maintenance、retention、maintain、hold、keep、sustain

関

持続、貯留、続く、続ける、保持率、保定、保持、持つ、保つ、抱える、整備

「memory retention」

　　[★]

• 記憶保持、記銘力

関

attentiveness

「heat retention」

　　[★]

うつ熱

関

heat accumulation