adj.

差次的な、差動的な、差動の、示差の、判別の、ディファレンシャル

関: differentially、discriminate、discrimination

WordNet

relating to or showing a difference; "differential treatment"
a quality that differentiates between similar things
involving or containing one or more derivatives; "differential equation"
unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice (同)favoritism, favouritism
the cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished (同)secernment
marked by the ability to see or make fine distinctions; "discriminate judgments"; "discriminate people"
recognize or perceive the difference (同)know apart
treat differently on the basis of sex or race (同)separate, single_out
distinguish; "I could not discriminate the different tastes in this complicated dish"
in a differential manner; "Hubel and Wiesel have found cells that respond differentially according to the direction in which a stimulus is moved across the retina"
the part of calculus that deals with the variation of a function with respect to changes in the independent variable (or variables) by means of the concepts of derivative and differential (同)method of fluxions
a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves (同)differential
counting the number of specific types of white blood cells found in 1 cubic millimeter of blood; may be included as part of a complete blood count
the branch of psychology that studies measurable differences between individuals
an analog computer designed to solve differential equations
distinguishing characteristics (especially in different species of a genus)

PrepTutorEJDIC

『差別的な』 / 微分の / 差動の / 〈C〉差別額,運賃差 / 〈U〉微分 / 〈C〉〈U〉(また『differential gear』)差動歯車,差動装置
区別(識別)すること / (…に対する)差別待遇《+『against』+『名』》 / 識別力,鋭く見分ける力
(…と)…‘を'『見分ける』,識別する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (…間の)『差異を見分ける』,識別する《+『between』+『名』》 / (…を)分け隔てする,差別待遇する《+『against』+『名』》
(論理学で)種差(ある種が同じ属の他の種と区別される属性);本質的な相違点

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/25 20:50:47」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Look up differential in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Differential may refer to:

Mathematics[edit]

Differential (mathematics) comprises multiple related meanings of the word, both in calculus and differential geometry, such as an infinitesimal change in the value of a function
Differential algebra
Differential calculus
- Differential of a function, represents a change in the linearization of a function
- Differential (infinitesimal) (e.g. dx, dy, dt etc.) are interpreted as infinitesimals
- Differential topology, in multivariable calculus, the differential of a smooth map between Euclidean spaces or differentiable manifolds is the approximating linear map between the tangent spaces, called pushforward (differential)
Differential exponent, an exponent in the factorisation of the different ideal
Differential geometry, exterior differential, or exterior derivative, is a generalization to differential forms of the notion of differential of a function on a differentiable manifold
Differential (coboundary), in homological algebra and algebraic topology, one of the maps of a cochain complex
Differential cryptanalysis, a pair consisting of the difference, usually computed by XOR, between two plaintexts, and the difference of the corresponding ciphertexts

Natural sciences and engineering[edit]

Differential (mechanical device), as part of a powertrain and car, the device that allows each of the driving wheels to rotate at different speeds
Limited slip differential
Differential steering, the steering method used by tanks and similar tracked vehicles
Electronic differential, an electric motor controller which substitutes its mechanical counterpart with significant advantages in electric vehicle application
Differential signaling, in electronics, applies to a method of transmitting electronic signals over a pair of wires to reduce interference

Social sciences[edit]

Semantic and structural differentials in psychology
Quality spread differential, in finance
Compensating differential, in labor economics

Medicine[edit]

Differential diagnosis, the characterization of the underlying cause of pathological states based on specific tests
Differential WBC count,the enumeration of each type of white blood cells either manually or using automated analyzers

Other[edit]

Differential hardening, in metallurgy
Differential rotation, in astronomy
Differential centrifugation, in cell biology
Differential scanning calorimetry, in materials science
Differential signalling, in communications
Differential GPS, in technology

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 好中球増多症の患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with neutrophilia
2. 成人における腹痛の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in adults
3. 幼児および小児における低血糖症の病因 etiology of hypoglycemia in infants and children
4. Delusional disorder
5. Transient myeloproliferative disorder of Down syndrome

English Journal

Bilateral femoral neck insufficiency fractures secondary to vitamin D deficiency and concurrent corticosteroid use--a case report.

Carter T1, Nutt J, Simons A.Author information 1Department of Orthogeriatrics, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK, tjcarter@doctors.org.uk.AbstractWe present a rare case of a 67-year-old Indian female who was found to have bilateral insufficiency of the neck of femur fractures secondary to osteomalacia from vitamin D deficiency, with her symptoms exacerbated by a course of oral steroids prescribed for suspected polymyalgia rheumatica.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2014 Dec;9(1):172. doi: 10.1007/s11657-014-0172-5. Epub 2014 Feb 11.
We present a rare case of a 67-year-old Indian female who was found to have bilateral insufficiency of the neck of femur fractures secondary to osteomalacia from vitamin D deficiency, with her symptoms exacerbated by a course of oral steroids prescribed for suspected polymyalgia rheumatica.INTRODUCT
PMID 24515953

Investigation into physical-chemical variables affecting the manufacture and dissolution of wet-milled clarithromycin nanoparticles.

Shahbazi Niaz M1, Traini D, Young PM, Ghadiri M, Rohanizadeh R.Author information 1Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran .AbstractA critical problem associated with poor water-soluble drugs is their low and variable bioavailability, which is derived from the slow dissolution and erratic absorption. Nano-formulation has been identified as one approach to enhance the rate and extent of drug absorption for compounds that demonstrate limited water solubility. This study aimed to investigate the physico-chemical variables that affect the manufacture, dissolution and consequent bioavailability of wet-milled clarithromycin (CLA) nanoparticles, a macrolide antibiotic. CLA nanoparticles were prepared using wet milling method followed by freeze-drying. Different stabilizer systems, consisting of surfactants and polymers alone or their combinations were studied to determine the optimum conditions for producing nano-sized CLA particles. In vitro characterizations of the CLA nanoparticles were performed using dynamic light scattering, X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and dissolution efficiency test. Results showed that in general the wet milling process did not modify the crystallinity of the CLA nanoparticles. The poloxamers and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) stabilizers resulted in nanoparticles with the smallest particle size and best dissolution rates. Furthermore, poloxamers F68 and F127, and PVA stabilizers demonstrated the best performance in increasing dissolution efficacy.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Dec;19(8):911-21. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.840844. Epub 2013 Oct 4.
A critical problem associated with poor water-soluble drugs is their low and variable bioavailability, which is derived from the slow dissolution and erratic absorption. Nano-formulation has been identified as one approach to enhance the rate and extent of drug absorption for compounds that demonstr
PMID 24093825

Differential toxicological response to positively and negatively charged nanoparticles in the rat brain.

Knudsen KB1, Northeved H, Ek PK, Permin A, Andresen TL, Larsen S, Wegener KM, Lam HR, Lykkesfeldt J.Author information 1Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.AbstractWe investigated the potential for systemic and local toxicity after administration of empty nanosized anionic and cationic PEGylated-micelles and non-PEGylated liposomes, without a ligand attached, intended for use in drug-delivery systems. The particles were administered to 5-6-week-old male rats by three intravenous (IV) administrations over a period of one week at a dose of 100 mg/kg bodyweight or after a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection at a dose of 50 µg. The particles were stable and well characterised with respect to size and zeta potential. ICV administration of cationic particles was associated with histological changes near the injection site (hippocampus). Here, we detected focal infiltration with phagocytic cells, loss of neurons and apoptotic cell death, which were not observed after administration of the vehicle. No significant difference was found after IV or ICV administration of the anionic micelles with regard to haematology, clinical chemistry parameters or at the pathological examinations, as compared to control animals. Our study suggests that ICV delivery of cationic particles to the brain tissue is associated with toxicity at the injection site.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Nov;8(7):764-74. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.829589.
We investigated the potential for systemic and local toxicity after administration of empty nanosized anionic and cationic PEGylated-micelles and non-PEGylated liposomes, without a ligand attached, intended for use in drug-delivery systems. The particles were administered to 5-6-week-old male rats b
PMID 23889261

Solid dispersions of the penta-ethyl ester prodrug of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA): formulation design and optimization studies.

Yang YT1, Di Pasqua AJ, Zhang Y, Sueda K, Jay M.Author information 1Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA.AbstractThe penta-ethyl ester prodrug of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), which exists as an oily liquid, was incorporated into a solid dispersion for oral administration by the solvent evaporation method using blends of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Eudragit® RL PO and α-tocopherol. D-optimal mixture design was used to optimize the formulation. Formulations that had a high concentration of both Eudragit® RL PO and α-tocopherol exhibited low water absorption and enhanced stability of the DTPA prodrug. Physicochemical properties of the optimal formulation were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In vitro release of the prodrug was evaluated using the USP Type II apparatus dissolution method. DSC studies indicated that the matrix had an amorphous structure, while FTIR spectrometry showed that DTPA penta-ethyl ester and excipients did not react with each other during formation of the solid dispersion. Dissolution testing showed that the optimized solid dispersion exhibited a prolonged release profile, which could potentially result in a sustained delivery of DTPA penta-ethyl to enhance bioavailability. In conclusion, DTPA penta-ethyl ester was successfully incorporated into a solid matrix with high drug loading and improved stability compared to prodrug alone.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Nov;19(7):806-12. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.836216. Epub 2013 Sep 19.
The penta-ethyl ester prodrug of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), which exists as an oily liquid, was incorporated into a solid dispersion for oral administration by the solvent evaporation method using blends of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Eudragit® RL PO and α-tocopherol. D-optimal mix
PMID 24047113

Japanese Journal

Preparation of LaB6 Powders via Calciothermic Reduction using Mechanochemistry and Acid Leaching

Ağaoğulları Duygu,Balcı Özge,Öveçoğlu M. Lütfi,Duman İsmail
KONA Powder and Particle Journal advpub(0), 2016
… Characterization investigations were carried out by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), particle size analyzer (PSA), stereomicroscope (SM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer (TEM/EDS) and atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). …
NAID 130005064513

AN APPROACH OF DIFFERENTIAL CAPACITOR SENSOR FOR LANDSLIDE MONITORING

Motakabber S. M. A.,Ibrahimy M. I.
International journal of GEOMATE : geotechnique, construction materials and environment 9(1・2), 1534-1537, 2015-09
NAID 40020537623

Differential-phase-contrast knife-edge scan method for precise evaluation of X-ray nanobeam

Takeuchi Akihisa,Suzuki Yoshio,Uesugi Kentaro
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(9), 092401, 2015-08-28
… A differential-phase-contrast knife-edge scan method is proposed to precisely evaluate X-ray nanofocusing beam profiles. …
NAID 150000111283

Temperature dependence of forward characteristics for ultrahigh-voltage SiC p–i–n diodes with a long carrier lifetime

Kaji Naoki,Suda Jun,Kimoto Tsunenobu
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(9), 098004, 2015-08-26
… After enhancement of carrier lifetimes in i-layers, nearly ideal forward characteristics (differential on-resistance = 1.1–5.5 mΩ … The differential on-resistance exhibited a slight increase at elevated temperatures, which can mainly be ascribed to the increase in substrate resistance. …
NAID 150000111284

「100Cases 14」

　　[★]

☆case14　複視

■glossary

diplopia n. 複視

筋力低下、筋無力、筋脱力 muscle weakness, muscular weakness

sunken

vt. sinkのpp.

adj.

沈没した、沈んだ、水中の

沈下した、一段低いところにある

落ち込んだ、くぼんだ

3,4-ジアミノピリジン 3,4-diaminopyridine 3,4-DAP K+チャネル阻害薬;ランバート・イートン筋無力症治療

■症例

43-year-old woman

cheif complaint: diplopia

present history: diplopia and holding her head up ; more marked in the evenings, for the last 3 months. difficulty of chewing. voice has become quieter. weight loss (3kg / 6months). non-smoker. drinks about 15 units/week. no regular medication.

past history: no significant previous medical illnesses.

family history: lives with her husband and three children.

・診察 examination

looks well.

organ systems: normal; cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal systems.

muscle power; grossly normal. decrease after testing a movement repetitively.

motor function: normal; tone, coordination, reflexes and sensation.

bilateral ptosis. exacerbated by prolonged upward gaze

eye: normal; pupillary reflexes, eye movements, and funduscopy

■答え

diagnosis: myathenia gravis

differential diagnoses:

CASES

上位and/or下位運動ニューロン motor neurone disease　運動ニューロン疾患：線維束性攣縮。進行例では筋力低下

筋 muscular dystrophy　筋ジストロフィー：ある種の筋肉が選択的に筋力低下する。家族歴がある。

筋 dystrophia myotonica　強直性筋ジストロフィー：咬筋、側頭筋、胸鎖乳突筋の筋萎縮、四肢遠位端の筋萎縮。顔貌が特徴的(前頭部脱毛、無表情、窪んだ頬)。家族歴ある。筋電図が診断に有用(急降下爆撃音)。

筋 polymyositis　多発筋炎：普通は皮疹と関節痛が出現。CKが上昇。筋生検が診断に有用

筋 myopathy　ミオパチー：甲状腺中毒性ミオパチー、甲状腺機能低下症によるミオパチー、クッシング症候群によるミオパチー、アルコール性のミオパチー

神経筋接合部？ non-metastatic associations of malignancy (paraneoplastic syndrome(傍腫瘍性症候群 = 腫瘍随伴症候群)のこと)：胸腺腫の症例の10%に重症筋無力症がみられる。ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群は小細胞癌と関連がある。

HIM.2674

神経筋接合部 congenital myasthenia syndrome　先天性筋無力症症候群
神経筋接合部 drug-induced myasthenia　薬剤性筋無力症

Treatment with penicillamine (used for scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis) may result in true autoimmune MG, but the weakness is usually mild, and recovery occurs within weeks or months after discontinuing its use.

　重症筋無力症の誘発：ペニシラミン(強皮症や関節リウマチの治療に用いられる)。

　　mildだし、薬剤の中断で改善する。

Aminoglycoside antibiotics or procainamide can cause exacerbation of weakness in myasthenic patients; very large doses can cause neuromuscular weakness in normal individuals.

　重症筋無力症の悪化：アミドグリコシド系抗菌薬、プロカインアミド

　　MGの患者の筋脱力が悪化する。

神経筋接合部 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome　ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群：全身の筋肉が冒されるが、特に下肢の近位筋が冒される。MGと同じように～70%の患者で脳神経所見(眼瞼下垂、複視など)が認められる。MGと違うのは(1)反射が消失・減弱すること、(2)自律神経系の変化(口渇、勃起不全)を生じる、(3)神経刺激検査で漸増(waxing)が見られることである。病因は神経筋接合部のP/Q type calcium channelsに対する抗体の出現であり、85%の患者で見いだされる。治療はMGのように血漿交換や免疫抑制薬が使われる。3,4-DAPやpyridostigmineは症状に対する治療のために用いる。前者は運動神経の終末部でカルシウムチャネルをブロックし活動電位を延長させる。後者はアセチルコリンエステラーゼを阻害してシナプスにおける神経伝達物質の濃度を上げる。
精神疾患 neurasthenia　神経衰弱症：歴史的な用語。器質的な障害を伴わない筋無力症のような脱力を伴う症候群。患者は筋脱力や疲労を訴えてやってくる。筋肉の検査では器質的変化は認めないが"jerky release"あるいは"give-away weakness"が認められる。患者の主訴は反復動作による筋力低下よりむしろ疲労や感情鈍麻である。
内分泌疾患 hyperthyroidism　甲状腺機能亢進症：MGが疑われる患者にはthyroid function testをルーチンにやる。甲状腺機能異常は筋無力症の筋力低下を大きくすることがある。
神経筋接合部 botulism　ボツリヌス症：ボツリヌス毒素はシナプス前膜からの神経伝達物質の開口分泌を妨げる。症状はbulbar weakness (複視、構音障害、嚥下困難)。感覚障害はない。深部腱反射は初期には保たれている。進行すれば反射は見られなくなる。筋脱力は全身性。呼吸困難に陥ることがある。精神状態は正常。自律神経症状(麻痺性イレウス、便秘、urinary retention、瞳孔の散大、瞳孔の反応性低下、口渇)。確定診断は血清中の毒素の検出だけど、見つかることはまれ。神経伝導検査(nerve conduction studies)：compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs)の低下。高頻度の刺激で振幅が増加。治療：intubation for airway protection、呼吸補助、aggressive inpatient supportive care(e.g., nutrition, DVT prophylaxis)。馬の抗毒素を検査結果が帰ってくる前に投与する(？)。
上位運動ニューロン intracranial mass lesions　頭蓋内占拠病変：複視はintracranial mass lesionが外眼筋の神経を圧迫することにより生じる。
筋 progressive external ophthalmoplegia　進行性外眼筋麻痺：外眼筋の筋脱力を伴う。四肢の近位筋の筋力低下やそのほかの全身症状を伴うことがある。ミトコンドリアの異常を有する。

■参考文献

HIM = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition

CASES = 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine Second edition

IMD = 内科診断学第2版

「discriminate」

　　[★]

v.

識別する、判別する、区別する、弁別する

関: differential、differentiate、discern、discernment、discriminant、discrimination、discriminative、distinction、distinguish、identification、sort

「差動的」

　　[★]

英: differential、differentially
関: 差次的、差動、ディファレンシャル、示差、判別

「差次的」

　　[★]

英: differential、differentially
関: 差動、差動的、ディファレンシャル、示差、判別

「差動」

　　[★]

英: differential
関: 差次的、差動的、ディファレンシャル、示差、判別

「differential scanning」

　　[★]

示差走査型の、示差走査の

関: differential scanning type

「Nomarski differential interference microscope」

　　[★]

ノマルスキー微分干渉顕微鏡、Nomarski微分干渉顕微鏡

「differential white blood cell count」

　　[★]

白血球百分率、白血球百分率数

リンク元	「100Cases 14」「discriminate」「差動的」「差次的」「差動」
拡張検索	「differential scanning」「Nomarski differential interference microscope」「differential white blood cell count」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

differential