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an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus (同)reflex response, reflex action, instinctive reflex, innate reflex, inborn reflex, unconditioned_reflex, physiological reaction

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反射(刺激に対する無意識の反応) / 《複数形で》反射的な動き / (光などの)反射,反射光;映像 / 反射性の / (カメラが)レフ鋼の,反射型の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/26 23:37:03」(JST)

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For other uses, see Reflex (disambiguation).

A reflex action, differently known as a reflex, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.^[1] Scientific use of the term "reflex" refers to a behavior that is mediated via the reflex arc; this does not apply to casual uses of the term 'reflex'.

Human reflexes

Stretch reflexes

The stretch reflexes (often called deep tendon reflexes, though not to be confused with Golgi tendon reflexes) provide information on the integrity of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Generally, decreased reflexes indicate a peripheral problem, and lively or exaggerated reflexes a central one.

Jaw jerk reflex (CN V)
Biceps reflex (C5, C6)
Brachioradialis reflex (C5, C6, C7)
Extensor digitorum reflex (C6, C7)
Triceps reflex (C6, C7, C8)
Patellar reflex or knee-jerk reflex L2, L3, L4)
Ankle jerk reflex (Achilles reflex) (S1, S2)

While the reflexes above are stimulated mechanically, the term H-reflex refers to the analogous reflex stimulated electrically, and Tonic vibration reflex for those stimulated to vibration.

Reflexes involving cranial nerves

Name	Sensory	Motor
Pupillary light reflex	II	III
Accommodation reflex	II	III
Jaw jerk reflex	V	V
Corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex	V	VII
Vestibulo-ocular reflex	VIII	III, IV, VI +
Gag reflex	IX	X

Reflexes usually only observed in human infants

Main article: Primitive reflexes

Grasp reflex

Newborn babies have a number of other reflexes which are not seen in adults, referred to as primitive reflexes.^[2] These automatic reactions to stimuli enable infants to respond to the environment before any learning has taken place. They include:

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
Hand-to-mouth reflex^{[citation needed]}
Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex
Palmar grasp reflex
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)
Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)

Other reflexes

Other reflexes found in the central nervous system include:

Abdominal reflexes (T6-L1)
- Gastrocolic reflex
Anocutaneous reflex (S2-S4)
Cremasteric reflex (L1-L2)
Mammalian diving reflex
Muscular defense
Scratch reflex
Startle reflex
Withdrawal reflex
- Crossed extensor reflex

Many of these reflexes are quite complex requiring a number of synapses in a number of different nuclei in the CNS (e.g., the escape reflex). Others of these involve just a couple of synapses to function (e.g., the withdrawal reflex). Processes such as breathing, digestion, and the maintenance of the heartbeat can also be regarded as reflex actions, according to some definitions of the term.

Grading

In medicine, reflexes are often used to assess the health of the nervous system. Doctors will typically grade the activity of a reflex on a scale from 0 to 4.^[3] While 2+ is considered normal, some healthy individuals are hypo-reflexive and register all reflexes at 1+, while others are hyper-reflexive and register all reflexes at 3+.

Grade	Description
0	Absent
1+ or +	Diminished
2+ or ++	"Normal"
3+ or +++	Hyperactive without clonus
4+ or ++++	Hyperactive with clonus

References

^ Purves (2004). Neuroscience: Third Edition. Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
^ Neurologic Exam
^ University of Florida > Neurologic Examination Retrieved on May 9, 2009

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
2. 新生児の神経学的検査 neurologic examination of the newborn
3. 幼児および小児における精密な神経学的評価 detailed neurologic assessment of infants and children
4. 小児における、アデノイド切除同時施行例を含む扁桃摘出に対する麻酔 anesthesia for tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in children
5. 重症筋無力症患者に対する麻酔 anesthesia for the patient with myasthenia gravis

English Journal

Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in vestibular schwannoma after gamma-knife surgery.

Lee YF1, Lee CC2, Wang MC1, Liu KD2, Wu HM3, Guo WY3, Shiao AS1, Pan DH2, Chung WY2, Hsu SP4.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2015 Aug;42(4):265-70. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.01.004. Epub 2015 Feb 7.
OBJECTIVE: Gamma-knife radiosurgery (GKS) for vestibular schwannomas (VSs) has become popular during the last two decades, and a promising tumor control rate has been reported. Therefore, the evaluation and preservation of auditory-vestibular nerve function after GKS have become more and more import
PMID 25666552

The use of rat spinal reflexes to quantify injection pain.

Ami N1, Satou H2.
European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences.Eur J Pharm Sci.2015 Jul 10;74:36-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.03.023. Epub 2015 Apr 4.
Pain caused by subcutaneous injections is unpleasant, which may limit patient compliance. The objective of this study was to use spinal reflexes to quantify subcutaneous injection pain. Spinal reflexes were measured using an electromyogram (EMG) test. The effects of injection volume, pH and osmotic
PMID 25850075

Assessment of the vestibuloocular reflex in fighter pilots with the video head impulse test.

Zuma E Maia FC1, Mangabeira Albernaz PL, Cal R, Brusco TR, da Costa SS.
Acta oto-laryngologica.Acta Otolaryngol.2015 Jul;135(7):681-4. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2015.1017889. Epub 2015 Apr 14.
CONCLUSION: There were no changes in the function of the six semicircular canals in active fighter pilots, through the use of the video head impulse test (vHIT). These results suggest that the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) works well at the high frequencies related to the natural head movements in th
PMID 25873335

Japanese Journal

先天性顔面神経麻痺に核上性眼球運動障害を呈し，Möbius症候群と診断した1例

古田充,三原雅史,木村康義,奥野龍禎,高橋正紀,望月秀樹
臨床神経学 55(4), 233-237, 2015
症例は18歳男性である．生下時より咀嚼筋，顔面筋の筋力低下があり，当科を受診した．両側咬筋の萎縮と顔面筋力の重度低下をみとめ，閉口困難・兎眼を呈していた．左眼に内外転障害と随意運動時の上転障害をみとめたがBell現象は残存していた．顔面神経伝導検査で遠位潜時は保たれていたが瞬目反射は導出不能で，針筋電図では舌に神経原性変化をみとめた．上肢筋生検や皮膚生検でも異常所見はなく，先天性顔面神経麻痺に核上 …
NAID 130005066233

Galactocerebroside抗体のみが陽性であった純粋感覚型Guillain-Barré症候群の1例

小河秀郎,中島敦史,小橋修平,寒川真,楠進
臨床神経学 55(3), 171-173, 2015
症例は67歳男性．某日，両下肢違和感出現．3日後に道で転倒し当院救急入院．入院時，脳神経系異常なし．四肢筋力保たれるも両下肢深部覚障害のため起立困難．深部腱反射減弱，表在覚障害なし．腰椎MRI異常なし．神経伝導検査は運動神経異常なく，上下肢で著明な感覚神経振幅低下あり．Gal-C抗体陽性であり，純粋感覚型Guillain-Barré症候群（GBS）と診断．免疫グロブリン大量静注療法をおこなうも深部 …
NAID 130004921326

立位および歩行時における足部皮膚神経刺激によって誘発された体幹筋群皮膚反射の動態

鈴木伸弥,二橋元紀,大塚裕之 [他],原口慧史,中島剛,大森茂樹,笹田周作,小宮山伴与志
体力科学 64(1), 135-144, 2015
… This study examined the cutaneous reflexes (CR) to shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying the regulation of the trunk muscles during walking and standing. … These findings suggest that common neural mechanisms in limb muscles could function in the TRAP and RA, however, in the ES disparate neural mechanisms play a crucial role in modulating cutaneous reflexes during walking and standing. …
NAID 130004909070

Related Pictures

more reflexes Table Assessment of Infant Reflexes gastro intestinal reflexes the primitive reflexes C7 have reflexes. L4 and S1 have reflexes Cat Like Reflexes Retained Neonatal Reflexes and more reflexes