WordNet

to be expected; standard; "common decency"
common to or shared by two or more parties; "a common friend"; "the mutual interests of management and labor" (同)mutual
of or associated with the great masses of people; "the common people in those days suffered greatly"; "behavior that branded him as common"; "his square plebeian nose"; "a vulgar and objectionable person"; "the unwashed masses" (同)plebeian, vulgar, unwashed
commonly encountered; "a common (or familiar) complaint"; "the usual greeting" (同)usual
being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language; "common parlance"; "a vernacular term"; "vernacular speakers"; "the vulgar tongue of the masses"; "the technical and vulgar names for an animal species" (同)vernacular, vulgar
belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public; "for the common good"; "common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community"
having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual; "the common man"; "a common sailor"; "the common cold"; "a common nuisance"; "followed common procedure"; "it is common knowledge that she lives alone"; "the common housefly"; "a common brand of soap"
somewhat indefinite; "bearing a general resemblance to the original"; "a general description of the merchandise"
a general officer of the highest rank (同)full general
the head of a religious order or congregation (同)superior general
a fact about the whole (as opposed to particular); "he discussed the general but neglected the particular"
affecting the entire body; "a general anesthetic"; "general symptoms"
applying to all or most members of a category or group; "the general public"; "general assistance"; "a general rule"; "in general terms"; "comprehensible to the general reader"
command as a general; "We are generaled by an incompetent!"
not specialized or limited to one class of things; "general studies"; "general knowledge"
prevailing among and common to the general public; "the general discontent"
unimaginative and conformist; "conventional bourgeois lives"; "conventional attitudes"
conforming with accepted standards; "a conventional view of the world" (同)established
represented in simplified or symbolic form (同)formal, schematic
(weapons) using energy for propulsion or destruction that is not nuclear energy; "conventional warfare"; "conventional weapons"
following accepted customs and proprieties; "conventional wisdom"; "she had strayed from the path of conventional behavior"; "conventional forms of address"
in accord with or being a tradition or practice accepted from the past; "a conventional church wedding with the bride in traditional white"; "the conventional handshake"
in accordance with scientific laws
being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development; "a perfectly normal child"; "of normal intelligence"; "the most normal person Ive ever met"
conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal; "serve wine at normal room temperature"; "normal diplomatic relations"; "normal working hours"; "normal word order"; "normal curiosity"; "the normal course of events"
forming a right angle
to a remarkable degree or extent; "she was unusually tall" (同)remarkably, outstandingly, unco
occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure; "grew the usual vegetables"; "the usual summer heat"; "came at the usual time"; "the childs usual bedtime"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『普通は』,通例,通常,いつもは
(二つ以上のものに)『共通の』,共同の,共有の / 『一般の』,公共の,公衆の / 『普通の』,ありふれた / 慢凡な,並みの / 品のない,粗野な,野卑な(vulgar) / (数式で)共通の,公約の通約の・ (文法で)通性の,通格の(男性・女性どちらの格も用いることができる) ・〈C〉《時に複数形で》共有地,公有地,共有牧草;(市町村の)公園・〈U〉共有権
(あるグループ)『全部の』,全部を含む / 『世間一般の』,広く行き渡った / 『一般の』,専門的でない / 『大体の』,概略の / 『陸軍大将』;(陸軍の)『将軍』,将官 / 概して,一般に
『型にはまった』,おきまりの / 慣例の,示慣的な,因襲的な / (核兵器に対して)通常兵器の
『正常な』,『通常の』,標準の / (人が肉体・知能・情緒の発達において)平均的な,年齢相応の / (線などが)垂直な;(…に)垂直な《+『to』+『名』》・普通の;典型的な;直角をなす (to)・（実験動物が）常態の, 未処置［未免疫］の;（濃度が）規定の・常態;垂線, 法線;平均量［値］正常,通常;標準
『異常に』,一風変わって / 《話》非常に,ひどく
『いつもの』,通例の,おきまりの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/07/12 09:57:27」(JST)

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A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms or criteria, often taking the form of a custom.

Certain types of rules or customs may become law and regulatory legislation may be introduced to formalize or enforce the convention (for example, laws that define on which side of the road vehicles must be driven). In a social context, a convention may retain the character of an "unwritten" law of custom (for example, the manner in which people greet each other, such as by shaking each other's hands).

In physical sciences, numerical values (such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values.

General

A convention is a selection from among two or more alternatives, where the rule or alternative is agreed upon among participants. Often the word refers to unwritten customs shared throughout a community. For instance, it is conventional in many societies that strangers being introduced shake hands. Some conventions are explicitly legislated; for example, it is conventional in the United States and in Germany that motorists drive on the right side of the road, whereas in England, Australia, Mauritius and Barbados they drive on the left. The standardization of time is a human convention based on the solar cycle or calendar. The extent to which justice is conventional (as opposed to natural or objective) is historically an important debate among philosophers.

The nature of conventions has raised long-lasting philosophical discussion. Quine, Davidson and David Lewis published influential writings on the subject. Lewis's account of convention received an extended critique in Margaret Gilbert's On Social Facts (1989), where an alternative account is offered. Another view of convention comes from Ruth Millikan's Language: A Biological Model (2005), once more against Lewis.

The Buddha described conventions — whether linguistic, social, political, moral, ethical, or even religious — as arising dependent on specific conditions. According to his paradigm, when conventions are considered absolute realities, they contribute to dogmatism, which in turn leads to conflict. This does not mean that conventions should be absolutely ignored as unreal and therefore useless. Instead, according to Buddhist thought, a wise person adopts a middle way without holding conventions to be ultimate or ignoring them when they are fruitful.^[1]

Customary or social conventions

Social

Main articles: Norm (sociology), Mores, Folkways (sociology), and Norm (philosophy)

In sociology a social rule refers to any social convention commonly adhered to in a society. These rules are not written in law or otherwise formalized. In social constructionism there is a great focus on social rules. It is argued that these rules are socially constructed, that these rules act upon every member of a society, but at the same time, are re-produced by the individuals.

Sociologists representing symbolic interactionism argue that social rules are created through the interaction between the members of a society. The focus on active interaction highlights the fluid, shifting character of social rules. These are specific to the social context, a context that varies through time and place. That means a social rule changes over time within the same society. What was acceptable in the past may no longer be the case. Similarly, rules differ across space: what is acceptable in one society may not be so in another.

Social rules reflect what is acceptable or normal behaviour in any situation. Michel Foucault's concept of discourse is closely related to social rules as it offers a possible explanation how these rules are shaped and change. It is the social rules that tell people what is normal behaviour for any specific category. Thus, social rules tell a woman how to behave in a womanly manner, and a man, how to be manly. Other such rules are as follows:

strangers being introduced shake hands, as in Western societies, but
- bow toward each other, in Korea, Japan and China
- do not bow at each other, in the Jewish tradition
- in the US, eye contact, a nod of the head toward each other, and a smile, with no bowing; the palm of the hand faces sideways, neither upward nor downward, in a business handshake.
- present business cards to each other, in business meetings
click heels together, in past eras of Western history
a woman's curtsey, in some societies
in the Mideast, never displaying the sole of the foot toward another, as this would be seen as a grave insult.
In many schools, though seats for students are not assigned they are still "claimed" by certain students, and sitting in someone else's seat is considered an insult

Others

Generic conventions, which are very closely tied to a particular artistic genre, and may even help to define what that genre is. Other conventions that may simply be expectations are:

paintings are rectangular or square
stock devices (a comedy ends with a marriage, but a cowboy film can end with the hero riding off into the sunset)
Mathematical notation follows the order of operations

Government

In government, convention is a set of unwritten rules that participants in the government must follow. These rules can be ignored only if justification is clear, or can be provided. Otherwise, consequences follow. Consequences may include ignoring some other convention that has until now been followed. According to the traditional doctrine (Dicey)^{[citation needed]}, conventions cannot be enforced in courts, because they are non-legal sets of rules. Convention is particularly important in the Commonwealth realms and other governments using the Westminster System of government, where many of the rules of government are unwritten.

International law

Main article: International law

The term convention is also used in international law to refer to certain formal statements of principle such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Conventions are adopted by international bodies such as the International Labour Organization and the United Nations. Conventions so adopted usually apply only to countries that ratify them, and do not automatically apply to member states of such bodies. These conventions are generally seen as having the force of international treaties for the ratifying countries. The best known of these are perhaps the several Geneva Conventions.

References

^ David Kalupahana, Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 17-18. The author refers specifically to the thought of the Buddha here.

External links

Rescorla, Michael (2007) Convention, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Law-Ref.org, an index of important international conventions.

UpToDate Contents

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Vaccination approaches for the prevention of urinary tract infection.

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Ribeiro T1, Fernandes C2, Nunes FM3, Filipe-Ribeiro L4, Cosme F5.
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An aggregated perylene-based broad-spectrum, efficient and label-free quencher for multiplexed fluorescent bioassays.

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Fluorescent sensing systems based on the quenching of fluorophores have found wide applications in bioassays. An efficient quencher will endow the sensing system a high sensitivity. The frequently used quenchers are based on organic molecules or nanomaterials, which usually need tedious synthesizing
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Japanese Journal

Web検索時の行動情報を用いたクエリ修正タイプの予測

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