WordNet

give voice to; "He voiced his concern"
(linguistics) the grammatical relation (active or passive) of the grammatical subject of a verb to the action that the verb denotes
a means or agency by which something is expressed or communicated; "the voice of the law"; "the Times is not the voice of New York"; "conservatism has many voices"
the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a persons speech; "A shrill voice sounded behind us"
the sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract; "a singer takes good care of his voice"; "the giraffe cannot make any vocalizations" (同)vocalization, vocalisation, vocalism, phonation, vox
(metonymy) a singer; "he wanted to hear trained voices sing it"
a sound suggestive of a vocal utterance; "the noisy voice of the waterfall"; "the incessant voices of the artillery"
something suggestive of speech in being a medium of expression; "the wee small voice of conscience"; "the voice of experience"; "he said his voices told him to do it"
the ability to speak; "he lost his voice"
utter with vibrating vocal chords (同)sound, vocalize, vocalise
relating to or designed for or using the singing voice; "vocal technique"; "the vocal repertoire"; "organized a vocal group to sing his compositions"
full of the sound of voices; "a playground vocal with the shouts and laughter of children"
having or using the power to produce speech or sound; "vocal organs"; "all vocal beings hymned their praise"
of or relating to the scientific study of speech sounds; "phonetic analysis"
of or relating to speech sounds; "phonetic transcription" (同)phonic
biometric identification by electronically recording and graphically representing a persons voice; "voiceprints are uniquely characteristic of individual speakers"
a speaker who voices an opinion
someone who regulates the tone of organ pipes
having no voice in the management or control of affairs; "the voicelessness of those who live in situations of hopelessness"
an inner voice that judges your behavior (同)small voice, voice of conscience
a part written for a singer
produced with vibration of the vocal cords; "a frequently voiced opinion"; "voiced consonants such as `b and `g and `z"; (同)sonant, soft
the act of adjusting an organ pipe (or wind instrument) so that it conforms to the standards of tone and pitch and color

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(人間の)『声』 / 〈U〉声を出す力,物を言う力 / 〈C〉〈U〉声の質,声の状態(調子) / 〈C〉(人の声を思わせる)(…の)音《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(人の声にたとえた)(…の)音《+of+名》 / 〈U〉〈C〉『発言権』,選択権,投票権 / 〈U〉表現,表明;意見 / 〈C〉(声楽の)声 / 〈C〉(文法で)態 / 〈気持ちなど〉‘を'言い表す,口に出す / 〈音〉‘を'有声音で発音する
『声の』,音声の / 声に出す,口頭の / 《話》(意見などを)遠慮なくしゃべる,口やかましい / (ポピュラー歌手の)ボーカル
音声の;音声学の / 音声記号で表した / (言語について)発音がつづり字に一致した
声紋(声の特徴を表す音響分析図)
言い表された,口に出された / 有声音の,有声の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/12 20:51:44」(JST)

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この項目では、人や動物の発声器官が発する音について記述しています。その他の用法については「声 (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。

「ボイス、ヴォイス、Voice、雄叫び」はこの項目へ転送されています。

「ボイス」「ヴォイス」「Voice」のその他の用法については「ボイス (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。
遊助のシングルについては「雄叫び (曲)」をご覧ください。

声（こえ）とは、人や動物の発声器官（主として口、喉）から発せられる音のことである。

人間の声

人間、および鳥類以外の脊椎動物は普通、声帯を振動させることによって声を発する（有声音）。ただし、声帯振動を伴わない気息的な音（無声音）なども「声」に含む場合がある。また、仮声帯等、真声帯以外の襞の振動によっても似た音声が得られる。人間の場合は特に、言語のために調整された音声を指して声という場合もあり、より口腔などの共鳴、調音に重みがあるといえる。したがって「声は口で発せられる」という捉え方もあながち間違いではない。

発声は気道を（普通は真声帯の）声門閉鎖で遮り、そこに呼気圧を加えて息を流し込むことで声門が繰り返し開閉し、断続的な圧力変動（音波、喉頭原音）が生まれ、さらに声道による共鳴の効果で連続的な波形に整えられると同時に口腔や鼻腔、舌、歯、唇などの調音機構によって母音および子音が付加される。

真声帯は声唇とも呼ばれ、ヒトの口唇や瞼に似た構造の器官である。口唇を呼気で振動させる（リップロール、リップリード）と声帯振動を模した運動となり喉頭原音に似た音が生じる。これは金管楽器の発音体（マウスピース）に利用されている。

声には一般に高低があるとされるが、厳密には音高（ピッチ、振動数）の高低とフォルマントの高低の2種類がある。歌唱の際を除けば、両者の区別を付けずに「声が高い（低い）」といっている場合が多い。

フォルマントの高さは主に声道の長さで決まるので発声時の喉頭の位置に影響される。また一般に身長が高く顎や首の長い人ほど低いフォルマントで発声できる。

音高は声帯の形状、サイズ、伸展状態、声門閉鎖の強さ、呼気流の圧および速さ、振動様式（声種）などによって変わる。一般に知れ渡っている「声帯の長短で決まる」というような単純なものではない。また、木管楽器等のように共鳴のフィードバックにピッチが支配されることは基本的にない。これは、声道の共鳴の効果に対して声帯のスケール（長さ、重さ、剛さ）が大きいためである。

一般に男性の声は低く、女性の声は高い。また子供の声は男女とも高いとされ、成長に従って音高、フォルマントともに低下する。また男性のほとんどは第二次性徴で急に低い声に変わる。女性の場合も軽度であるが低くなる。壮年期を過ぎると女性は低くなることがあり、男性はやや高くなることがある。

子供や若い女性の場合、声帯伸展が強い発声が多いため（伸展が強いと振動形態が弦の振動に近づく）声帯の長短と音高の相関が成人男性より強いようである。背の高い女性声優は少年声・青年声で、背の低い女性声優は甲高い子供声で活躍する例が多く見られる。また、それとは対照的に、一般的に高いとされる声質の男性が少年や青年の声を演じる事もある。稀ではあるが、女性に近い声を発する事が出来る男性声優が女性役の声を演じる事もある。男性の場合は声種の兼ね合いから背の低い人がバリトンに多く高身長がテナーに多いといった逆転現象も良く見られる（あくまでアマチュアレベルの話で、ソリストはテノールに小柄な人が多いといわれる）。

人間は声を使って言葉を発するため、声という言葉には「意見」という意味もあり、報道関係で多く用いられる。報道記者が「～～との声もあるが（どう考えますか?）」という形でインタビュー対象者に質問するなどの際に用いられることも多い。

また、スポーツの場面（テニスや陸上競技の投擲競技など）でもしばしば声が使われる。これは一時的に強い力を出すときに有効な手段であるからである。

いろいろな声

ハスキーボイス
ウィスパーボイス

人声に似た楽器

人の発声機構は管楽器（中でもリード楽器）に例えられることがあり、管楽器に近いと思っている人は多い。

管楽器と人声の共通点は、発音体を作動させるのが呼気流であることと共鳴器を変形させる点である。ただし管楽器の共鳴器変形は音高調節のものであるのに対し、人声の場合は音波変形のための機構で、両者はかなり異質なものである。また、音高調整のために発音体を変形させる点は弦楽器に類似し、輪状甲状筋などを弦楽器のペグ（糸巻き）に例える人も多い。

人声の共鳴器のように多種の音波を生む機構は他の楽器には見られないものである。強いて挙げるならばパイプオルガンのストップ（音栓装置）やシンセサイザーが多用な音色を扱うという点では似ている。またダイレクトに波形を変形させる点からするとエレクトリックギターのエフェクターが類質の装置である。

トーキング・モジュレーター（talk box）はヒトの共鳴器をギターなどのエフェクターに利用するものである。

その他の事項

声楽は、人間の声によって演奏される音楽である。
言語には音素上、声による対立をなすものと、息による対立をなすもの（中国語、タイ語など）、声と息の両方による対立をなすもの（ヒンディー語など）がある。
アニメ、オリジナルビデオアニメ（OVA）、ラジオドラマ、ドラマCD、テレビゲーム、テレビ、映画、洋画の吹き替えなどに、声だけで出演する俳優のことを『声優』と称される。
文献上の記録として、『北条五代記』によれば、風魔小太郎はその声が50町（5.4km以上）先まで響いたと記される（事実なら城内のどこにいても声が聞こえる）。
糸電話は音声が振動の伝導であることの証明実験に用いられる。
平原や海中といった音をさえぎる障害物が少ない環境では、声は容易に遠くまで届き、動物はこれを利用したコミュニケーションを用いる。例として、クジラの声は3,000km先まで届く（クジラの歌参照）。

Voice types and the folds (cords) themselves

Main articles: Vocal folds and Voice types

A labeled anatomical diagram of the vocal folds or cords.

Adult men and women have different sizes of vocal fold; reflecting the male-female differences in larynx size. Adult male voices are usually lower-pitched and have larger folds. The male vocal folds (which would be measured vertically in the opposite diagram), are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length.^[7] The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm in length.

The folds in both sexes are within the larynx. They are attached at the back (side nearest the spinal cord) to the arytenoids cartilages, and at the front (side under the chin) to the thyroid cartilage. They have no outer edge as they blend into the side of the breathing tube (the illustration is out of date and does not show this well) while their inner edges or "margins" are free to vibrate (the hole). They have a three layer construction of an epithelium, vocal ligament, then muscle (vocalis muscle), which can shorten and bulge the folds. They are flat triangular bands and are pearly white in color. Above both sides of the vocal cord is the vestibular fold or false vocal cord, which has a small sac between its two folds (not illustrated).

The difference in vocal folds size between men and women means that they have differently pitched voices. Additionally, genetics also causes variances amongst the same sex, with men and women's singing voices being categorized into types. For example, among men, there are bass, baritone, tenor and countertenor (ranging from E2 to even F6), and among women, contralto, mezzo-soprano and soprano (ranging from F3 to C6). There are additional categories for operatic voices, see voice type. This is not the only source of difference between male and female voice. Men, generally speaking, have a larger vocal tract, which essentially gives the resultant voice a lower-sounding timbre. This is mostly independent of the vocal folds themselves.

Voice modulation in spoken language

Human spoken language makes use of the ability of almost all persons in a given society to dynamically modulate certain parameters of the laryngeal voice source in a consistent manner. The most important communicative, or phonetic, parameters are the voice pitch (determined by the vibratory frequency of the vocal folds) and the degree of separation of the vocal folds, referred to as vocal fold adduction (coming together) or abduction (separating).^[8]

The ability to vary the ab/adduction of the vocal folds quickly has a strong genetic component, since vocal fold adduction has a life-preserving function in keeping food from passing into the lungs, in addition to the covering action of the epiglottis. Consequently, the muscles that control this action are among the fastest in the body.^[8] Children can learn to use this action consistently during speech at an early age, as they learn to speak the difference between utterances such as "apa" (having an abductory-adductory gesture for the p) as "aba" (having no abductory-adductory gesture).^[8] Surprisingly enough, they can learn to do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own, and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them.

If an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough, the vibrations of the vocal folds will stop (or not start). If the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound, the sound will be called voiceless. However, voiceless speech sounds are sometimes better identified as containing an abductory gesture, even if the gesture was not strong enough to stop the vocal folds from vibrating. This anomalous feature of voiceless speech sounds is better understood if it is realized that it is the change in the spectral qualities of the voice as abduction proceeds that is the primary acoustic attribute that the listener attends to when identifying a voiceless speech sound, and not simply the presence or absence of voice (periodic energy).^[9]

An adductory gesture is also identified by the change in voice spectral energy it produces. Thus, a speech sound having an adductory gesture may be referred to as a "glottal stop" even if the vocal fold vibrations do not entirely stop.^[9]

Other aspects of the voice, such as variations in the regularity of vibration, are also used for communication, and are important for the trained voice user to master, but are more rarely used in the formal phonetic code of a spoken language.

Physiology and vocal timbre

The sound of each individual's voice is entirely unique not only because of the actual shape and size of an individual's vocal cords but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person's body, especially the vocal tract, and the manner in which the speech sounds are habitually formed and articulated. (It is this latter aspect of the sound of the voice that can be mimicked by skilled performers.) Humans have vocal folds that can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of chest and neck, the position of the tongue, and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered. Any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body, and an individual's size and bone structure can affect somewhat the sound produced by an individual.

Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation. Another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx, which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of laryngeal function are described as different kinds of vocal registers.^[10] The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singer's Formant, which has been shown to be a resonance added to the normal resonances of the vocal tract above the frequency range of most instruments and so enables the singer's voice to carry better over musical accompaniment.^[11]^[12]

Vocal registration

Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the human voice. A register in the human voice is a particular series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, and possessing the same quality. Registers originate in laryngeal functioning. They occur because the vocal folds are capable of producing several different vibratory patterns. Each of these vibratory patterns appears within a particular Vocal range range of pitches and produces certain characteristic sounds.^[13] the term register can be somewhat confusing as it encompasses several aspects of the human voice. The term register can be used to refer to any of the following:^[14]

A particular part of the vocal range such as the upper, middle, or lower registers.
A resonance area such as chest voice or head voice.
A phonatory process.
A certain vocal timbre.
A region of the voice that is defined or delimited by vocal breaks.
A subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.

In linguistics, a register language is a language that combines tone and vowel phonation into a single phonological system.

Within speech pathology the term vocal register has three constituent elements: a certain vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound. Speech pathologists identify four vocal registers based on the physiology of laryngeal function: the vocal fry register, the modal register, and the falsetto register, and the whistle register. This view is also adopted by many vocal pedagogists.^[14]

Vocal resonation

Vocal resonation is the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air. Various terms related to the resonation process include amplification, enrichment, enlargement, improvement, intensification, and prolongation; although in strictly scientific usage acoustic authorities would question most of them. The main point to be drawn from these terms by a singer or speaker is that the end result of resonation is, or should be, to make a better sound.^[14] There are seven areas that may be listed as possible vocal resonators. In sequence from the lowest within the body to the highest, these areas are the chest, the tracheal tree, the larynx itself, the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the sinuses.^[15]

Influences of the human voice

Main articles: Voice projection and Evolution

The twelve-tone musical scale, upon which some of the music in the world is based, may have its roots in the sound of the human voice during the course of evolution, according to a study published by the New Scientist. Analysis of recorded speech samples found peaks in acoustic energy that mirrored the distances between notes in the twelve-tone scale.^[16]

Voice disorders

Main articles: Vocal loading and Voice disorders

There are many disorders that affect the human voice; these include speech impediments, and growths and lesions on the vocal folds. Talking improperly for long periods of time causes vocal loading, which is stress inflicted on the speech organs. When vocal injury is done, often an ENT specialist may be able to help, but the best treatment is the prevention of injuries through good vocal production.^[17] Voice therapy is generally delivered by a speech-language pathologist.

Vocal Cord Nodules and Polyps

Vocal nodules are caused over time by repeated abuse of the vocal cords which results in soft, swollen spots on each vocal cord. These spots develop into harder, callous-like growths called nodules. The longer the abuse occurs the larger and stiffer the nodules will become. Most polyps are larger than nodules and may be called by other names, such as polypoid degeneration or Reinke's edema. Polyps are caused by a single occurrence and may require surgical removal. Irritation after the removal may then lead to nodules if additional irritation persists. Speech-language therapy teaches the patient how to eliminate the irritations permanently through habit changes and vocal hygiene. Hoarseness or breathiness that lasts for more than two weeks is a common symptom of an underlying voice disorder such as nodes or polyps and should be investigated medically.^[18]

References

^ Stevens, K.N.(2000), Acoustic Phonetics, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-69250-3, 978-0-262-69250-2
^ Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall (currently published by NCVS.org), ISBN 978-0-13-717893-3.
^ Titze, I. R. (2006).The Myoelatic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation, Iowa City:National Center for Voice and Speech, 2006.
^ Smith, BL; Brown, BL; Strong, WJ; Rencher, AC (1975). "Effects of speech rate on personality perception.". Language and speech 18 (2): 145–52. PMID 1195957.
^ Williams, CE; Stevens, KN (1972). "Emotions and speech: some acoustical correlates.". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 52 (4): 1238–50. doi:10.1121/1.1913238. PMID 4638039.
^ Titze, IR; Mapes, S; Story, B (1994). "Acoustics of the tenor high voice.". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95 (2): 1133–42. doi:10.1121/1.408461. PMID 8132903.
^ Thurman, Leon & Welch, ed., Graham (2000), Body mind & voice: Foundations of voice education (revised ed.), Collegeville, Minnesota: The Voice Care Network et al., ISBN 0-87414-123-0
^ ^a ^b ^c Rothenberg, M. The Breath-Stream Dynamics of Simple-Released Plosive Production, Vol. 6, Bibliotheca Phonetica, Karger, Basel, 1968.
^ ^a ^b Rothenberg, M. The glottal volume velocity waveform during loose and tight voiced glottal adjustments, Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 22-28 August 1971 ed. by A. Rigault and R. Charbonneau, published in 1972 by Mouton, The Hague – Paris.
^ Vennard, William (1967). singing: The Mechanism and the Technic. Carl Fischer. ISBN 978-0-8258-0055-9.
^ Sundberg, Johan, The Acoustics of the Singing Voice, Scientific American Mar 77, p82
^ E. J. Hunter, J. G. Svec, and I. R. Titze. Comparison of the Produced and Perceived Voice Range Profiles in Untrained and Trained Classical Singers. J.Voice 2005.
^ Large, John (February/March 1972). "Towards an Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers". The NATS Bulletin 28: 30–35.
^ ^a ^b ^c McKinney, James (1994). The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults. Genovex Music Group. ISBN 978-1-56593-940-0.
^ Greene, Margaret; Lesley Mathieson (2001). The Voice and its Disorders. John Wiley & Sons; 6th Edition edition. ISBN 978-1-86156-196-1.
^ Musical roots may lie in human voice – 06 August 2003 – New Scientist
^ Fine Tuning Your Voice
^ Evaluating Hoarseness: Keeping Your Patient's Voice Healthy

External links

Look up voice or vocal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Voice

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: singing

Free Voice analyzer and Biometrics displaying software from University College London
The Head Voice and Other Problems, 1917, by D. A. Clippinger, from Project Gutenberg
The Voice Foundation's official website
The Anatomy of Singing
David Harper, vocal coach: A passion for the voice that never wanes – Opera~Opera article
Irish Voice festival official website
How the voice works-- The Voice Works Like a Car
Voice acoustics: an introduction from the University of New South Wales.
Voice, a free software for MacOSX.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における嗄声 hoarseness in adults
2. 小児における嗄声：評価 hoarseness in children evaluation
3. 無喉頭言語リハビリテーション alaryngeal speech rehabilitation
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