v.

維持する

関: hold、keep、maintenance、retention、sustain

WordNet

state or assert; "He maintained his innocence" (同)defend
take and maintain control over, often by violent means; "The dissatisfied students held the Presidents office for almost a week"
keep from exhaling or expelling; "hold your breath"
a cell in a jail or prison (同)keep
a stronghold
power by which something or someone is affected or dominated; "he has a hold over them"
contain or hold; have within; "The jar carries wine"; "The canteen holds fresh water"; "This can contains water" (同)bear, carry, contain
support or hold in a certain manner; "She holds her head high"; "He carried himself upright" (同)carry, bear
be the physical support of; carry the weight of; "The beam holds up the roof"; "He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam"; "Whats holding that mirror?" (同)support, sustain, hold_up
have or hold in ones hands or grip; "Hold this bowl for a moment, please"; "A crazy idea took hold of him" (同)take_hold
organize or be responsible for; "hold a reception"; "have, throw, or make a party"; "give a course" (同)throw, have, make, give
aim, point, or direct; "Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames"
assert or affirm; "Rousseaus philosophy holds that people are inherently good"
cover as for protection against noise or smell; "She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate"; "hold ones nose"
have as a major characteristic; "The novel holds many surprises"; "The book holds in store much valuable advise"
hold the attention of; "The soprano held the audience"; "This story held our interest"; "She can hold an audience spellbound"
keep from departing; "Hold the taxi"; "Hold the horse"
remain committed to; "I hold to these ideas"
remain in a certain state, position, or condition; "The weather held"; "They held on the road and kept marching"
stop dealing with; "hold all calls to the Presidents office while he is in a meeting"
supply with room and board; "He is keeping three women in the guest cottage"; "keep boarders"
the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress (同)donjon, dungeon
retain possession of; "Can I keep my old stuffed animals?"; "She kept her maiden name after she married" (同)hold_on
maintain by writing regular records; "keep a diary"; "maintain a record"; "keep notes" (同)maintain
maintain for use and service; "I keep a car in the countryside"; "She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips" (同)maintain
keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., "keep clean"; "hold in place"; "She always held herself as a lady"; "The students keep me on my toes" (同)maintain, hold
maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger; "May God keep you" (同)preserve
fail to spoil or rot; "These potatoes keep for a long time" (同)stay fresh
have as a supply; "I always keep batteries in the freezer"; "keep food for a week in the pantry"; "She keeps a sixpack and a weeks worth of supplies in the refrigerator"
hold and prevent from leaving; "The student was kept after school"
look after; be the keeper of; have charge of; "He keeps the shop when I am gone"
raise; "She keeps a few chickens in the yard"; "he keeps bees"
store or keep customarily; "Where do you keep your gardening tools?"
admit as valid; "The court sustained the motion"
supply with necessities and support; "She alone sustained her family"; "The money will sustain our good cause"; "Theres little to earn and many to keep" (同)keep, maintain
means of maintenance of a family or group
the unauthorized interference in a legal action by a person having no interest in it (as by helping one party with money or otherwise to continue the action) so as to obstruct justice or promote unnecessary litigation or unsettle the peace of the community; "unlike champerty, criminal maintenance does not necessarily involve personal profit" (同)criminal maintenance
the act of retaining something (同)keeping, holding
capable of being maintained

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈ある状催・動作〉‘を'『維持する』,続ける,保つ / 〈施設など〉‘を'手入れして保存する,保全する / …‘を'『主張する』,と断言する / (…を収入で)〈家族など〉‘を'『扶養する』,養う《+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / (攻撃・危険から)…‘を'擁護する,守る
(手などに)…‘を'『持つ』,『持っている』,つかむ,つかんでいる・〈人・物〉‘を'『押しとどめる』,押えておく,留めておく・《副詞[句]を伴って》(ある位置・状態に)〈手・足など体の一部〉‘を'『保つ』(keep) ・〈容器などが〉〈物など〉‘を'『入れている』,収容できる(進行形にできない) ・〈重い荷物など〉‘に'耐える,持ちこたえる(bear);〈物〉‘を'支える(support) ・〈職・地位など〉‘を'占める,占めている(進行形にできない) ・〈土地・財産など〉‘を'所有している(進行形にできない) ・〈会など〉‘を'開催する,〈式〉‘を'行う・〈軍隊などが〉〈土地など〉‘を'確保する;(敵などから)〈とりでなど〉‘を'守る《+『名』+『against』+『名』》・〈注意・関心・興味など〉‘を'引きつけておく,引き留めておく・〈考え・意見など〉‘を'心にいだいている・…‘と'考える,信ずる / 『しっかりと付いている』,切れ(折れ)ないでいる・(…に)『しっかりつかまっている』,しがみついている《+『to』+『名』》・(約束・信念などを)固く守る《+『to』+『名』》・《『hold』+『形』〈補〉》(…の)『ままである』・(引き続いて)有効である,当てはまる・〈U〉〈C〉(…を)‐手でつかむ(握る)こと』,把握《+『of』(『on』)+『名』》・〈U〉(人の心などを)つかむこと,支配[力],掌握《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》・〈C〉つかまるもの,手(足)がかり・(音楽の記号の)フェルマータ
船倉;(飛行機の)貨物室
〈物〉‘を'『ずっと持っている』,保持する / 〈物〉‘を'『保存しておく』,しまっておく,取っておく / 〈ある状熊〉‘を'『保ち続ける』,保つ / (ある状態・関係・場所に)〈人・物〉‘を'『保つ』,しておく,とどめておく / 〈日記・帳簿など〉‘を'つけている / 〈約束・規則・慣習など〉‘を'『守る』,‘に'従う,〈約束した時間・定められた祭りなどの日〉‘を'守る / …‘の'『管理する』,世話をする / (…から)…‘を'『守る』,保護する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 《『keep』+『形』(『過分』)〈補〉》ある状態・動作などを)『保つ』,(…し)続ける,(…の)ままでいる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所に)『ずっといる』 / 〈食物などが〉保存がきく,もつ / 〈U〉生活費;食物,糧食;(動物の)飼育費 / 〈C〉(中世の城の)本丸,天守閣
…‘を'『持続する』,続けてする / 〈人〉‘を'『元気づける』 / 〈家族など〉‘を'『養う』 / 《文》(物が下から)…‘を'『支える』 / 〈損害・傷害など〉‘を'『受ける』,こうむる / 〈苦難など〉‘に'耐える,耐え抜く / (法的に)…‘を'認める / …‘を'立証する,確証する
(…の)維持,持続,保全,保守[管理]《+『of』+『名』》 / (…の)維持(持続)された状態《+『of』+『名』》 / 維持費,生活費
保持(維持)すること;保持(維持)された状態 / 保持(維持)する力 / 記憶(力)
維持できる / 扶養できる / 主張できる
継続(維持)が可能であること / 扶養できること / 主張(断言)できること

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/26 11:26:58」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Repair" and "repairman" redirect here. For home repair, see Home repair.

Mechanical repair

Maintenance, repair, and operations^[1] (MRO) or maintenance, repair, and overhaul^[2] involves fixing any sort of mechanical, plumbing or electrical device should it become out of order or broken (known as repair, unscheduled or casualty maintenance). It also includes performing routine actions which keep the device in working order (known as scheduled maintenance) or prevent trouble from arising (preventive maintenance). MRO may be defined as, "All actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. The actions include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative, managerial, and supervision actions." ^[3]

MRO operations can be categorised by whether the product remains the property of the customer, i.e. a service is being offered, or whether the product is bought by the reprocessing organisation and sold to any customer wishing to make the purchase (Guadette, 2002). In the former case it may be a backshop operation within a larger organisation.

The former of these represents a closed loop supply chain and usually has the scope of maintenance, repair or overhaul of the product. The latter of the categorisations is an open loop supply chain and is typified by refurbishment and remanufacture. The main characteristic of the closed loop system is that the demand for a product is matched with the supply of a used product. Neglecting asset write-offs and exceptional activities the total population of the product between the customer and the service provider remains constant.

Engineering

Road repair

In telecommunication, commercial real estate and engineering in general, the term maintenance has the following meanings:

Any activity – such as tests, measurements, replacements, adjustments and repairs — intended to retain or restore a functional unit in or to a specified state in which the unit can perform its required functions.^[4]
For material — all action taken to retain material in a serviceable condition or to restore it to serviceability. It includes inspection, testing, servicing, classification as to serviceability, repair, rebuilding, and reclamation.^[4]
For material — all supply and repair action taken to keep a force in condition to carry out its mission.^[4]
For material — the routine recurring work required to keep a facility (plant, building, structure, ground facility, utility system, or other real property) in such condition that it may be continuously used, at its original or designed capacity and efficiency for its intended purpose.^[4]

Manufacturers and Industrial Supply Companies often refer to MRO as opposed to Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). OEM includes any activity related to the direct manufacture of goods, where MRO refers to any maintenance and repair activity to keep a manufacturing plant running.

Industrial supply companies can generally be sorted into two types:

the ones who cater to the MRO market generally carry a broad range of items such as fasteners, conveyors, cleaning goods, plumbing, and tools to keep a plant running.
OEM supply companies generally provide a smaller range of goods in much larger quantities with much lower prices, selling materials that will be regularly consumed in the manufacturing process to create the finished item.

Maintenance types

Generally speaking, there are three types of maintenance in use:

Preventive maintenance, where equipment is maintained before break down occurs. This type of maintenance has many different variations and is subject of various researches to determine best and most efficient way to maintain equipment. Recent studies have shown that Preventive maintenance is effective in preventing age related failures of the equipment. For random failure patterns which amount to 80% of the failure patterns, condition monitoring proves to be effective.
Corrective maintenance, where equipment is maintained after break down. This maintenance is often most expensive because worn equipment can damage other parts and cause multiple damage.
Reliability centered maintenance, often known as RCM, is a process to ensure that assets continue to do what their users require in their present operating context.

Preventive maintenance

Main article: Preventive maintenance

Preventive maintenance is maintenance performed in an attempt to avoid failures, unnecessary production loss and safety violations.

The effectiveness of a preventive maintenance schedule depends on the RCM analysis which it was based on, and the ground rules used for cost-effectivity.^[5]

Further information: Planned maintenance

Corrective maintenance

Repair shop

Main article: Corrective maintenance

Corrective maintenance is probably the most commonly used approach, but it is easy to see its limitations. When equipment fails, it often leads to downtime in production. In most cases, this is costly business. Also, if the equipment needs to be replaced, the cost of replacing it alone can be substantial. It is also important to consider health, safety and environment (HSE) issues related to malfunctioning equipment.

Corrective maintenance can be defined as the maintenance which is required when an item has failed or worn out, to bring it back to working order. Corrective maintenance is carried out on all items where the consequences of failure or wearing out are not significant and the cost of this maintenance is not greater than preventive maintenance.

Reliability centered maintenance

Main article: Reliability centered maintenance

Reliability centered maintenance is an engineering framework that enables the definition of a complete maintenance regime. It regards maintenance as the means to maintain the functions a user may require of machinery in a defined operating context. As a discipline it enables machinery stakeholders to monitor, assess, predict and generally understand the working of their physical assets. This is embodied in the initial part of the RCM process which is to identify the operating context of the machinery, and write a Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA). The second part of the analysis is to apply the "RCM logic", which helps determine the appropriate maintenance tasks for the identified failure modes in the FMECA. Once the logic is complete for all elements in the FMECA, the resulting list of maintenance is "packaged", so that the periodicities of the tasks are rationalised to be called up in work packages; it is important not to destroy the applicability of maintenance in this phase. Lastly, RCM is kept live throughout the "in-service" life of machinery, where the effectiveness of the maintenance is kept under constant review and adjusted in light of the experience gained.

MRO software

Main article: MRO Software

In many organizations because of the number of devices or products that need to be maintained or the complexity of systems, there is a need to manage the information with software packages. This is particularly the case in aerospace (e.g. airline fleets), military installations, large plants (e.g. manufacturing, power generation, petrochemical) and ships.

These software tools help engineers and technicians in increasing the system availability and reducing costs and repair times as well as reducing material supply time and increasing material availability by improving supply chain communication.

As MRO involves working with an organization’s products, resources, suppliers and customers, MRO packages have to interface with many enterprise business software systems (PLM, EAM, ERP, SCM, CRM).

One of the functions of such software is the configuration of bills of materials or BOMs, taking the component parts list from engineering (eBOM) and manufacturing (mBOM) and updating it from "as designed“ through "as built”, "as delivered", “as maintained”, and “as used”.

Another function is project planning logistics, for example identifying the critical path on the list of tasks to be carried out (inspection, diagnosis, locate/order parts and service) to calculate turnaround times (TAT).

Other tasks that software can perform:

Planning operations,
Managing execution of events,
Management of assets (parts, tools and equipment inventories),
Knowledge-base data on:
- Maintenance service history,
- Serial numbered parts,
- Reliability data: MTBF, MTTB (mean time to breakdown), MTBR (mean time between removals),
- Maintenance and repair documentation and best practices,
- Warranty/guarantee documents.

Many of these tasks are addressed in computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS). Data standards have been developed around these activities, most notably EAMXML and MIMOSA.

MRO goods

MRO goods are typically defined as any goods used in the creation of a product but not in the final product itself. Examples include:

the machinery used to make a product
spare parts for the machinery that creates the product, and
items used to maintain the facility in which the product is made.

References

^ Defense Logistics Agency
^ "Global Aircraft MRO Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul". Delta TechOps. http://www.deltatechops.com/about-us/view/category/about-delta-techops.
^ European Federation of National Maintenance Societies
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188 and from the Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
^ Tain Inc RCM analysis

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 心房細動患者における洞調律維持のための抗不整脈薬：臨床試験 antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation clinical trials
2. 心房細動患者における洞調律維持のための抗不整脈剤：推奨 antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation recommendations
3. びまん性または巣状増殖性ループス腎炎の治療 therapy of diffuse or focal proliferative lupus nephritis
4. Pediatric advanced life support (PALS)
5. 関節保護の概要 overview of joint protection

English Journal

Characterization of presbyequilibrium among institutionalized elderly persons.

Tuunainen E, Jäntti P, Poe D, Rasku J, Toppila E, Pyykkö I.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology, University of Tampere and University Hospital of Tampere, Finland.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2012 Dec;39(6):577-82. Epub 2012 Feb 23.
OBJECTIVE: The aim was to characterize dizziness, vertigo, poor maintenance of posture, and sudden instabilities (called presbyequilibrium) among institutionalized elderly to model and identify possible treatable causes.METHODS: A questionnaire based study focusing on symptoms among 72 elderly perso
PMID 22365269

Understanding catastrophic worry in eating disorders: Process and content characteristics.

Sternheim L, Startup H, Saeidi S, Morgan J, Hugo P, Russell A, Schmidt U.SourceKing's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Section of Eating Disorders, P059, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2012 Dec;43(4):1095-103. Epub 2012 Jun 7.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The majority of people with eating disorders (ED) experience high levels of comorbid anxiety and depression, yet the maintenance processes of these in ED remain largely unknown. Worry, a defining cognitive feature and important maintenance factor of anxiety, has not been w
PMID 22721602

Repetition is good? An Internet trial on the illusory truth effect in schizophrenia and nonclinical participants.

Moritz S, Köther U, Woodward TS, Veckenstedt R, Dechêne A, Stahl C.SourceUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2012 Dec;43(4):1058-63. Epub 2012 May 8.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The investigation of cognitive biases has considerably broadened our understanding of the cognitive underpinnings of schizophrenia. This is the first study to investigate the illusory truth or validity effect in schizophrenia, which denotes the phenomenon that the renewed
PMID 22683551