fall

• vi.
• n.

• [Fall](米)秋(autumn)。[形容詞的に]秋の、秋向きの
• (単数形)(～からの)落下、墜落。落下距離、落差(from)
• (単数形)(多くの落下部分からなる幅の広い)滝
• (単数形)降雨(量)、降雪(量)
• 転倒。倒壊。戦死
• (単数形)(～の)下落、降下、減少(in)
• (アクセントなどの)あるべき位置
• (the ～; 単数形)(都市などの)陥落。没落、滅亡、崩壊、政権を失うこと
• (Fall]/[the/a ～]堕落。(神学)罪
• 傾斜、勾配
• 垂れ下がる物。(女性の)垂れ下がった付け毛。(テリヤ犬などの)顔面に垂れている房毛

・

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WordNet

1. yield to temptation or sin; "Adam and Eve fell"
2. the season when the leaves fall from the trees; "in the fall of 1973" (同)autumn
3. come as if by falling; "Night fell"; "Silence fell" (同)descend, settle
4. be born, used chiefly of lambs; "The lambs fell in the afternoon"
5. begin vigorously; "The prisoners fell to work right away"
6. go as if by falling; "Grief fell from our hearts"
7. occur at a specified time or place; "Christmas falls on a Monday this year"; "The accent falls on the first syllable"
8. pass suddenly and passively into a state of body or mind; "fall into a trap"; "She fell ill"; "They fell out of favor"; "Fall in love"; "fall asleep"; "fall prey to an imposter"; "fall into a strange way of thinking"; "she fell to pieces after she lost her work"
9. a lapse into sin; a loss of innocence or of chastity; "a fall from virtue"
10. a sudden decline in strength or number or importance; "the fall of the House of Hapsburg" (同)downfall
11. when a wrestlers shoulders are forced to the mat (同)pin
12. a movement downward; "the rise and fall of the tides"
13. come under, be classified or included; "fall into a category"; "This comes under a new heading" (同)come
14. lose an upright position suddenly; "The vase fell over and the water spilled onto the table"; "Her hair fell across her forehead" (同)fall down
15. fall to somebody by assignment or lot; "The task fell to me"; "It fell to me to notify the parents of the victims" (同)light
16. be inherited by; "The estate fell to my sister"; "The land returned to the family"; "The estate devolved to an heir that everybody had assumed to be dead" (同)return, pass, devolve
17. touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly; "Light fell on her face"; "The sun shone on the fields"; "The light struck the golden necklace"; "A strange sound struck my ears" (同)shine, strike
18. assume a disappointed or sad expression; "Her face fell when she heard that she would be laid off"; "his crest fell"
19. be captured; "The cities fell to the enemy"
20. be cast down; "his eyes fell"
21. be due; "payments fall on the 1st of the month"
22. come out; issue; "silly phrases fell from her mouth"
23. descend in free fall under the influence of gravity; "The branch fell from the tree"; "The unfortunate hiker fell into a crevasse"
24. die, as in battle or in a hunt; "Many soldiers fell at Verdun"; "Several deer have fallen to the same gun"; "The shooting victim fell dead"
25. drop oneself to a lower or less erect position; "She fell back in her chair"; "He fell to his knees"
26. lose office or power; "The government fell overnight"; "The Qing Dynasty fell with Sun Yat-sen"
27. lose ones chastity; "a fallen woman"
28. move in a specified direction; "The line of men fall forward"
29. slope downward; "The hills around here fall towards the ocean"
30. suffer defeat, failure, or ruin; "We must stand or fall"; "fall by the wayside"
31. to be given by assignment or distribution; "The most difficult task fell on the youngest member of the team"; "The onus fell on us"; "The pressure to succeed fell on the youngest student"
32. to be given by right or inheritance; "The estate fell to the oldest daughter"
33. utter with seeming casualness; "drop a hint"; drop names"
34. a shape that is spherical and small; "he studied the shapes of low-viscosity drops"; "beads of sweat on his forehead" (同)bead, pearl
35. a small indefinite quantity (especially of a liquid); "he had a drop too much to drink"; "a drop of each sample was analyzed"; "there is not a drop of pity in that man"; "years afterward, they would pay the blood-money, driblet by driblet"--Kipling (同)drib, driblet
36. stop pursuing or acting; "drop a lawsuit"; "knock it off!" (同)knock off
37. fall or sink into a state of exhaustion or death; "shop til you drop"
38. give birth; used for animals; "The cow dropped her calf this morning"
39. a sudden sharp decrease in some quantity; "a drop of 57 points on the Dow Jones index"; "there was a drop in pressure in the pulmonary artery"; "a dip in prices"; "when that became known the price of their stock went into free fall" (同)dip, fall, free_fall
40. a central depository where things can be left or picked up
41. the act of dropping something; "they expected the drop would be successful"
42. a free and rapid descent by the force of gravity; "it was a miracle that he survived the drop from that height" (同)fall
43. a predetermined hiding place for the deposit and distribution of illicit goods (such as drugs or stolen property)
44. leave or unload; "unload the cargo"; "drop off the passengers at the hotel" (同)drop_off, set_down, put down, unload, discharge
45. change from one level to another; "She dropped into army jargon"
46. go down in value; "Stock prices dropped"
47. let fall to the ground; "Dont drop the dishes"
48. lose (a game); "The Giants dropped 11 of their first 13"
49. omit (a letter or syllable) in speaking or writing; " New Englanders drop their post-vocalic rs"
50. take (a drug, especially LSD), by mouth; "She dropped acid when she was a teenager"
51. terminate an association with; "drop him from the Republican ticket"
52. to fall vertically; "the bombs are dropping on enemy targets"
53. undergo meiosis; "The cells reduce"
54. cook until very little liquid is left; "The cook reduced the sauce by boiling it for a long time" (同)boil_down, concentrate
55. be the essential element; "The proposal boils down to a compromise" (同)come_down, boil_down
56. take off weight (同)melt off, lose weight, slim, slenderize, thin, slim down
57. make smaller; "reduce an image" (同)scale_down
58. narrow or limit; "reduce the influx of foreigners" (同)tighten
59. make less complex; "reduce a problem to a single question"
60. cut down on; make a reduction in; "reduce your daily fat intake"; "The employer wants to cut back health benefits" (同)cut_down, cut_back, trim, trim down, trim back, cut, bring_down
61. bring to humbler or weaker state or condition; "He reduced the population to slavery"
62. destress and thus weaken a sound when pronouncing it
63. lessen and make more modest; "reduce ones standard of living"
64. lower in grade or rank or force somebody into an undignified situation; "She reduced her niece to a servant"
65. reposition (a broken bone after surgery) back to its normal site
66. simplify the form of a mathematical equation of expression by substituting one term for another
67. make smaller; "He decreased his staff" (同)lessen, minify
68. a process of becoming smaller or shorter (同)decrement
69. decrease in size, extent, or range; "The amount of homework decreased towards the end of the semester"; "The cabin pressure fell dramatically"; "her weight fell to under a hundred pounds"; "his voice fell to a whisper" (同)diminish, lessen, fall
70. the amount by which something decreases (同)decrement
71. the act of decreasing or reducing something (同)diminution, reduction, step-down
72. a change downward; "there was a decrease in his temperature as the fever subsided"; "there was a sharp drop-off in sales" (同)lessening, drop-off
73. the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue; "the company operated at a loss last year"; "the company operated in the red last year" (同)red ink, red
74. gradual decline in amount or activity; "weight loss"; "a serious loss of business"
75. something that is lost; "the car was a total loss"; "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt"
76. the disadvantage that results from losing something; "his loss of credibility led to his resignation"; "losing him is no great deprivation" (同)deprivation
77. the act of losing someone or something; "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock"
78. the experience of losing a loved one; "he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather"
79. fruit that has fallen from the tree
80. profit that occurs unexpectedly as a consequence of some event not controlled by those who profit from it
81. decreasing in amount or degree; "falling temperature"
82. becoming lower or less in degree or value; "a falling market"; "falling incomes"
83. the syllable naming the fourth (subdominant) note of the diatonic scale in solmization
84. the lapse of mankind into sinfulness because of the sin of Adam and Eve; "women have been blamed ever since the Fall"
85. the petals or sepals of a flower that bend downward (especially the outer perianth of an iris)
86. an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》『落下する』,落ちる / 〈人・物が〉『倒れる』《+『down』(『over』)》 / 傷ついて倒れる,倒れて死ぬ / (…まで)垂れ下がる,〈道などが〉下降する《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈目・顔などが〉下を向く,うつむく,沈む / 〈暗やみ・静けさなどが〉(…に)たれ込める;〈災害・責任・病気・眠けなどが〉(…に)降りかかる《+『on』(『upon, over』)+『名』》 / 〈程度・数量・値段などが〉(…まで)『下がる』,減少する《+『to』+『名』》 / 誘惑に負ける,墜落する / (勢力・威信・人望などを)失う《+『from』(『in』)+『名』》 / 〈政権などが〉倒れる,〈要塞などが〉陥落する;(…の手に)落ちる《+『to』+『名』》 / 『なる』,陥る / 〈時・事が〉(…に)当たる,起こる,(しかるべき位置に)来る《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈光線・視線などが〉(…に)向けられる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』 / (…に)分かれる《+『into』+『名』》 / 〈言葉などが〉(…から)漏れる《+『from』》 / 〈C〉(…から)『落ちること』,落下《+『from』+『名』》;(…への)落下《+『to』(『toward』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(雨・雪などの)降った量《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《固有名詞としては単数扱い》滝 / 〈C〉(…から…までの)落差《+『from』+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉倒れること,転倒 / 〈C〉(程度・数量・値段などの)下落,減少,衰退《+『in』+『名』》 / 《単数形で》(…の)陥落,崩壊《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉堕落 / 〈C〉傾斜
2. 『秋』(autumn)
3. 〈しずくが〉『したたる』,垂れる《+『down』》 / 〈物が〉『落ちる』,落下する《+『down』》 / 〈人が〉『ばったり倒れる』,崩れ落ちる / 『下落する』,減少する《+『off』(『away』)》 / 終わる,やめになる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》引き離される,落後する / (…から)手を引く,やめる《+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / (…に)ちょっと立ち寄る,(…を)ひょっこり訪ねる《+『in』(『by,over,round』)『at』(『on』)+『名』》 / …‘を'『したたらせる』,垂らす / (…へ)…‘を'『落とす』,落下させる《+『名』+『into』(『on』)+『名』》 / …‘を'降ろす,下げる / …‘を'減少させる / …‘を'漏らす,ふと口にする / 〈人〉に〈短い手紙・伝言〉‘を'送る / 《話》…‘を'なぐり倒す,撃ち落とす / 《話》《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人〉‘を'乗り物から降ろす / (…から)〈ある音・文字〉‘を'落とす,抜かす,省く《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘と'関係を絶つ;〈問題など〉‘を'打ち切る / …‘を'やめさせる;(…から)…‘を'追い出す《+『名from』+『名』》 / (ばくちなどで)〈金〉‘を'なくす / 〈C〉(…の)『しずく』,したたり《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(液体・事物の)少量,微量《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉あめ玉,ドロップ / 《a ~》落下,降下(fall);落下距離 / 《a ~》(…の)下落,減少《+『in』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》点滴薬 / 《話》《a ~》少量の酒 / 〈C〉《おもに米》(郵便箱などの)落とし口,差し入れ口
4. (あるところまで)〈数量など〉‘を'『減らす』,小さくする;〈程度・地位など〉‘を'『下げる』《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 《しばしば受動態で》(ある状態・形に)…‘を'『する,』変える,至らせる《+『名』+『to』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (単純な要素・部分に)…‘を'分解する,還元する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'(…に)換算する,約分する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 《話》〈人が〉減量する / 〈数量などが〉減る;〈程度・位などが〉下がる
5. …'を'『減らす』 / 『減る』,少なくなる / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『減少』,縮小《+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)減少量(額)《+『in』(『of』)+『名』》
6. 〈U〉(…を)『失うこと』,紛失《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『損害』,損失;損失額《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に)『負けること』,(…の)敗北;失敗《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(状態・程度の)『減少』,低下 / 《複数形で》(戦場における)(人の)損害,此傷者数
7. 風で落ちた果物 / (遺産・金などの)予期しない授かり物
8. 絶対確実に,全然誤りなく / 《英話》いつも,きっと
9. ファ(全音階の第4音)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/31 21:52:40」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

フォール

fall

• 落ちる。
• 秋。
• 滝。
• ピンフォール。レスリング用語。プロレスでは勝利条件。
• フォール技。ピンフォールを奪うために使用される技。
• ザ・フォール。イギリスのバンド。
• アルバート・B・フォール。アメリカの政治家。

faure

• エドガール・フォール。フランスの政治家。フランス首相（1952、1955）
• ジャック・フォール。フランスの軍人・スキー選手。
• ダンカン・フォール。南アメリカのミュージシャン。
• フェリックス・フォール。フランスの政治家。フランス大統領（1895～1899）
• フォール・ニャシンベ - トーゴの大統領。

foale

• マイケル・フォール。アメリカの宇宙飛行士。

fort

• 要塞。

関連項目

• フォールズ
• フォールン

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wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Fall" redirects here. For other uses, see Autumn (disambiguation) and Fall (disambiguation).

Autumn foliage splendour in the Green Mountain National Forest

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Autumn, interchangeably known as fall in the US and Canada, is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer into winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere) when the arrival of night becomes noticeably earlier and the temperature cools considerably. One of its main features is the shedding of leaves from deciduous trees as they pave way for further growth.

The equinoxes might be expected to be in the middle of their respective seasons, but temperature lag (caused by the thermal latency of the ground and sea) means that seasons appear later than dates calculated from a purely astronomical perspective. The actual lag varies with region. Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as "mid-autumn", others with a longer lag treat it as the start of autumn. Meteorologists (and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere) use a definition based on months, with autumn being September, October and November in the northern hemisphere, and March, April and May in the southern hemisphere.

In North America, autumn is usually considered to start with the September equinox. In traditional East Asian solar term, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are September, October and November. However, according to the Irish Calendar, which is based on ancient Gaelic traditions, autumn lasts throughout the months of August, September, and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition. In Australia and New Zealand, autumn officially begins on 1 March and ends on 31 May.

Etymology

Autumn in suburban Canterbury, Victoria, Australia

The word autumn comes from the ancient Etruscan root autu- and has within it connotations of the passing of the year. It was borrowed by the neighbouring Romans, and became the Latin word autumnus. After the Roman era the word continued to be used as the Old French word autompne (automne in modern French), and was later normalised to the original Latin. In the Medieval period there are rare examples of its use as early as the 12th century, but by the 16th century it was in common use.

Boston, Massachusetts in Autumn.

Before the 16th century, harvest was the term usually used to refer to the season, as it is common in other West Germanic languages to this day (cf. Dutch herfst, German Herbst and Scots hairst). However, as more people gradually moved from working the land to living in towns (especially those who could read and write, the only people whose use of language we now know), the word harvest lost its reference to the time of year and came to refer only to the actual activity of reaping, and autumn, as well as fall, began to replace it as a reference to the season.

The alternative word fall for the season traces its origins to old Germanic languages. The exact derivation is unclear, with the Old English fiæll or feallan and the Old Norse fall all being possible candidates. However, these words all have the meaning "to fall from a height" and are clearly derived either from a common root or from each other. The term came to denote the season in 16th century England, a contraction of Middle English expressions like "fall of the leaf" and "fall of the year".

During the 17th century, English emigration to the British colonies in North America was at its peak, and the new settlers took the English language with them. While the term fall gradually became obsolete in Britain, it became the more common term in North America.

Harvest association

Autumn foliage in Paris

Association with the transition from warm to cold weather, and its related status as the season of the primary harvest, has dominated its themes and popular images. In Western cultures, personifications of autumn are usually pretty, well-fed females adorned with fruits, vegetables and grains that ripen at this time. Many cultures feature autumnal harvest festivals, often the most important on their calendars. Still extant echoes of these celebrations are found in the autumn Thanksgiving holiday of the United States and Canada, and the Jewish Sukkot holiday with its roots as a full-moon harvest festival of "tabernacles" (living in outdoor huts around the time of harvest). There are also the many North American Indian festivals tied to harvest of autumnally ripe foods gathered in the wild, the Chinese Mid-Autumn or Moon festival, and many others. The predominant mood of these autumnal celebrations is a gladness for the fruits of the earth mixed with a certain melancholy linked to the imminent arrival of harsh weather.

This view is presented in English poet John Keats' poem To Autumn, where he describes the season as a time of bounteous fecundity, a time of 'mellow fruitfulness'.

While most foods are harvested during the autumn, foods particularly associated with the season include pumpkins (which are integral parts of both Thanksgiving and Halloween) and apples, which are used to make the seasonal beverage apple cider.

Melancholy association

Autumn in New Hampshire. The East Coast of the USA has some of the most colourful Autumns in the world.

Autumn in poetry has often been associated with melancholy. The possibilities of summer are gone, and the chill of winter is on the horizon. Skies turn grey, and many people turn inward, both physically and mentally.

Similar examples may be found in Irish poet William Butler Yeats' poem The Wild Swans at Coole where the maturing season that the poet observes symbolically represents his own ageing self. Like the natural world that he observes he too has reached his prime and now must look forward to the inevitability of old age and death. French poet Paul Verlaine's "Chanson d'automne" ("Autumn Song") is likewise characterised by strong, painful feelings of sorrow. Keats' To Autumn, written in September 1819, echoes this sense of melancholic reflection, but also emphasises the lush abundance of the season.

Other associations

Autumn is associated with the Halloween season (influenced by Samhain, a Celtic autumn festival), and with it a widespread marketing campaign that promotes it, in the US. The television, film, book, costume, home decoration, and confectionery industries use this time of year to promote products closely associated with such a holiday, with promotions going from early September to 31 October, since their themes rapidly lose strength once the holiday ends, and advertising starts concentrating on Christmas.

Halloween pumpkins

Television stations and networks, particularly in North America, traditionally begin their regular seasons in autumn, with new series and new episodes of existing series debuting mostly during late September or early October (series that debut outside the fall season are usually known as midseason replacements). A sweeps period takes place in November to measure Nielsen Ratings.

Autumn, particularly in most parts of the US, also has a strong association with the start of a new school year, particularly for children in primary and secondary education. "Back to School" advertising and preparations usually occurs in the weeks leading to the start of the fall season.

Since 1997, Autumn has been one of the top 100 names for girls in the US.

In Indian mythology, autumn is considered to be the preferred season for the goddess of learning Saraswati, who is also known by the name of "goddess of autumn" (Sharada).

Tourism

Autumn in the New Zealand town of Tokoroa.

Although colour change in leaves occurs wherever deciduous trees are found, coloured autumn foliage is noted in various regions of the world: most of North America, Eastern Asia (including China, Korea, and Japan), Europe, parts of Australia and New Zealand's South Island.

Eastern Canada and New England are famous for their autumnal foliage, and this attracts major tourism (worth billions of U.S. dollars) for the regions.

Paintings

• Otoño, Frederic Edwin Church, 1875. Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza

• John Everett Millais, "Autumn Leaves".

• Early Autumn, Qian Xuan, 13th century, depiction of decaying lotus leaves and dragonflies hovering over stagnant water

• Autumn, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1573

• Herbst [Autumn], Meinolf Wewel

Gallery

• Cherry trees in autumn

• Oak tree in autumn

• A forested hill over Struma (river) valey in Vitosha

• Leaves of the Maple tree in autumn.

• Paysage d'automne

• Tree in New Jersey

• Red coloration of leaves in autumn

References

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "^{article name needed}". Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. 

External links

• How To Photograph Autumn Color
• Media related to Autumn at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to Fall at Wikiquote

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• Borthakur R1, Kumar A2, Shangpung S1, Lal RA3.
• Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2015 Mar 5;138:481-8. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.014. Epub 2014 Nov 18.
• In the present paper three new heterotrimetallic Cu(II)-Zn(II)-Cu(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic studies. The molar conductance values for the complexes fall in the region 1.2-1.7Ω(-1)cm(2)mol(-1) in DMSO solution indicating that all of the com
• PMID 25528507

• Withdrawal from repeated administration of a low dose of reserpine induced opposing adaptive changes in the noradrenaline and serotonin system function: a behavioral and neurochemical ex vivo and in vivo studies in the rat.

• Antkiewicz-Michaluk L1, Wąsik A2, Możdżeń E2, Romańska I2, Michaluk J2.
• Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2015 Mar 3;57:146-54. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.10.009. Epub 2014 Nov 8.
• Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and monoamine releaser, so it can be used as a pharmacological model of depression. In the present paper, we investigated the behavioral and neurochemical effects of withdrawal from acute and repeated administration of a low
• PMID 25445479

• Stacking interactions in RNA and DNA: Roll-slide energy hyperspace for ten unique dinucleotide steps.

• Mukherjee S1, Kailasam S, Bansal M, Bhattacharyya D.
• Biopolymers.Biopolymers.2015 Mar;103(3):134-47. doi: 10.1002/bip.22566.
• Understanding dinucleotide sequence directed structures of nuleic acids and their variability from experimental observation remained ineffective due to unavailability of statistically meaningful data. We have attempted to understand this from energy scan along twist, roll, and slide degrees of freed
• PMID 25257334

• Infants' representations of others' goals: Representing approach over avoidance.

• Feiman R1, Carey S2, Cushman F2.
• Cognition.Cognition.2015 Mar;136:204-14. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.10.007. Epub 2014 Dec 11.
• Goals fall into two broad types - approach and avoidance. Research on infants' early goal understanding has focused only on approach goals, usually assuming that infants will encode an ambiguous display where an actor picks one object over another as the actor wanting to approach the former rather t
• PMID 25498746

Japanese Journal

• 船体動揺と立位姿勢応答

• 水口 文洋,東 明彦
• 海上保安大学校研究報告, 理工学系 58(1・2), 9-14, 20150327-00-00
• … The incident of the fall accident in use public transport is higher than that of in other place,because of the floor of the vehicle is exited. … Knowing the influence of the rolling,pitching and yawing of the ship to the fall is important. … We considered the necessary condition for fall-prevention strategy by using the obtained results. …
• NAID 120005602051

• The Role of Temperature Inversions in the Generation of Seasonal and Interannual SST Variability in the Far Northern Bay of Bengal

• Nagura Motoki,Terao Toru,Hashizume Masahiro
• Journal of Climate 28(9), 3671-3693, 2015-05-01
• … The resulting shallow haline stratification and thick barrier layer lead to temperature inversions in fall and winter, that is, cool surface water overlaying warm subsurface water. … Results show that inverted temperature profiles lead to SST warming on the seasonal time scale via heat exchange at the bottom of the mixed layer, which balances climatological atmospheric cooling in fall and winter. …
• NAID 120005606093

• グループホームの建物特性が骨折に及ぼす影響(その1)転倒・転落骨折数の分析を通して

• 三浦 研,高木 翔子
• 日本建築学会計画系論文集 80(711), 1027-1035, 2015-05
• NAID 40020444884

• 歯科患者ロボット : バイタル変化の再現

• 中島 俊史,高信 英明,鈴木 健司,三浦 宏文,槇 宏太郎,宮崎 芳和,間所 睦,丹澤 豪,宮本 賢一,高本 陽一,石井 佑典,沖野 明久,高西 淳夫
• 工学院大学研究報告 (118), 27-32, 2015-04-30
• … The number of patients who fall ill during the treatment. …
• NAID 110009895815

Related Links

• Fall

FALL（フォール）は東京の西荻窪にある、作家ものの器、雑貨、近所の音楽家たちの CD、書籍やアンティークなどを扱ったお店です。どれも一風変わったものを集めてい ます。また週がわりで展示会（企画展のみ）を催すギャラリーでもあります。

• fallの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

[動]（fell 〔fel〕, fall・en 〔fln〕）(自)1 ［I（[副]）］落ちる, 落下［墜落］する；〈雨・雪などが〉 降る；〈花・葉などが〉散る；〈髪が〉抜ける；〈涙が〉落ちるfall overboard船から落ちるThe ripe fruit... - goo辞書は国語、英和、和英、中国語、百科事典等からまとめて探せる 辞書 ...

• FALL - エキサイトブログ

SHOP & GALLERY. DRAWING for "EXHIBITION「OFF SEASON」at iTohen" : SHINICHI TAKEDA FALL（フォール）は東京の西荻窪にある、作家ものの道具、雑貨、 近所の音楽家たちのCD、書籍やアンティークなどを扱ったお店です。どれも一風変わっ た ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 34」「drop」「decrease」「reduce」「reduction」
拡張検索	「fallopian tube neoplasm」

「100Cases 34」

　　[★]

☆case34　てんかん発作

■症例

23歳　アフリカ-カリブ系　女性　銀行の店員

主訴：てんかん発作

現病歴：強直間代発作を2回起こしたところを母親が目撃していた。娘の行動は次第におかしくなり、また娘は自分のことを話している声が聞こえていた(幻聴)。最近、頭痛を訴えていた。体重が減少し、脱毛があった。盗汗と主に足と手の小関節に及ぶflitting 関節痛を訴えていた。服用薬なし。タバコ1日5-10本、アルコール10 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)6本弱)

既往歴：特記なし(medical or psychiatric history)

家族歴：

生活歴：

・身体診断

意識：眠そうだが痛みに反応。頚部硬直：なし。頭髪：薄く斑状。体温38.5℃。リンパ節：たくさんの部位で触知。

心拍：104/分、整。血圧：164/102 mmHg。心血管系、呼吸器系、腹部：異常なし。

神経所見：focal anormalityなし(局所性異常)。乳頭浮腫：認めず。

・検査

(血液生化学)

上昇：erythrocyte sedimentation rate、urea、creatinine

低下：hemoglobin、white cell count、platelet

正常：mean corpuscular volume、sodium、potassium、glucose

(腰椎穿刺)

上昇：leukocytes、CSF protein

正常：CSF glucose

(尿検査)

蛋白：＋＋＋。血尿：＋＋＋。赤血球：＋＋。赤血球円柱：あり。

(その他)

胸部X線：異常なし。ECG：洞性頻脈。頭部CT：正常。CSFグラム染色：陰性(光顕レベルで細菌なし)

■glossary

fall out　(毛髪などが)抜ける

night sweat 盗汗、寝汗

tonic-clonic generalized seizure 全般性強直間代発作

flit　vi (鳥・蝶など)すいすい/ひらひら飛ぶ、飛び回る、飛翔する。(人が)軽やかに通る、行き交う。(時が)(飛ぶように)すぎる。(幻想など)去来する、よぎる、(表情が)かすめる

drowsy　adj. 眠い。眠そうな。眠気を誘う。ものうい。眠ったような

stiffness　n. 堅いこと、堅ぐるしさ、がんこさ

delirium tremens 振戦譫妄

hypertensive encephalopathy 高血圧性脳症

alopecia　脱毛症

African-Caribbean アフリカ-カリブ系

fit n.　(病気の)発作。引きつけ、痙攣。(感情の)激発、一時的興奮、気まぐれ

chorea n. 舞踏病

recreational drug 耽溺性があり乱用される脱法薬物

urgent adj. (物・事が)急を要する、緊急の、背拍質(pressing)。(～を)緊急に必要とする(in)。(S is ～ (with O1) for [in] O2)(人が)(O1(人)に)O2(物・事)をしつこく求める。(人に/～するように)催促する(for/to do)。(要求などが)執拗な。

□てんかん発作

・新規発生したてんかん発作の原因(ICU.805-806)

・薬物中毒(テオフィリンなど)

・薬物からの離脱(アルコールなど)

・感染症(髄膜炎、膿瘍など)

・頭部外傷

・虚血障害(虚血あるいはびまん性)

・占拠性病変(腫瘍あるいは血腫)

・代謝性障害(肝性脳症、尿毒症性脳症、敗血症、低血糖、低ナトリウム血症、低カルシウム血症など)

・合併症(ICU.805-806)

・全身性てんかん発作の場合：高血圧、乳酸アシドーシス、高体温、呼吸障害、誤嚥、肺水腫、横紋筋融解、自傷、不可逆性の神経学的障害(30分間以上てんかん発作が持続した場合)

■可能性の高い診断

　全身性エリテマトーデス systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)

■鑑別診断のポイント

　自己免疫疾患は多彩な症状を示す。そのため、個々の症状に着目して鑑別診断をあげるのではなく、症状や検査値の異常を総合的に見て判断する必要がある。

■解答

　(第1パラグラフ)SLEの病態

精神症状：(SLEは脳で血管炎を呈することで生じる)うつ(depression)、統合失調症様の精神病、痙攣(fits)、舞踏病(chorea)、脳梗塞/脊髄梗塞

脳脊髄液：白血球増多(leukopenia)、蛋白増加

血液：自己免疫性溶血貧血(Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia)がありうる。白血球減少と血小板減少症は普通にみられる。

腎症状：ループス腎炎は普通に見られ、顕微鏡的血尿・タンパク尿、ネフローゼ、あるいは腎不全が現れるかもしれない。

関節症状：変形を伴わない関節痛(PIP関節(近位指節間関節)、MP関節(中手指節関節)、手関節)

　(第2パラグラフ)SLEの確定診断のための検査・治療

　・すぐにすべきことは降圧薬、抗痙攣薬の投与

　・確定診断のために次の検査を行っていく(もっとも、症例の提示された所見で(日本の？)SLEの診断基準を満たすけど)

　　・検疫血清検査：抗DNA抗体、C3、C4

　　・腎生検：ループス腎炎の程度を把握

　・治療：活動性の感染がないことを確認　←　薬物療法ではステロイドや免疫抑制薬を使うため

　　・ステロイド静脈内投与、あるいはシクロホスファミドなどの細胞毒性薬(cytotoxic agents)の投与

　　・重症、治療抵抗性だったら血漿交換を行う。

■鑑別診断　頭痛/精神病的様態(psychiatric features)/痙攣

・髄膜炎、脳炎

・レクリエーショナルドラッグの中毒(例えばコカイン)

・脳腫瘍

・急性のアルコール禁断症状：振戦譫妄

・高血圧脳症

■KEYPOINT

・SLEは特に若いアフリカ系-カリブ系に普通に一般的

・SLEでは主に神経症状と精神症状をを伴って現れることがある

・白血球低下と血小板の低下はしばしばSLEを示唆する

□tonic-clonic seizure 強直間代発作

　意識消失とともに全身の随意筋に強直痙攣が生じ(強直痙攣期tonic convulsion)、次いで全身の筋の強直と弛緩とが律動的に繰り返される時期(間代痙攣期clonic convulsion)を経て、発作後もうろう状態を呈する一連の発作。

□350ml アルコール5%

350x0.05/10=1.75 unit

□細胞毒性薬

　免疫抑制薬や抗腫瘍薬として用いられる。

antimetabolites

アザチオプリン azathioprine

メトトレキセート methotrexate

ミコフェノール酸 mycophenolic acid, ミコフェノール酸モフェチル mycophenolate mofetil

レフルノミド leflunomide

alkylating agents

シクロホスファミド cyclophosphamide

「drop」

　　[★]

• n.
• vt.
• vi.

• (液体が)したたる、ぼたぼた落ちる
• (物が)(急に、思いがけなく)落ちる(down)。(花が)散る。(人が)(車などから)ひらりと(飛び)降りる(off)。(正式)(川・丘などが)下る(down)
• (人が)(疲れて・傷ついて)急に倒れる。死ぬ。(意識的に)身を伏せる
• (程度・数量・価値などが)下がる(fall)、落ちる(away)。健康や病状が悪化する
• (事が)やめになる。(～から)手を引く、やめる(from)。(視界から)見えなくなる(out of, from)。(交通・話などが)とだえる(off)
• 急に(ある状態に)なる、陥る(into, to)
• (略式)ひょいと(～に)立ち寄る(in, by, over, round)(on, at, into)。(人に)偶然であう(in)(across, on, with)
• 落後(後退)する、遅れる(away, back, off, behind)
• (動物が)生まれる
• (猟犬が)獲物を見て伏せる
• (言葉・ため息などが)(～から)ふともれる(from)
• (水・空気の流れに沿って)穏やかに動く
• (トランプ)(ブリッジなどで)(特定の札が)出るはめになる、死ぬ
• (球技)(球が)ホール(ポケット、ゴール)に入る(転がり込む)
• 逮捕される

関

decline, decrease, depression, droplet, dropping, dropwise, fall, instill, instillation, lower, lowering, reduction

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「decrease」

　　[★]

• vt.vi.

• 減少する/させる。縮小する/させる。(力・温度など)低下する/させる、衰える/衰えさせる

• n.

• 減少、縮小、低下。減少/縮小/低下の数/量/額/率/度合い

関

decline、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、lessen、loss、lower、lowering、reduce、reduction、taper

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「reduce」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 減少させる、縮小させる、減らす、(化学)還元する

• vi.

• (細胞などが)縮小する

関

decline、decrease、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、fall、lessen、loss、reduction、taper

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「reduction」

　　[★]

• n.

• 減少、低下、縮小、減力、節減、(化学)還元

関

decline、decrease、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、hypoergy、loss、lower、lowering、parsimony、reduce、retrenchment

　 　 　

「fallopian tube neoplasm」

　　[★]

卵管腫瘍、卵管新生物

関

fallopian tube cancer