WordNet

move something or somebody to a lower position; "take down the vase from the shelf" (同)take_down, let down, get_down, bring_down
cause to drop or sink; "The lack of rain had depressed the water level in the reservoir" (同)depress
set lower; "lower a rating"; "lower expectations" (同)lour
not intense; "low-level radiation"
occurring at a relatively low altitude; "a low-level strafing run" (同)low-altitude
at a low level in rank or importance; "a low-level job"; "low-level discussions"
(computer science) the format of sectors on the surface of a hard disk drive so that the operating system can access them and setting a starting position (同)initialization, initialisation
(medicine) radioactive waste consisting of objects that have been briefly exposed to radioactivity (as in certain medical tests)
talk frankly with; lay it on the line; "I have to level with you"
become level or even; "The ground levelled off" (同)level off
indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid (同)spirit_level
height above ground; "the water reached ankle level"; "the pictures were at the same level"
an abstract place usually conceived as having depth; "a good actor communicates on several levels"; "a simile has at least two layers of meaning"; "the mind functions on many strata simultaneously" (同)layer, stratum
tear down so as to make flat with the ground; "The building was levelled" (同)raze, rase, dismantle, tear down, take_down, pull down
not showing abrupt variations; "spoke in a level voice"; "she gave him a level look"- Louis Auchincloss (同)unwavering
aim at; "level criticism or charges at somebody"
being on a precise horizontal plane; "a billiard table must be level"
oriented at right angles to the plumb; "the picture is level"
unrefined in character; "low comedy"
an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow" (同)depression
a low level or position or degree; "the stock market fell to a new low"
used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency (同)low-pitched
very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf" (同)low-toned
in a low position; near the ground; "the branches hung low"
less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is low"
literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low bow"
British political cartoonist (born in New Zealand) who created the character Colonel Blimp (1891-1963) (同)David Low, Sir David Low, Sir David Alexander Cecil Low
the basic unit of money in Bulgaria

PrepTutorEJDIC

(lowの比較級)『もっと低い』,(価格が)もっと安い / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『下級の』;低い(下の)ほうの / …‘を'『下げる』,降ろす / 〈価格・程度・量・調子など〉‘を'『下げる』,小さくする,低下させる / 〈人〉‘を'品位(品格)を落とす / 低くなる,下がる,滅る
(…に向かって)顔をしかめる,まゆをひそめる《+『at(on, upon)』+『名』》 / 〈空模様が〉険悪になる,〈雨などが〉降りそうな / しかめっつら / 険悪な空模様
(土地などが)『平らな』,水平な,凸凹のない / 『同じ高さ(程度)の』 / 《話》精神状態がよくつり合いのとれた,分別のある / 〈U〉〈C〉(地位・程度などの一般的な)『標準』,『水準』,レベル / 〈C〉(高さ・深さの基準となる)『水平面』,水平線 / 〈C〉〈U〉(ある物と比べたときの)『高さ』,深さ / 〈C〉(建物の)階,層 / 〈C〉《おもに米》(水準器《英》spirit level) / 〈物の表面〉‘を'『平らにする』 / 〈木・家など〉‘を'倒す / 〈地位・程度など〉‘を'一様にする,平均する / 《『level』+『名』+『at』+『名』》(目標に)〈銃など〉の水準器を合わせる / 《『level』+『名』+『at』(『against』)+『名』〈人〉》(人に)〈非難など〉‘を'浴びせる / 水平に,平らに
(高さ・位置が)『低い』,低い所にある / (価格・数量・程度などが)『低い』,少ない / (身分・地位などが)『低い』,卑しい / (人格・行為などが)『卑しい』,下劣な,下品な / 《補語にのみ用いて》(体が)『弱った』;元気のない,憂うつな / (供給が)不十分な;(…が)乏しい《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / (音・声が)低い,小さい / (生物が)下等な / 『低く』,低い所に / (価格・程度などが)『安く』,低く / 低い声(調子)で;静かに / 最低点,最低水準
(牛の)モーという鳴き声 / (牛が)モーと鳴く
見よ,そら

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/23 16:03:21」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

High-level and low-level are typically terms used to classify, describe and point to specific goals of a systematic operation, though its uses also vary depending on the context - such as use in computer science versus business administration. In general, high-level is used to describe operations that are more abstract in nature, where overall goals and systemic features are typically more concerned with the wider, macro system as a whole. Alternatively, a low-level description is one that describes more specific individual components of a systematic operation, focusing on the details of rudimentary micro functions rather than macro, complex processes. Low-level classification is typically more concerned with individual components within the system and how they operate.

Differences and similarities

Due to the nature of complex systems, the high-level description will often be completely different from the low level one. For example, there are features to an ant colony that are not features of any individual ant; features of the human mind that are not known to be descriptive of individual neurons in the brain, features of oceans which are not features of any individual water molecule, and features to a human personality that are not features of any cell in a body. The descriptions of these differ depending at what level they are studied. Features which emerge only at a high level of description are known as epiphenomena.

Uses

In computer science, software are typically divided into two types: high-level end-user applications software (e.g. word processors, databases, video games, etc.), and low-level systems software (e.g., operation systems, hardware drivers, etc.). As such, high-level applications typically rely on low-level applications to function. In terms of programming, a high-level programming language is one which has a relatively high level of abstraction, and manipulates conceptual functions in a structured manner. A low-level programming language is one like assembly language that contains rudimentary microprocessor commands.
In formal methods, a high-level formal specification can be related to a low-level executable implementation (e.g., formally by mathematical proof using formal verification techniques).
In sociology and social anthropology, high-level descriptions would be terms like economy and political structure, and low level descriptions would be individual peoples' motivations and work.
In neuroscience, high-level and low-level would relate to the functioning of a cell (or part of a cell, or molecule) and high level to the overall function or activity of a neural system.
In documentation, a high-level document contains the executive summary, the low-level documents the technical specifications.
In business, corporate strategy is a high-level description, a list of who does what jobs is a low level description.

Examples

Climate is a high-level description of the actions of the atmosphere and oceans. Physics of water and gas molecules is a low-level description of the same system.
The instruction "write a creative poem on love" is a high-level instruction. The instruction "tighten the tendons in the dominant wrist to grip the pen" is a low-level description of an activity within that.
"Wikipedia is an encyclopedia" is a high-level description compared to "Wikipedia is a collection of textual articles on many topics". The former reflects a higher level view of organization, purpose, concept and structure, but does not explain what Wikipedia physically is. The latter is more detailed as to what exactly Wikipedia contains and how it's made up, but doesn't explain what its overall purpose and goals are. These are typical features of high-level and low-level descriptions.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 亜急性および慢性腰痛：薬物治療と非侵襲的治療 subacute and chronic low back pain pharmacologic and noninterventional treatment
2. 頚部痛の治療 treatment of neck pain
3. 小児期の鉛中毒：臨床症状および診断 childhood lead poisoning clinical manifestations and diagnosis
4. 成人における鉛中毒 adult lead poisoning
5. 成人における腰痛の診断および評価のアプローチ approach to the diagnosis and evaluation of low back pain in adults

English Journal

The occlusion tests and end-expiratory esophageal pressure: measurements and comparison in controlled and assisted ventilation.

Chiumello D1,2, Consonni D3, Coppola S4,5, Froio S6,7, Crimella F8, Colombo A9.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0112-1. Epub 2016 Feb 12.
BACKGROUND: Esophageal pressure is used as a reliable surrogate of the pleural pressure. It is conventionally measured by an esophageal balloon placed in the lower part of the esophagus. To validate the correct position of the balloon, a positive pressure occlusion test by compressing the thorax dur
PMID 26868503

Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels in relation to bone mineral density in apparently healthy Syrian adults.

Sayed-Hassan R1, Abazid N2, Koudsi A3, Alourfi Z1.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2016 Dec;11(1):18. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0245-0. Epub 2016 Apr 28.
Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in this study. More than half of the participants with vitamin D level less than 5 ng/mL had secondary hyperparathyroidism, which implicated a major bone health concern. After adjustment for potential predictors, parathyroid hormone (PTH) explained about 3�
PMID 27126333

Co-culturing bacteria and microalgae in organic carbon containing medium.

Han J1, Zhang L2, Wang S1, Yang G3, Zhao L1, Pan K4.
Journal of biological research (Thessalonikē, Greece).J Biol Res (Thessalon).2016 Apr 26;23:8. doi: 10.1186/s40709-016-0047-6. eCollection 2016.
BACKGROUND: Microalgae frequently grow in natural environment and long-term laboratory cultures in association with bacteria. Bacteria benefit the oxygen and extracellular substances generated by microalgae, and reimburse microalgae with carbon dioxide, vitamins and so on. Such synergistic relations
PMID 27119075