n.

作用、作動、行為、措置

関: act、behavior、conduct、effect、operate、operating、operation、regimen

WordNet

the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism; "the piano had a very stiff action" (同)action_mechanism
an act by a government body or supranational organization; "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position"; "the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues"; "the Union action of emancipating Southern slaves"
something done (usually as opposed to something said); "there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions"
the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field; "the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds"; "gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible"
the trait of being active and energetic and forceful; "a man of action"
the series of events that form a plot; "his novels always have a lot of action"
the state of being active; "his sphere of activity"; "he is out of action" (同)activity, activeness
institute legal proceedings against; file a suit against; "He was warned that the district attorney would process him"; "She actioned the company for discrimination" (同)sue, litigate, process
something that people do or cause to happen (同)deed, human action, human_activity
behave in a certain manner; show a certain behavior; conduct or comport oneself; "You should act like an adult"; "Dont behave like a fool"; "What makes her do this way?"; "The dog acts ferocious, but he is really afraid of people" (同)behave, do
pretend to have certain qualities or state of mind; "He acted the idiot"; "She plays deaf when the news are bad" (同)play, act_as
a legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body (同)enactment
a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program; "he did his act three times every evening"; "she had a catchy little routine"; "it was one of the best numbers he ever did" (同)routine, number, turn, bit
a manifestation of insincerity; "he put on quite an act for her benefit"
a subdivision of a play or opera or ballet
discharge ones duties; "She acts as the chair"; "In what capacity are you acting?"
perform an action, or work out or perform (an action); "think before you act"; "We must move quickly"; "The governor should act on the new energy bill"; "The nanny acted quickly by grabbing the toddler and covering him with a wet towel" (同)move
play a role or part; "Gielgud played Hamlet"; "She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role"; "She played the servant to her husbands master" (同)play, represent
perform on a stage or theater; "She acts in this play"; "He acted in `Julius Caesar"; "I played in `A Christmas Carol" (同)play, roleplay, playact
be engaged in an activity, often for no particular purpose other than pleasure
be suitable for theatrical performance; "This scene acts well"
process or manner of functioning or operating; "the power of its engine determines its operation"; "the planes operation in high winds"; "they compared the cooking performance of each oven"; "the jets performance conformed to high standards" (同)functioning, performance
(computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction); "it can perform millions of operations per second"
the state of being in effect or being operative; "that rule is no longer in operation"
activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign); "it was a joint operation of the navy and air force" (同)military operation
a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work; "the operations in building a house"; "certain machine tool operations" (同)procedure
a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body; "they will schedule the operation as soon as an operating room is available"; "he died while undergoing surgery" (同)surgery, surgical_operation, surgical_procedure, surgical process
a business especially one run on a large scale; "a large-scale farming operation"; "a multinational operation"; "they paid taxes on every stage of the operation"; "they had to consolidate their operations"
a planned activity involving many people performing various actions; "they organized a rescue operation"; "the biggest police operation in French history"; "running a restaurant is quite an operation"; "consolidate the companies various operations"
the activity of operating something (a machine or business etc.); "her smooth operation of the vehicle gave us a surprisingly comfortable ride"
act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change"
a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic"
(of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect" (同)force
the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (同)essence, burden, core, gist
an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect"
produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave" (同)effectuate, set_up
lead musicians in the performance of; "Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor"; "she cannot conduct modern pieces"
direct the course of; manage or control; "You cannot conduct business like this" (同)carry on, deal
lead, as in the performance of a composition; "conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years" (同)lead, direct
the settlement of a debt by paying less than the amount demanded in exchange for extinguishing the debt

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『行動』,活動;精力的な活動 / 〈C〉『行為』,行い;《複数形で》『日常の行動』,ふるまい / 〈U〉〈C〉(人間・馬などの)身ぶり,動作,所作 / 〈U〉(身体諸器官の)働き / 〈U〉(機械などの)『働き』,機能;(薬・化学薬品などの)『作用』 / 〈U〉〈C〉戦闘(battle) / 〈C〉(銃・ピアノなどの)アクション,作動装置 / 〈C〉訴訟 / 〈U〉(劇・物語の)本筋,筋の運び
『行い』,『行為』 / 《しばしばA-》法令,条令 / 《しばしばA-》(芝居の1つの)『幕』;(演芸などの)出し物の一つ / (見せかけの)お芝居,演技 / 『行動する』,行う / 《様態を表す副詞[句]を伴って》わざとふるまう,見せかける / 〈人・物が〉(…として)動く,役割をはたす《+『as』+『名』》 / 〈薬が〉『作用する』,きく / 舞台に立つ,出演する / 〈…の役〉'を'『演ずる』;〈劇〉'を'上演する / …‘に'ふさわしくふるまう / …‘に'見せかける,‘の'ふりをする
〈U〉(…)『作用』,働き;(機械などを)『動かすこと』,操作,(企業などの)運営《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(機械・機能などが)『動いている状態』,働いている状態,(法律など)有効である状態 / 〈C〉(人に対する…の)『手術』《+『on』〈人〉+『for』+『名』〈患部・病名〉》 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(特に,軍の)行動;《しばしばO-》…作戦 / 〈C〉運算,演算
〈C〉〈U〉『結果』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…への)『効果』,効きめ,影響《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(色・音・形などの)印象,感銘 / 《複数形で》品物;身の回り品;動産,財産 / (結果として)…‘を'『もたらす』;〈目的など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する
《文》(人の)『行為』,行動,品行 / 《修飾語を伴って》(業務・活動などの)指導,運営 / 〈人など〉'を'『導く』,〈旅行など〉‘の'案内をする,(…に)…'を'導く《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈業務など〉'を'『指導する』,運営する / 《オーケストラ・曲目など》‘の'『指揮をする』 / 〈金属などが〉〈熱・電気など〉'を'伝導する / (オーケストラなどで)指揮する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/07 16:03:14」(JST)

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Action may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

Action (narrative), a literary mode
Action fiction, a type of genre fiction
Action game, a genre of video game

Broadcasting

Action (Canadian TV channel), a Canadian digital cable channel
Action (French TV channel), a French television channel
The Action Channel (US TV channel), a subsidiary of Luken Communications
Action (radio), a 1945 radio program
Action (TV series), a comedy series on Fox in 1999–2000

Film

"Action" (2014 film), directed by Sayantan Mukherjee
Action film, a genre of film
Action (1921 film), directed by John Ford
Action (1980 film), directed by Tinto Brass
Action 3D, a 2013 Telugu language film
Action, the working title for the Bollywood film released under the name Agnichakra

Music

Action (music), a characteristic of a stringed instrument
Action (piano), the mechanism which drops the hammer on the string when a key is pressed
The Action, a 1960s band
Action Records (music), an indie record label

Albums

Action (B'z album), 2007
Action! (Desmond Dekker album),1968
Action! (Oh My God album), 2002
Action (Punchline album), 2004
Action (Uppermost album), 2011
Action (Question Mark & the Mysterians album), 1967
Action (Oscar Peterson album), 1968
Action (EP), a 2012 EP by South Korean boy band NU'EST
Action Action Action, a 1965 album by jazz saxophonist Jackie McLean also known as Action
Action, a 1984 album by Kiddo

Songs

"Action" (Freddy Canon song), 1965, the theme song to the TV series Where the Action Is
"Action" (Sweet song), 1975, covered by various artists
"Action", by Lance Fortune, 1960
"Action", by Scorpions from Lonesome Crow, 1972
"Action", by The Fits, 1984
"Action", by Girlschool from Take a Bite, 1988
"Action", by Gorky Park from Gorky Park (album), 1989
"Action", by Pearly Gates, 1988
"Action", by Powerman 5000 from Transform, 2003
"Action", a song by Terror Fabulous featuring Nadine Sutherland, 1994
"Action", erroneous title for a version of "Feeling This" by Blink-182
"Actions", by The Stingrays, 1980

Literature

Action! (novel), the 6th volume of the Nancy Drew: Girl Detective series
Action (narrative), a term of art in literature
Action (comics), a British comic book published in 1976–1977
Action Comics, a DC Comics comic book series
Action: A Book about Sex, a 2016 book by Amy Rose Spiegel

Theatre

Action (theatre), a principle in Western theatre practice first developed by Konstantin Stanislavski as part of his System of acting training
Action (play), a 1975 play by Sam Shepard

Commerce

Action (store), a Dutch discount store-chain
Action (supermarkets), an Australian supermarket chain
Actions Semiconductor, a Chinese fabless semiconductor company
Dudek Action, a Polish paraglider design
ACTION, an Australian public transport company

Political parties

Action (Cyprus), a Cypriot political alliance
Action (Greece), a Greek political party

Science and technology

Action (physics), an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system
Structural load, forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components
Action (firearms), the mechanism that manipulates cartridges and/or seals the breech
Action! (programming language), for the Atari 8-bit family of microcomputers
Action (UML), in the Unified Modeling Language
Group action
- Continuous group action
- Semigroup action

Other uses

Action (philosophy), something which is done by an agent
ACTION (U.S. government agency), a former US government federal domestic volunteer agency

UpToDate Contents

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1. 甲状腺ホルモンの作用thyroid hormone action [show details]
…synthesis and substrate turnover . These actions are the net result of the presence of T3 and of multiple other factors that amplify or reduce its action Thyroid hormone action is recognized to occur by direct …
2. 利尿剤の作用機序mechanism of action of diuretics [show details]
…effectiveness of a diuretic is related to a number of factors, including its site of action, its duration of action, and dietary salt intake. As an example, a short-acting loop diuretic, such as furosemide …
3. 心筋の興奮性、不整脈の発症機序、抗不整脈薬の作用機序cardiac excitability mechanisms of arrhythmia and action of antiarrhythmic drugs [show details]
…during prolonged action potentials. A prolonged action potential allows a longer window for reopening of L-type Ca²⁺ channels during phase 2 (or occasionally phase 3) of the action potential. L-type …
4. 非ステロイド性抗炎症剤（NSAIDs）：薬理学および作用機序nsaids pharmacology and mechanism of action [show details]
…drug interactions . Several non-prostaglandin-mediated mechanisms of action have been postulated to explain the antiinflammatory actions of the nonacetylated salicylates, although aspirin (the only acetylated …
5. エストロゲン作用の分子生物学および生理学molecular biology and physiology of estrogen action [show details]
…in the figure Their major actions are genomic, mediated by nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), but they also have non-genomic actions. The molecular mechanisms of estrogen action will be reviewed here; the …

English Journal

Comparison of the effect of chemical composition of anthocyanin-rich plant extracts on colon cancer cell proliferation and their potential mechanism of action using in vitro, in silico, and biochemical assays.

Mazewski C1, Liang K2, Gonzalez de Mejia E3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2018 Mar 1;242:378-388. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.086. Epub 2017 Sep 18.
PMID 29037704

Full inhibition of enzymatic browning in the presence of thiol-functionalised silica nanomaterial.

Muñoz-Pina S1, Ros-Lis JV2, Argüelles Á1, Coll C3, Martínez-Máñez R3, Andrés A1.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2018 Feb 15;241:199-205. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.059. Epub 2017 Aug 22.
PMID 28958519

Development of a biomimetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on molecularly imprinted polymers on paper for the detection of carbaryl.

Zhang C1, Cui H2, Han Y3, Yu F3, Shi X3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2018 Feb 1;240:893-897. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.109. Epub 2017 Jul 25.
PMID 28946356

Biofilm production by Aureobasidium pullulans improves biocontrol against sour rot in citrus.

Klein MN1, Kupper KC2.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2018 Feb;69:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.07.008. Epub 2017 Jul 18.
PMID 28941889

Japanese Journal

Reducing Burden during Summer Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) Spear Harvest by Using Long-shafted Shears and a Large-wheeled Cart under Modified Branch Training

The Horticulture Journal advpub(0), 2017
NAID 130005151852

Metachronal wave of artificial cilia array actuated by applied magnetic field

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55(6S1), 06GP19, 2016-05-24
NAID 150000112586

Epitaxial growth of β-FeSi

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55(6S2), 06HC03, 2016-05-24
NAID 150000112585

文献抄録繊維の毛細管現象を利用した古代起源の新たな浄水技術

水道協会雑誌 85(5), 15-17, 2016-05
NAID 40020823362

「100Cases 14」

　　[★]

☆case14　複視

■glossary

diplopia n. 複視

筋力低下、筋無力、筋脱力 muscle weakness, muscular weakness

sunken

vt. sinkのpp.

adj.

沈没した、沈んだ、水中の

沈下した、一段低いところにある

落ち込んだ、くぼんだ

3,4-ジアミノピリジン 3,4-diaminopyridine 3,4-DAP K+チャネル阻害薬;ランバート・イートン筋無力症治療

■症例

43-year-old woman

cheif complaint: diplopia

present history: diplopia and holding her head up ; more marked in the evenings, for the last 3 months. difficulty of chewing. voice has become quieter. weight loss (3kg / 6months). non-smoker. drinks about 15 units/week. no regular medication.

past history: no significant previous medical illnesses.

family history: lives with her husband and three children.

・診察 examination

looks well.

organ systems: normal; cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal systems.

muscle power; grossly normal. decrease after testing a movement repetitively.

motor function: normal; tone, coordination, reflexes and sensation.

bilateral ptosis. exacerbated by prolonged upward gaze

eye: normal; pupillary reflexes, eye movements, and funduscopy

■答え

diagnosis: myathenia gravis

differential diagnoses:

CASES

上位and/or下位運動ニューロン motor neurone disease　運動ニューロン疾患：線維束性攣縮。進行例では筋力低下

筋 muscular dystrophy　筋ジストロフィー：ある種の筋肉が選択的に筋力低下する。家族歴がある。

筋 dystrophia myotonica　強直性筋ジストロフィー：咬筋、側頭筋、胸鎖乳突筋の筋萎縮、四肢遠位端の筋萎縮。顔貌が特徴的(前頭部脱毛、無表情、窪んだ頬)。家族歴ある。筋電図が診断に有用(急降下爆撃音)。

筋 polymyositis　多発筋炎：普通は皮疹と関節痛が出現。CKが上昇。筋生検が診断に有用

筋 myopathy　ミオパチー：甲状腺中毒性ミオパチー、甲状腺機能低下症によるミオパチー、クッシング症候群によるミオパチー、アルコール性のミオパチー

神経筋接合部？ non-metastatic associations of malignancy (paraneoplastic syndrome(傍腫瘍性症候群 = 腫瘍随伴症候群)のこと)：胸腺腫の症例の10%に重症筋無力症がみられる。ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群は小細胞癌と関連がある。

HIM.2674

神経筋接合部 congenital myasthenia syndrome　先天性筋無力症症候群
神経筋接合部 drug-induced myasthenia　薬剤性筋無力症

Treatment with penicillamine (used for scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis) may result in true autoimmune MG, but the weakness is usually mild, and recovery occurs within weeks or months after discontinuing its use.

　重症筋無力症の誘発：ペニシラミン(強皮症や関節リウマチの治療に用いられる)。

　　mildだし、薬剤の中断で改善する。

Aminoglycoside antibiotics or procainamide can cause exacerbation of weakness in myasthenic patients; very large doses can cause neuromuscular weakness in normal individuals.

　重症筋無力症の悪化：アミドグリコシド系抗菌薬、プロカインアミド

　　MGの患者の筋脱力が悪化する。

神経筋接合部 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome　ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群：全身の筋肉が冒されるが、特に下肢の近位筋が冒される。MGと同じように～70%の患者で脳神経所見(眼瞼下垂、複視など)が認められる。MGと違うのは(1)反射が消失・減弱すること、(2)自律神経系の変化(口渇、勃起不全)を生じる、(3)神経刺激検査で漸増(waxing)が見られることである。病因は神経筋接合部のP/Q type calcium channelsに対する抗体の出現であり、85%の患者で見いだされる。治療はMGのように血漿交換や免疫抑制薬が使われる。3,4-DAPやpyridostigmineは症状に対する治療のために用いる。前者は運動神経の終末部でカルシウムチャネルをブロックし活動電位を延長させる。後者はアセチルコリンエステラーゼを阻害してシナプスにおける神経伝達物質の濃度を上げる。
精神疾患 neurasthenia　神経衰弱症：歴史的な用語。器質的な障害を伴わない筋無力症のような脱力を伴う症候群。患者は筋脱力や疲労を訴えてやってくる。筋肉の検査では器質的変化は認めないが"jerky release"あるいは"give-away weakness"が認められる。患者の主訴は反復動作による筋力低下よりむしろ疲労や感情鈍麻である。
内分泌疾患 hyperthyroidism　甲状腺機能亢進症：MGが疑われる患者にはthyroid function testをルーチンにやる。甲状腺機能異常は筋無力症の筋力低下を大きくすることがある。
神経筋接合部 botulism　ボツリヌス症：ボツリヌス毒素はシナプス前膜からの神経伝達物質の開口分泌を妨げる。症状はbulbar weakness (複視、構音障害、嚥下困難)。感覚障害はない。深部腱反射は初期には保たれている。進行すれば反射は見られなくなる。筋脱力は全身性。呼吸困難に陥ることがある。精神状態は正常。自律神経症状(麻痺性イレウス、便秘、urinary retention、瞳孔の散大、瞳孔の反応性低下、口渇)。確定診断は血清中の毒素の検出だけど、見つかることはまれ。神経伝導検査(nerve conduction studies)：compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs)の低下。高頻度の刺激で振幅が増加。治療：intubation for airway protection、呼吸補助、aggressive inpatient supportive care(e.g., nutrition, DVT prophylaxis)。馬の抗毒素を検査結果が帰ってくる前に投与する(？)。
上位運動ニューロン intracranial mass lesions　頭蓋内占拠病変：複視はintracranial mass lesionが外眼筋の神経を圧迫することにより生じる。
筋 progressive external ophthalmoplegia　進行性外眼筋麻痺：外眼筋の筋脱力を伴う。四肢の近位筋の筋力低下やそのほかの全身症状を伴うことがある。ミトコンドリアの異常を有する。

■参考文献

HIM = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition

CASES = 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine Second edition

IMD = 内科診断学第2版

「effect」

　　[★]

n.

結果。遂行、成就。
効果。効力。効き目、効能、影響。
[美術・芸術]色彩、形の配合、光景、趣き、印象。外観、見え、体裁
趣旨、意図。本質、基本的意味

vt.

(変化などを)もたらす。(目的・計画など)果たす、遂げる。実施/施行する

関: act, action, affect, efficacy, impact, impinge, indication, influence, potency, effected

「conduct」

　　[★]

vt.

(人が)(業務など)を行う、管理する、処理する。

関: act、action、behavior、carry out、coach、conduction、direct、direction、do、execute、guidance、guide、instruct、instruction、make、perform、practice、tutorial、undertake

「operate」

　　[★]

v.

手術する、操作する、操縦する、運用する、作動する、機能する

関: action、drive、engineer、function、functional、functionalise、functionalize、manipulate、manipulation、operating、operation、steering、surgery

「act」

　　[★]

v.

作用する、行動する、働く

n.

行為、(法律)条例

関: action、behave、behavior、behavioral、behaviour、behavioural、conduct、effect、work

「reaction formula」

　　[★]

反応式、化学反応式

関: reaction formulae

「immunoreaction」

　　[★]

免疫反応

関: immunoreactive

「skeletal traction」

　　[★]

直達牽引、骨格牽引

リンク元	「100Cases 14」「effect」「conduct」「operate」「act」
拡張検索	「reaction formula」「immunoreaction」「skeletal traction」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

action