complaint

ai -> [ei]

• n.

• 不平、苦情、愚痴。不平の種
• 病気、不定愁訴

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. (civil law) the first pleading of the plaintiff setting out the facts on which the claim for relief is based
2. (formerly) a loud cry (or repeated cries) of pain or rage or sorrow
3. an expression of grievance or resentment
4. attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates; "his smile was part of his appeal to her" (同)appealingness, charm
5. (law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower courts judgment or the granting of a new trial; "their appeal was denied in the superior court"
6. take a court case to a higher court for review; "He was found guilty but appealed immediately"
7. request earnestly (something from somebody); ask for aid or protection; "appeal to somebody for help"; "Invoke God in times of trouble" (同)invoke
8. challenge (a decision); "She appealed the verdict"
9. disposed or willing to comply; "children compliant with the parental will"
10. make a formal accusation; bring a formal charge; "The plaintiffs lawyer complained that he defendant had physically abused his client"
11. express complaints, discontent, displeasure, or unhappiness; "My mother complains all day"; "She has a lot to kick about" (同)kick, plain, sound_off, quetch, kvetch
12. expressing pain or dissatisfaction of resentment; "a complaining boss" (同)complaintive

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉(…についての)『不平』,苦情,泣きごと,ぐち《+『about』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…についての)不平の種《+『about』+『名』》 / 〈C〉病気 / 〈C〉(…に対する)告訴,告発《+『against』+『名』》
2. 『訴える』,呼びかける / (上級裁判機関に)『控訴する』,上告する《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈物事が〉(人の)気持に訴える《+『to』+『名』》 / (ゲームで)(審判に)規則の裁定を求める《+『to』+『名』》 / (助力などの)『訴え』;哀願《+『for』+『名』》 / (権威などへの)訴え《+『to』+『名』》 / 控訴,上告 / (…に)訴える魅力《+『to』+『名』》
3. 従順な,素直な
4. (人に…について)『不平を言う』,泣きごとを言う,訴える

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/05 05:30:15」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the legal usage. For complaints in other contexts, see complaint (disambiguation).

Civil procedure in the United States
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Doctrines of civil procedure Jurisdiction Subject-matter jurisdiction Diversity jurisdiction Personal jurisdiction Removal jurisdiction Venue Change of venue Forum non conveniens Pleadings Service of process Complaint Cause of action Case Information Statement Class action Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 Demurrer Answer Affirmative defense Reply Counterclaim Crossclaim Joinder Indispensable party Impleader Interpleader Intervention Other Motions Pre-trial procedure Discovery Initial Conference Interrogatories Depositions Request for admissions Request for production Resolution without trial Default judgment Summary judgment Voluntary dismissal Involuntary dismissal Settlement Trial Parties Plaintiff Defendant Pro Se Jury Voir dire Burden of proof Judgment Judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) Renewed JMOL (JNOV) Motion to set aside judgment New trial Remedy Injunction Damages Attorney's fee American rule English rule Declaratory judgment Appeal Mandamus Certiorari

In legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that sets out the facts and legal reasons (see: cause of action) that the filing party or parties (the plaintiff(s)) believes are sufficient to support a claim against the party or parties against whom the claim is brought (the defendant(s)) that entitles the plaintiff(s) to a remedy (either money damages or injunctive relief)]). For example, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) that govern civil litigation in United States courts provide that a civil action is commenced with the filing or service of a pleading called a complaint. Civil court rules in states that have incorporated the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure use the same term for the same pleading.

In some jurisdictions, specific types of criminal cases may also be commenced by the filing of a complaint, also sometimes called a criminal complaint or felony complaint. All criminal cases are prosecuted in the name of the governmental authority that promulgates criminal statutes and enforces the police power of the state with the goal of seeking criminal sanctions, such as the State (also sometimes called the People) or Crown (in Commonwealth realms). In the United States, the complaint is often associated with misdemeanor criminal charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process. In most U.S. jurisdictions, the charging instrument presented to and authorized by a grand jury is referred to as an indictment.

United States

Virtually every U.S. state has some forms available on web for most common complaints for lawyers and self-representing litigants; if a petitioner cannot find an appropriate form in their state, they often can modify a form from another state to fit his or her request. Several United States federal courts published general guidelines for the petitioners and Civil Rights complaint forms.

A complaint generally has the following structural elements:

• Caption and Heading - lists name, address and telephone number of the filing attorney or self-representing litigant at the top of the complaint. The case caption usually also indicates the court in which the case originates, names of the parties and brief description of the document.
• Jurisdiction and venue - this section describes why the case should be heard in the selected court rather than some other court or forum.
• Parties - identifies plaintiffs and defendants.
• Definitions - optional section which defines some terms used throughout the document. The main purpose of a definition is to achieve clarity without needless repetition.
• Statement of facts - lists facts that brought the case to the court.
• Cause of Action - a numbered list of legal allegations (called "counts"), with specific details about application of the governing law to the each count. In this section plaintiff usually cites existing Law, previous decisions of current court, decisions of the higher appellate courts, and cases from other courts, - as an analogy to resolve similar questions of law.
• Injury - plaintiff explains to the judge how the actions of the defendants harmed his rights.
• Demand for relief - describes the relief that plaintiff is seeking as a result of the lawsuit. The relief can include request for declaratory judgment, request for injunctive relief (non-monetary relief), compensatory and actual damages (such as monetary relief), punitive damages (non-compensatory), and other relief.

After the complaint has been filed with the court, it has to be properly served to the opposite parties, but usually petitioners are not allowed to serve the complaint personally. Court also can issue summons - official summary document which plaintiff needs serve together with the complaint. The defendants have limited time to respond, depending on the State or Federal rules. A defendant's failure to answer a complaint can result in a default judgment in favor of the petitioner.

For example, in United States federal courts, any person who is at least 18 years old and not a party may serve a summons and complaint in a civil case. The defendant must submit an answer within 21 days after being served with the summons and complaint, or request a waiver, according to FRCP Rule 12. After the civil complaint was served to the defendants, plaintiff must as soon as practicable initiate a conference between the parties to plan for the rest of the discovery process and then parties should submit a proposed discovery plan to the judge within 14 days after the conference.

In many U.S. jurisdictions, a complaint submitted to a court must be accompanied by a Case Information Statement, which sets forth specific key information about the case and the lawyers representing the parties. This allows the judge to make determinations about which deadlines to set for different phases of the case, as it moves through the court system.

There are also freely accessible web search engines to assist parties in finding court decisions that can be cited in the complaint as an example or analogy to resolve similar questions of law. Google Scholar is the biggest database of full text state and federal courts decisions that can be accessed without charge. These web search engines often allow one to select specific state courts to search.

Federal courts created the Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) system to obtain case and docket information from the United States district courts, United States courts of appeals, and United States bankruptcy courts. The system is managed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts; it allows lawyers and self-represented clients to obtain documents entered in the case much faster than regular mail.

Filing and privacy

Example page from Complaint in Anderson v. Cryovac landmark case.

In addition to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, many of the U.S. district courts have developed their own requirements included in Local Rules for filing with the Court. Local Rules can set up a limit on the number of pages, establish deadlines for motions and responses, explain whether it is acceptable to combine motion petition with a response, specify if a judge needs an additional copy of the documents (called "judge’s copy"), etc. Local Rules can define page layout elements like: margins, text font/size, distance between lines, mandatory footer text, page numbering, and provide directions on how the pages need to be bind together – i.e. acceptable fasteners, number and location of fastening holes, etc. If the filed motion does not comply with the Local Rules then the judge can choose to strike the motion completely, or order the party to re-file its motion, or grant a special exception to the Local Rules.

According to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) 5.2, sensitive text like Social Security number, Taxpayer Identification Number, birthday, bank accounts and children’s names, should be redacted off the filings made with the court and accompanying exhibits, (however, exhibits normally do not need to be attached to the original complaint, but should be presented to Court after the discovery). The redacted text can be erased with black-out or white-out, and the page should have an indication that it was redacted - most often by stamping word "redacted" on the bottom. Alternately, the filing party may ask the court’s permission to file some exhibits completely under seal. A minor's name of the petitions should be replaced with initials.

A person making a redacted filing can file an unredacted copy under seal, or the Court can choose to order later that an additional filing be made under seal without redaction. Copies of both redacted and unredacted documents filed with court should be provided to the other parties in the case. Some courts also require that additional electronic courtesy copy be emailed to the other parties.

Attorney fees

Before filing the complaint, it is important for plaintiffs to remember that Federal courts can impose liability for the prevailing party's attorney fees to the losing party, if the judge considers the case frivolous or for purpose of harassment, even when the case was voluntarily dismissed. In the case of Fox v. Vice, U.S. Supreme Court held that reasonable attorneys' fees could be awarded to the defendant under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1988, but only for costs that the defendant would not have incurred "but for the frivolous claims." Even when there is no actual trial or judgment, if there is only pre-trial motion practice such as motions to dismiss, attorney fee shifting still can be awarded under FRCP Rule 11 when the opposing party files a Motion for Sanctions and the court issue an order identifying the sanctioned conduct and the basis for the sanction. The losing party has a right to appeal any order for sanctions in the higher court. In the state courts, however, each party is generally responsible only for its own attorney fees, with certain exceptions.

See also

• Cause of action
• Online Complaint Management System
• Petition
• Pleading
• Service of process

External links

• Example of a Complaint Second Amended Complaint in Anderson v. Cryovac landmark case

References

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 嗄声を有する小児の評価 evaluation of the child with hoarseness
• 2. 筋骨格系超音波検査：臨床応用 musculoskeletal ultrasonography clinical applications
• 3. 小児における睡眠障害の評価 assessment of sleep disorders in children
• 4. 不眠症の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of insomnia
• 5. 乳房腫瘤および他の一般的な乳房の問題 breast masses and other common breast problems

English Journal

• Laryngeal tuberculosis: A report of 17 cases.

• Kurokawa M1, Nibu K2, Ichimura K3, Nishino H4.
• Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2015 Aug;42(4):305-10. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.02.012. Epub 2015 Mar 3.
• OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to reduce misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment of laryngeal tuberculosis.METHODS: Between April 2009 and March 2013, 1660 inpatients with tuberculosis were treated at the Osaka Prefectural Medical Center for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases. Seventeen of the
• PMID 25748515

• Assessment of everyday memory functioning in temporal lobe epilepsy and healthy adults using the multifactorial memory questionnaire (MMQ).

• Illman NA1, Moulin CJ2, Kemp S3.
• Epilepsy research.Epilepsy Res.2015 Jul;113:86-9. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.03.011. Epub 2015 Apr 7.
• Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is associated with differing degrees of objective and subjective memory impairment. Memory self-report is an important part of the assessment process but few reliable and valid measures have been researched with this group. We thus aimed to explore subjective impairments
• PMID 25986194

• Is septoplasty effective on habitual snoring in patients with nasal obstruction?

• Ertugay CK1, Toros SZ, Karaca CT, Kulekci S, Verim A, Ertugay OC, Naiboglu B.
• European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.2015 Jul;272(7):1687-91. doi: 10.1007/s00405-014-3260-7. Epub 2014 Sep 3.
• We aimed to find out whether snoring relieve with nasal surgery in patients with nasal obstruction. Sixty-four patients who underwent septoplasty under general anesthesia with complaint of nasal obstruction and snoring at Haydarpasa Numune Education and Research Hospital were enrolled in the study.
• PMID 25182390

• Predictors for moderate to severe paediatric head injury derived from a surveillance registry in the emergency department.

• Chong SL1, Barbier S2, Liu N3, Ong GY4, Ng KC4, Ong ME5.
• Injury.Injury.2015 Jul;46(7):1270-4. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.04.002. Epub 2015 Apr 15.
• INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Head injuries are a common complaint among children presenting to the emergency department (ED). This study is part of an ongoing prospective surveillance of head injured children presenting to a paediatric ED. We aim to derive predictors for moderate to severe head injury in o
• PMID 25907402

Japanese Journal

• Significant improvement of intractable headache after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pituitary adenomas; preoperative neuroradiological evaluation and intraoperative intrasellar pressure measurement

• Pituitary 19(2), 175-182, 2016-04-01
• NAID 120005708418

• パーキンソン病の長期罹患中に発症した習慣性顎関節脱臼２例の治療経験

• 北海道歯学雑誌 36(2), 142-149, 2016-03
• NAID 120005725178

• 尿管癌に対して腹腔鏡下腎尿管摘除後にポート部再発を来たした1例

• 泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 62(2), 87-91, 2016-02
• NAID 120005726184

• Orthodontic Treatment of a Patient with Bilateral Congenitally Missing Maxillary Canines: The Effects of First Premolar Substitution on the Functional Outcome

• Acta Medica Okayama 70(1), 57-62, 2016-02
• NAID 120005712607

Related Links

• complaintの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

complaintとは。意味や和訳。[名]1 [U][C]（…に対する；…という）不平，苦情，クレーム，小言，ぐち，泣き言((against, on ...；about, of ..., that節))a complaint about rising taxes税金が高くなってきたという不平a letter of complaint ...

• complaint：ビジネス英語辞書：スペースアルク

complaint:苦情、訴状...英語からも日本語からも検索できて、解説、文例、コロケーションまで掲載した実用的な内容です。 ... 「ビジネス英語辞書」は検索語の和訳・英訳を検索できます。収録語数は 25,316語（ver.51）

• complaint - 辞書すべて - goo辞書

complaintの意味は？goo辞書は無料で使える日本最大級の辞書サービスです。国語辞典、英和辞典、和英辞典、類語辞典、中国語辞典、百科事典などを提供しています。 ... Complainte Complainte（フランス語）とは、中世フランス ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 14」「compliant」「appeal」「愁訴」「主訴」
拡張検索	「minor complaint」「chief complaint」「present complaint」
関連記事	「complain」

「100Cases 14」

　　[★]

☆case14　複視

■glossary

diplopia n. 複視

筋力低下、筋無力、筋脱力 muscle weakness, muscular weakness

sunken

vt. sinkのpp.

adj.

沈没した、沈んだ、水中の

沈下した、一段低いところにある

落ち込んだ、くぼんだ

3,4-ジアミノピリジン 3,4-diaminopyridine 3,4-DAP K+チャネル阻害薬;ランバート・イートン筋無力症治療

■症例

43-year-old woman

cheif complaint: diplopia

present history: diplopia and holding her head up ; more marked in the evenings, for the last 3 months. difficulty of chewing. voice has become quieter. weight loss (3kg / 6months). non-smoker. drinks about 15 units/week. no regular medication.

past history: no significant previous medical illnesses.

family history: lives with her husband and three children.

・診察 examination

looks well.

organ systems: normal; cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal systems.

muscle power; grossly normal. decrease after testing a movement repetitively.

motor function: normal; tone, coordination, reflexes and sensation.

bilateral ptosis. exacerbated by prolonged upward gaze

eye: normal; pupillary reflexes, eye movements, and funduscopy

■答え

diagnosis: myathenia gravis

differential diagnoses:

CASES

上位and/or下位運動ニューロン motor neurone disease　運動ニューロン疾患：線維束性攣縮。進行例では筋力低下

筋 muscular dystrophy　筋ジストロフィー：ある種の筋肉が選択的に筋力低下する。家族歴がある。

筋 dystrophia myotonica　強直性筋ジストロフィー：咬筋、側頭筋、胸鎖乳突筋の筋萎縮、四肢遠位端の筋萎縮。顔貌が特徴的(前頭部脱毛、無表情、窪んだ頬)。家族歴ある。筋電図が診断に有用(急降下爆撃音)。

筋 polymyositis　多発筋炎：普通は皮疹と関節痛が出現。CKが上昇。筋生検が診断に有用

筋 myopathy　ミオパチー：甲状腺中毒性ミオパチー、甲状腺機能低下症によるミオパチー、クッシング症候群によるミオパチー、アルコール性のミオパチー

神経筋接合部？ non-metastatic associations of malignancy (paraneoplastic syndrome(傍腫瘍性症候群 = 腫瘍随伴症候群)のこと)：胸腺腫の症例の10%に重症筋無力症がみられる。ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群は小細胞癌と関連がある。

HIM.2674

• 神経筋接合部 congenital myasthenia syndrome　先天性筋無力症症候群
• 神経筋接合部 drug-induced myasthenia　薬剤性筋無力症

Treatment with penicillamine (used for scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis) may result in true autoimmune MG, but the weakness is usually mild, and recovery occurs within weeks or months after discontinuing its use.

　重症筋無力症の誘発：ペニシラミン(強皮症や関節リウマチの治療に用いられる)。

　　mildだし、薬剤の中断で改善する。

Aminoglycoside antibiotics or procainamide can cause exacerbation of weakness in myasthenic patients; very large doses can cause neuromuscular weakness in normal individuals.

　重症筋無力症の悪化：アミドグリコシド系抗菌薬、プロカインアミド

　　MGの患者の筋脱力が悪化する。

• 神経筋接合部 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome　ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群：全身の筋肉が冒されるが、特に下肢の近位筋が冒される。MGと同じように～70%の患者で脳神経所見(眼瞼下垂、複視など)が認められる。MGと違うのは(1)反射が消失・減弱すること、(2)自律神経系の変化(口渇、勃起不全)を生じる、(3)神経刺激検査で漸増(waxing)が見られることである。病因は神経筋接合部のP/Q type calcium channelsに対する抗体の出現であり、85%の患者で見いだされる。治療はMGのように血漿交換や免疫抑制薬が使われる。3,4-DAPやpyridostigmineは症状に対する治療のために用いる。前者は運動神経の終末部でカルシウムチャネルをブロックし活動電位を延長させる。後者はアセチルコリンエステラーゼを阻害してシナプスにおける神経伝達物質の濃度を上げる。
• 精神疾患 neurasthenia　神経衰弱症：歴史的な用語。器質的な障害を伴わない筋無力症のような脱力を伴う症候群。患者は筋脱力や疲労を訴えてやってくる。筋肉の検査では器質的変化は認めないが"jerky release"あるいは"give-away weakness"が認められる。患者の主訴は反復動作による筋力低下よりむしろ疲労や感情鈍麻である。
• 内分泌疾患 hyperthyroidism　甲状腺機能亢進症：MGが疑われる患者にはthyroid function testをルーチンにやる。甲状腺機能異常は筋無力症の筋力低下を大きくすることがある。
• 神経筋接合部 botulism　ボツリヌス症：ボツリヌス毒素はシナプス前膜からの神経伝達物質の開口分泌を妨げる。症状はbulbar weakness (複視、構音障害、嚥下困難)。感覚障害はない。深部腱反射は初期には保たれている。進行すれば反射は見られなくなる。筋脱力は全身性。呼吸困難に陥ることがある。精神状態は正常。自律神経症状(麻痺性イレウス、便秘、urinary retention、瞳孔の散大、瞳孔の反応性低下、口渇)。確定診断は血清中の毒素の検出だけど、見つかることはまれ。神経伝導検査(nerve conduction studies)：compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs)の低下。高頻度の刺激で振幅が増加。治療：intubation for airway protection、呼吸補助、aggressive inpatient supportive care(e.g., nutrition, DVT prophylaxis)。馬の抗毒素を検査結果が帰ってくる前に投与する(？)。
• 上位運動ニューロン intracranial mass lesions　頭蓋内占拠病変：複視はintracranial mass lesionが外眼筋の神経を圧迫することにより生じる。
• 筋 progressive external ophthalmoplegia　進行性外眼筋麻痺：外眼筋の筋脱力を伴う。四肢の近位筋の筋力低下やそのほかの全身症状を伴うことがある。ミトコンドリアの異常を有する。

■参考文献

HIM = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition

CASES = 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine Second edition

IMD = 内科診断学第2版

「compliant」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 素直な、従順な、人の言いなりになる。

関

noncompliant

(n.)complaint 不平、苦情、愚痴。病気、不定愁訴  ≠ (adj.)compliant 従順な、素直な

　 　

「appeal」

　　[★]

• 訴え、アピール、訴える

関

complain、complaint、invoke

　 　 　 　 　 　

「愁訴」

　　[★]

英

complaint

同

病訴

関

訴え、苦情、symptom

「主訴」

　　[★]

complaint

英

chief complaint, CC

「minor complaint」

　　[★]

• たいしたことのない訴え？

He has visited the practice occasionally in the past for minor complaints.

「chief complaint」

　　[★]

• 主訴

関

present complaint

「present complaint」

　　[★]

• 主訴

関

chief complaint

「complain」

　　[★]

• 症状を訴える、苦情を言う、訴える

関

appeal、invoke