気道 respiratory tract
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/06/12 01:58:08」(JST)
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This article is about the part of the respiratory system. For other uses, see Airway (disambiguation).
The pulmonary airway comprises those parts of the respiratory system through which air flows, conceptually beginning (on inhalation from the external environment) at the nose and mouth, and terminating in the alveoli. It is generally used synonymously with respiratory tract, to avoid sounding overly scientific.
From the mouth or nose, inhaled air passes through the pharynx into the trachea, where it separates into the left and right main bronchi at the carina, situated at the level of the second thoracic vertebra. The main bronchi then branch into large bronchioles, one for each lobe of the lung. Within the lobes, the bronchioles further subdivide some twenty times, ending in clusters of alveoli.
The epithelial surfaces of the airway contain cilia. Inhaled particles adhere to mucus secreted by goblet cells, which is continuously driven outwards by the cilia. The epithelium of the airway also secretes a watery fluid upon which the mucus can ride freely. The production of this fluid is impaired by the disease cystic fibrosis. Macrophages in the airways help promote prophylaxis and prevent infection and contamination, by engulfing bacteria and other inhaled particles.
Certain conditions require tracheal intubation (insertion of a tube) to secure the patency (openness) of the airway. Airway devices are used to assist in tracheal intubation.
See also [edit]
- Jet ventilation
- Nasopharyngeal airway
- Oropharyngeal airway
External links [edit]
- The Virtual Airway Device, a free resource about airway devices, including a video library
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Accuracy of delivered airway pressure and work of breathing estimation during proportional assist ventilation: a bench study.
- Beloncle F1,2, Akoumianaki E3, Rittayamai N1,4, Lyazidi A5, Brochard L6,7.
- Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0131-y. Epub 2016 Apr 14.
- BACKGROUND: Proportional assist ventilation+ (PAV+) delivers airway pressure (P aw) in proportion to patient effort (P mus) by using the equation of motion of the respiratory system. PAV+ calculates automatically respiratory mechanics (elastance and resistance); the work of breathing (WOB) is estima
- PMID 27076185
- The occlusion tests and end-expiratory esophageal pressure: measurements and comparison in controlled and assisted ventilation.
- Chiumello D1,2, Consonni D3, Coppola S4,5, Froio S6,7, Crimella F8, Colombo A9.
- Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0112-1. Epub 2016 Feb 12.
- BACKGROUND: Esophageal pressure is used as a reliable surrogate of the pleural pressure. It is conventionally measured by an esophageal balloon placed in the lower part of the esophagus. To validate the correct position of the balloon, a positive pressure occlusion test by compressing the thorax dur
- PMID 26868503
- Respiratory mechanics and lung stress/strain in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
- Chiumello D1,2, Chidini G3, Calderini E4, Colombo A5, Crimella F6, Brioni M7.
- Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0113-0. Epub 2016 Feb 5.
- BACKGROUND: In sedated and paralyzed children with acute respiratory failure, the compliance of respiratory system and functional residual capacity were significantly reduced compared with healthy subjects. However, no major studies in children with ARDS have investigated the role of different level
- PMID 26847436
Japanese Journal
- 全身麻酔下大腿骨人工骨頭置換術の抜管直後に発現した舌腫脹
- 挿管困難における新型ビデオ喉頭鏡McGRATH X-bladeの有用性
Related Links
- AIRway(Access path to Institutional Resources via link resolvers)は、リンク リゾルバによる、機関リポジトリなどに収容されたオープンアクセス文献への ナビゲーションを実現することを目的とした研究開発プロジェクトです。 AIRwayはまた、 その性質上、 ...
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- ☆case14 複視
- ■glossary
- diplopia n. 複視
- 筋力低下、筋無力、筋脱力 muscle weakness, muscular weakness
- sunken
- vt. sinkのpp.
- adj.
- 沈没した、沈んだ、水中の
- 沈下した、一段低いところにある
- 落ち込んだ、くぼんだ
- 3,4-ジアミノピリジン 3,4-diaminopyridine 3,4-DAP K+チャネル阻害薬;ランバート・イートン筋無力症治療
- ■症例
- 43-year-old woman
- cheif complaint: diplopia
- present history: diplopia and holding her head up ; more marked in the evenings, for the last 3 months. difficulty of chewing. voice has become quieter. weight loss (3kg / 6months). non-smoker. drinks about 15 units/week. no regular medication.
- past history: no significant previous medical illnesses.
- family history: lives with her husband and three children.
- ・診察 examination
- looks well.
- organ systems: normal; cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal systems.
- muscle power; grossly normal. decrease after testing a movement repetitively.
- motor function: normal; tone, coordination, reflexes and sensation.
- bilateral ptosis. exacerbated by prolonged upward gaze
- eye: normal; pupillary reflexes, eye movements, and funduscopy
- ■答え
- diagnosis: myathenia gravis
- differential diagnoses:
- CASES
- 上位and/or下位運動ニューロン motor neurone disease 運動ニューロン疾患:線維束性攣縮。進行例では筋力低下
- 筋 muscular dystrophy 筋ジストロフィー:ある種の筋肉が選択的に筋力低下する。家族歴がある。
- 筋 dystrophia myotonica 強直性筋ジストロフィー:咬筋、側頭筋、胸鎖乳突筋の筋萎縮、四肢遠位端の筋萎縮。顔貌が特徴的(前頭部脱毛、無表情、窪んだ頬)。家族歴ある。筋電図が診断に有用(急降下爆撃音)。
- 筋 polymyositis 多発筋炎:普通は皮疹と関節痛が出現。CKが上昇。筋生検が診断に有用
- 筋 myopathy ミオパチー:甲状腺中毒性ミオパチー、甲状腺機能低下症によるミオパチー、クッシング症候群によるミオパチー、アルコール性のミオパチー
- 神経筋接合部? non-metastatic associations of malignancy (paraneoplastic syndrome(傍腫瘍性症候群 = 腫瘍随伴症候群)のこと):胸腺腫の症例の10%に重症筋無力症がみられる。ランバート・イートン筋無力症症候群は小細胞癌と関連がある。
- HIM.2674
- Treatment with penicillamine (used for scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis) may result in true autoimmune MG, but the weakness is usually mild, and recovery occurs within weeks or months after discontinuing its use.
- 重症筋無力症の誘発:ペニシラミン(強皮症や関節リウマチの治療に用いられる)。
- mildだし、薬剤の中断で改善する。
- Aminoglycoside antibiotics or procainamide can cause exacerbation of weakness in myasthenic patients; very large doses can cause neuromuscular weakness in normal individuals.
- 重症筋無力症の悪化:アミドグリコシド系抗菌薬、プロカインアミド
- MGの患者の筋脱力が悪化する。
- ■参考文献
- HIM = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition
- CASES = 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine Second edition
- IMD = 内科診断学第2版
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- 英
- respiratory tract, airway
- 関
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- 英
- airway
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- 英
- airway
- 関
- 気道確保、用手人工呼吸法
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- 関
- airway hyperresponsiveness
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鼻咽頭エアウェイ NPA