adj.

巨大な

関: colossal、huge、hugely、mega、prodigious、vast

WordNet

any creature of exceptional size
someone or something that is abnormally large and powerful (同)goliath, behemoth, monster, colossus
a very large person; impressive in size or qualities (同)hulk, heavyweight, whale
an imaginary figure of superhuman size and strength; appears in folklore and fairy tales
an unusually large enterprise; "Walton built a retail giant"
unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope; "huge government spending"; "huge country estates"; "huge popular demand for higher education"; "a huge wave"; "the Los Angeles aqueduct winds like an immense snake along the base of the mountains"; "immense numbers of birds"; "at vast (or immense) expense"; "the vast reaches of outer space"; "the vast accumulation of knowledge...which we call civilization"- W.R.Inge (同)immense, vast, Brobdingnagian
so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe; "colossal crumbling ruins of an ancient temple"; "has a colossal nerve"; "a prodigious storm"; "a stupendous field of grass"; "stupendous demand" (同)prodigious, stupendous
large dark striped eland of western equatorial Africa (同)Taurotragus derbianus

PrepTutorEJDIC

『大男』;(物語・伝説の)『巨人』 / 『大人物』,偉人 / 『巨大な物』 / 巨大な,ものすごく大きい
(かさ・量・程度などが)『巨大な』,ばく大な;《話》たいへんな
巨大な;ぼう大な / 《話》すばらしい,驚くべき
『広大な』,広範囲な / (数・量・程度などにおいて)ものすごい,ばく大な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/06 20:15:47」(JST)

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ジャイアント(Giant)

一般

英語で巨人（ギリシア神話のギガースが語源）。「大きな人」という意味の単語。 ⇒ 巨人 (曖昧さ回避)
ジャイアンツ (曖昧さ回避) - ジャイアントの複数形。
天文学用語で、巨大な天体のこと。
- 巨星 - 赤色巨星、青色巨星など。
- 巨大惑星 - 巨大ガス惑星、巨大氷惑星など。

人物

実在

ジャイアント馬場 - 世界の巨人、東洋の巨人の異名で知られる日本のプロレスラー。
アンドレ・ザ・ジャイアント - 大巨人、人間山脈などの異名で知られるフランス出身のプロレスラー。
ザ・ジャイアント - アメリカ合衆国のプロレスラー。 ⇒ ポール・ワイト
ジャイアント・キマラ (初代) - アメリカ合衆国のプロレスラー。 ⇒ カマラ (プロレスラー)
ジャイアント・キマラ (2代目) - 全日本プロレスで活動したプロレスラー。 ⇒ ジャイアント・キマラ
ジャイアント・シルバ - ブラジル出身のプロレスラー、総合格闘家、バスケットボール選手。
ジャイアント・シン - インド出身のプロレスラー。 ⇒ ダリップ・シン
ジャイアント・ゴンザレス - アルゼンチン出身のプロレスラー。 ⇒ エル・ヒガンテ
ジャイアント落合 - 落合博満の親戚として知られるプロレスラー、総合格闘家。
ジャイアント白田 - 日本のフードファイター。 ⇒ 白田信幸
ジャイアント小馬場 - お笑い芸人、ものまね芸人。

架空

ジャイアント - 任天堂の対戦型格闘ゲーム『ジョイメカファイト』に登場する架空のロボット。 ⇒ ジョイメカファイト#ステージ1（イーロボ）
『ターティエン』と『ジャンボーグA&ジャイアント』に登場するロボット。

組織

ジャイアント (バンド) - アメリカ合衆国のロックバンド (1987年-1992年, 2000年-)。
ジャイアント・マニュファクチャリング - 台湾の自転車メーカー。

作品名

ジャイアント (漫画) - 山田芳裕の野球漫画。
アタック・オブ・ザ・ジャイアント・ケーキ - 1999年のギリシャ映画。
ジャイアント・キリング - サッカー漫画。
ジャイアント (テレビドラマ) - 韓国のテレビドラマ。

1 Religious literature and beliefs
- 1.1 Abrahamic mythology
- 1.2 Armenian mythology
- 1.3 Jain mythology
- 1.4 Hindu mythology
- 1.5 Native American mythologies
- 1.6 Greek mythology
- 1.7 Roman mythology
- 1.8 Norse mythology
- 1.9 Baltic mythology
- 1.10 Bulgarian mythology
- 1.11 Basque mythology
- 1.12 Other European mythology
2 Alleged fossil evidence
3 Names and tribal origins of giants
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References

Religious literature and beliefs

David faces Goliath in this 1888 lithograph by Osmar Schindler.

Abrahamic mythology

Genesis 6:4-5 tells of the Nephilim before and after the Flood. According to Genesis 7:23, the Nephilim were destroyed in the Flood, but Nephilim are reported after the Flood, including:

the Anakites (Numbers 13:28-33)
the Emites (Deuteronomy 2:10)
the Amorites (Amos 2:9)^[2]
the Rephaites (Joshua 12:4)

The Bible also tells of Gog and Magog, who later entered into European folklore, and of the famous battle between David and the Philistine giant Goliath. The 1st-century historian Flavius Josephus, and the 1st-2nd-century BC Dead Sea Scrolls give Goliath's height as "four cubits and a span," approximately 2.00 m or about six feet seven inches.^[3] The King James translation of the Bible reports the giant Goliath as "six cubits and a span" in height—about nine feet nine inches tall, (over 2.75 m) (1Samuel 17:4 KJV), but the Septuagint, a Greek Bible, gives Goliath's height as "four cubits and a span" (~2.00 m). See also Gibborim.

Jewish historian Flavius Josephus also described the Amorites as giants in his Antiquities of the Jews, circa 93 AD, indicating that fossil evidence still remained at that time:^[4] "For which reason they removed their camp to Hebron; and when they had taken it, they slew all the inhabitants. There were till then left the race of giants, who had bodies so large, and countenances so entirely different from other men, that they were surprising to the sight, and terrible to the hearing. The bones of these men are still shown to this very day, unlike to any credible relations of other men."^[5]

In Islam, giants known as jababirat or jabbirun such as Jalut (Goliath) are mentioned^{[citation needed]}, as well as ‘Uj ibn Anaq^{[citation needed]} .

The Book of Enoch describes giants as the offspring of fallen angels and mortal women in 7:2.^[6]

Armenian mythology

Hayk was known as the founder of the Armenian state. Hayk was part of a race of giants who helped construct the tower of Babel. Ancient historian Movses Khorenatsi wrote, "Hayk was handsome and personable, with curly hair, sparkling eyes and strong arms. Among the giants he was the bravest and most famous, opponent of all who raised their hand to become absolute ruler over the giants and heroes."^[7]

Mount Nemrut is known to have received its name from an Armenian tradition in which Nimrod was killed by an arrow shot by Hayk during a massive battle between two rival armies of giants to the south-east of Lake Van.^[8]

Jain mythology

According to Jains, there was a time when giants walked upon this earth.^[9]^[10] Jain cosmology divides worldly cycle of time into two parts or half-cycles, avasarpani (age of descending purity) and ascending (utsarpani).^[11]

Division of time as envisaged by Jains. Human beings are said to be much taller than today in the first four aras of avasarpani and last four aras of utsarpani.

According to Jain texts, the height of Rishabha, first tirthankara of present half cycle of time (avasarpani) was 500 dhanusa (longbow).^[12] In avasarpani, as the cycle moves ahead, height of all humans and animals decreases. The following table depicts the six aras of avasarpini-

Name of the Ara	Degree of happiness	Duration of Ara	Average height of people	Average lifespan of people
Sukhama-sukhamā	Utmost happiness and no sorrow	400 trillion sāgaropamas	Six miles tall	Three palyopama years
Sukhamā	Moderate happiness and no sorrow	300 trillion sāgaropamas	Four miles tall	Two palyopama Years
Sukhama-dukhamā	Happiness with very little sorrow	200 trillion sāgaropamas	Two miles tall	One palyopama years
Dukhama-sukhamā	Happiness with little sorrow	100 trillion sāgaropamas	1500 meters	705.6 quintillion years
Dukhamā	Sorrow with very little Happiness	21,000 years	6 feet	130 years maximum
Dukhama- dukhamā	Extreme sorrow and misery	21,000 years	2 feet	16–20 years

Hindu mythology

In Hinduism, the giants are called Daityas. The Daityas (दैत्य) were the children of Diti and the sage Kashyapa who fought against the gods or Devas because they were jealous of their Deva half-brothers. Since Daityas were a power-seeking race, they sometimes allied with other races having similar ideology namely Danavas and Asuras. Daityas along with Danavas and Asuras are sometimes called Rakshasas, the generic term for a demon in Hindu mythology. Some known Daityas include Hiranyakashipu and Hiranyaksha. The main antagonist of the Hindu epic Ramayana, Ravana, was a Brahmin from his father's side and a Daitya from his mother's side. His younger brother Kumbhakarna was said to be as tall as a mountain and was quite good natured.

Native American mythologies

According to Paiute oral history, the Si-Te-Cah or Sai'i are a legendary tribe of red-haired cannibalistic giants, the remains of which were allegedly found in 1911 by guano miners in Nevada's Lovelock Cave.^[13] Furthermore, the Paiute creation story tells of "beautiful giants" who once lived between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. After giving birth to a disfigured child, the giants treated the child so poorly that the Great Spirit responded by making the land hot and desolate and allowing enemies to conquer the giants. Only two giants survived: Paiute and his wife, both of whose skin became brown from eternally living in the hot desert.^[14]

Adrienne Mayor writes about the Si-Te-Cah in her book, Legends of the First Americans.^[15] She suggests that the 'giant' interpretation of the skeletons from Lovelock Cave and other dry caves in Nevada was started by entrepreneurs setting up tourist displays and that the skeletons themselves were of normal size. However, about a hundred miles north of Lovelock there are plentiful fossils of mammoths and cave bears, and their large limb bones could easily be thought to be those of giants by an untrained observer. She also discusses the reddish hair, pointing out that hair pigment is not stable after death and that various factors such as temperature, soil, etc. can turn ancient very dark hair rusty red or orange.

Greek mythology

In Greek mythology the Gigantes (γίγαντες) were (according to the poet Hesiod) the children of Uranus (Ουρανός) and Gaia (Γαία) (spirits of the sky and the earth) where some depictions had them with snake-like legs. They were involved in a conflict with the Olympian gods called the Gigantomachy (Γιγαντομαχία) when Gaia had them attack Mount Olympus. This battle was eventually settled when the hero Heracles decided to help the Olympians. The Greeks believed some of them, like Enceladus, to lay buried from that time under the earth and that their tormented quivers resulted in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Herodotus in Book 1, Chapter 68, describes how the Spartans uncovered in Tegea the body of Orestes which was seven cubits long—around 10 feet (3 meters). In his book The Comparison of Romulus with Theseus Plutarch describes how the Athenians uncovered the body of Theseus, which was of more than ordinary size. The kneecaps of Ajax were exactly the size of a discus for the boy's pentathlon, wrote Pausanias. A boy's discus was about twelve centimeters in diameter, while a normal adult patella is around five centimeters, suggesting Ajax may have been around 14 feet (~4.3 meters) tall.

The Cyclopes, usually children of Gods (Olympians) and nature spirits (nereids, naiads and dryads), are also compared to giants due to their huge size (Polyphemus, son of Poseidon and Thoosa, and nemesis of Odysseus, comes to mind). The Elder Cyclopes were the children of Gaia and Uranus where they later made Zeus' Master Thunderbolt, Poseidon's Trident, and Hades' Helm of Darkness during the Titanomachy.

The Hecatoncheires are giants that have 100 arms and 50 heads who were also the children of Gaia and Uranus.

Other known giant races in Greek mythology include the six-armed Gegeines, the northern Hyperboreans, and the cannibalistic Laestrygonians.

Roman mythology

Hercules faces the giant Antaios in this illustration on a calix krater, c. 515–510 BC.

Several Jupiter-Giant-Columns have been found in Germania Superior. These were crowned with a statue of Jupiter, typically on horseback, defeating or trampling down a Giant, often depicted as a snake. They are restricted to the area of south-western Germany, western Switzerland, French Jura and Alsace.

Norse mythology

In Norse mythology, the Jotun (jötnar in Old Norse, a cognate with ettin) are often opposed to the gods. While often translated as "giants", most are described as being roughly human sized. Some are portrayed as huge, such as frost giants (hrímþursar), fire giants (eldjötnar), and mountain giants (bergrisar).

The giants are the origin of most of various monsters in Norse mythology (e.g. the Fenrisulfr), and in the eventual battle of Ragnarök the giants will storm Asgard and fight them, until the world is destroyed. Even so, the gods themselves were related to the giants by many marriages, and there are giants such as Ægir, Loki, Mímir, and Skaði, who bear little difference in status to them. The Chief God Odin was the great-grand son of the Giant Ymir.

Norse mythology also holds that the entire world of men was created from the flesh of Ymir, a giant of cosmic proportions, which name is considered by some to share a root with the name Yama of Indo-Iranian mythology.

An old Icelandic legend says that two night-prowling giants, a man and a woman, were traversing the fjord near Drangey Island with their cow when they were surprised by the bright rays of daybreak. As a result of exposure to daylight, all three were turned into stone. Drangey represents the cow and Kerling (supposedly the female giant, the name means "Old Hag") is to the south of it. Karl (the male giant) was to the north of the island, but he disappeared long ago.

A bergrisi appears as a supporter on the coat of arms of Iceland.

Baltic mythology

According to Baltic mythology, the playing of a giantess named Neringa on the seashore formed the Curonian Spit ("neria, nerge, neringia" means land which is diving up and down like a swimmer). This character also appears in other myths (in some of which she is shown as a young strong woman, similar to a female version of the Greek Heracles). "Neringa" is the name of a modern town on the spot.

Bulgarian mythology

In Bulgarian mythology, giants called ispolini inhabited the Earth before modern humans. They lived in the mountains, fed on raw meat and often fought against dragons. Ispolini were afraid of blackberries which posed a danger of tripping and dying, so they offered sacrifices to that plant.^[16]

Basque mythology

Giants are rough but generally righteous characters of formidable strength living up the hills of the Basque Country. Giants stand for the Basque people reluctant to convert to Christianity who decide to stick to the old life style and customs in the forest. Sometimes they hold the secret of ancient techniques and wisdom unknown to the Christians, like in the legend of San Martin Txiki, while their most outstanding feature is their strength. It follows that in many legends all over the Basque territory the giants are held accountable for the creation of many stone formations, hills and ages-old megalithic structures (dolmens, etc.), with similar explanations provided in different spots.

However, giants show different variants and forms, they are most frequently referred to as jentilak and mairuak, while as individuals they can be represented as Basajaun ('the lord of the forests'), Sanson (development of the biblical Samson), Errolan (based on the Frankish army general Roland who fell dead at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass) or even Tartalo (a one-eyed giant akin to the Greek Cyclops).

Other European mythology

King Arthur faces a giant in this engraving by Walter Crane.

In folklore from all over Europe, giants were believed to have built the remains of previous civilizations. Saxo Grammaticus, for example, argues that giants had to exist, because nothing else would explain the large walls, stone monuments, and statues that we now know were the remains of Roman construction. Similarly, the Old English poem Seafarer speaks of the high stone walls that were the work of giants. Even natural geologic features such as the massive basalt columns of the Giant's Causeway on the coast of Northern Ireland were attributed to construction by giants. Giants provided the least complicated explanation for such artifacts.

Medieval romances such as Amadis de Gaula feature giants as antagonists, or, rarely, as allies. This is parodied famously in Cervantes' Don Quixote, when the title character attacks a windmill, believing it to be a giant. This is the source of the phrase tilting at windmills.

Tales of combat with giants were a common feature in the folklore of Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Celtic giants also figure in Breton and Arthurian romances perhaps as a reflection of the Nordic and Slavic mythology that arrived on the boats, and from this source they spread into the heroic tales of Torquato Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, and their follower Edmund Spenser. In the small Scottish village of Kinloch Rannoch, a local myth to this effect concerns a local hill that apparently resembles the head, shoulders, and torso of a man, and has therefore been termed 'the sleeping giant'. Apparently the giant will awaken only if a specific musical instrument is played near the hill. Other giants, perhaps descended from earlier Germanic mythology, feature as frequent opponents of Dietrich von Bern in medieval German tales – in later portrayals Dietrich himself and his fellow heroes also became giants.

Many giants in English folklore were noted for their stupidity.^[17] A giant who had quarreled with the Mayor of Shrewsbury went to bury the city with dirt; however, he met a shoemaker, carrying shoes to repair, and the shoemaker convinced the giant that he had worn out all the shoes coming from Shrewsbury, and so it was too far to travel.^[18]

Other English stories told of how giants threw stones at each other. This was used to explain many great stones on the landscape.^[19]

Giants figure in a great many fairy tales and folklore stories, such as Jack the Giant Killer, The Giant Who Had No Heart in His Body, Nix Nought Nothing, Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon, Young Ronald, and Paul Bunyan. Ogres and trolls are humanoid creatures, sometimes of gigantic stature, that occur in various sorts of European folklore. An example of another, Slavic, folklore giant is Rübezahl, a kind giant from Wendish folklore who lived in the Giant Mountains (nowadays on the Czech-Polish border). Additionally, mythological beings which are not necessarily considered giants in the common sense can be characterized by a giant-like body size, e.g. the Bergmönch, a German mountain spirit.^[20]

In Kalevala, Antero Vipunen is a giant shaman that possesses mighty spells dating to the creation. Epic hero Väinämöinen sets out to learn these spells from him, but Vipunen is buried underground, and when Väinämöinen digs him out, he is accidentally swallowed by Vipunen. Väinämöinen then forces Vipunen to submit and sing the spells out by hammering his insides. An analysis by Martti Haavio is that Vipunen is not physically large, but his familiar animal (astral form) is a whale. The depiction is not found in the majority of Finnish original stories, and most probably originates from the book's compiler Elias Lönnrot.^[21]

Alleged fossil evidence

Through the centuries, certain archaeologists have searched for fossil evidence of a race of giants. Alleged evidence includes:

The Giant of Castelnau: Estimated at 11 feet 6 inches (3.5 m) tall. Discovered by the anthropologist Georges Vacher de Lapouge at the Bronze Age cemetery of Castelnau-le-Lez, France in the winter of 1890.^[22]^[23]^[24]
1894 press accounts mentioned a discovery of bones of human giants unearthed at a prehistoric cemetery at Montpellier, France. Skulls "28, 31, and 32 inches in circumference" were reported alongside other bones of gigantic proportions which indicated they belonged to a race of men "between 10 and 15 feet in height." The bones were reportedly sent to the Paris Academy for further study.^[25]^[26]
The remains of the Si-Te-Cah or Sai'i, a legendary tribe of red-haired cannibalistic giants, which were allegedly found in 1911 by guano miners in Nevada's Lovelock Cave.^[13] However, the size and nature of the fossil remains has been disputed by Adrienne Mayor in the book, Fossil Legends of the First Americans.^[27]

Names and tribal origins of giants

Amorites (Hebrew)
Druon Antigoon (Belgian)
Anakim (Hebrew)
Basajaun (Basque)
Bendigeidfran (Welsh)
Buto (Javanese – Indonesia)
Caligorante (France)
Cormoran (Cornwall)
Cyclopes/Cyclops (Greek)
Daidarabotchi (Japan)
Daitya (Sanskrit)
Fomorians (Gaelic)
Gigantes (Greek)
Gog (Hebrew)
Gogmagog (British)
Goliath of Gath (Hebrew)
Grendel (Anglo-Saxon)
Humbaba (Mesopotamia)
Ispolini (Bulgarian)
Jotuns (Norse/Teutonic)
Kalevipoeg (Estonian)
Magog (Hebrew)
Nephilim (Hebrew)
Neringa (Lithuania) (Balt)
Og of Bashan (Hebrew)
Paul Bunyan (USA)
Raksasa (Indonesian)
Rephaim (Hebrew)
Rubezahl (Wends)
Toell the Great (Suur Tõll) (Estonia)
Si-Te-Cah (Paiute)
Tepegöz (Oghuz Turks)
Teutobochus (Teuton)
Titans (Greek)
Toell the Great (Estonian)
Yalmavuz (Turkic)
Ysbaddaden (Welsh)
Zamzummim (Hebrew)

Notes

^ γίγαντες, Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library
^ Nave's Topical Bible: Amorites, Nave, Orville J., Retrieved:2013-03-14
^ "Variants of Bible Manuscripts". uop.edu.
^ Freedman, David Noel, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary, (New York: Doubleday, 1997, 1992).
^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 5, Chapter 2, Number 3, Antiquities of the Jews: Book 5, Retrieved: 15 March 2013
^ "The Book of Enoch: The Book of Enoch: Chapter VII". sacred-texts.com.
^ Khatchadourian, Arpine. David of Sassoun: An Introduction to the Study of the Armenian Epic. p. 18.
^ Collins, Andrew. From the Ashes of Angels: The Forbidden Legacy of a Fallen Race.
^ Zimmer 1953, p. 226.
^ "Tirthankara". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Jain 2015, p. 175.
^ Jain 2015, p. 181.
^ ^a ^b Loud, Llewellyn L.; M. R. Harrington (15 February 1929). "Lovelock Cave". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology (University of California at Berkeley) 25 (1): 1–183.
^ Greene, Michael S (2005). Nevada: A Journey of Discovery. Utah: Gibbs Smith. p. 39. ISBN 1-58685-139-X.
^ Mayor, Adrienne (2005). Fossil legends of the first Americans. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11345-9.
^ Стойнев, Анани; Димитър Попов; Маргарита Василева; Рачко Попов (2006). "Исполини". Българска митология. Енциклопедичен речник (in Bulgarian). изд. Захари Стоянов. pp. 147–148. ISBN 954-739-682-X.
^ Briggs 1967, p. 63.
^ Briggs 1967, p. 64.
^ Briggs 1967, p. 65.
^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen. Hamburg 2014, p. 34.
^ "Väinämöinen ja Antero Vipunen". parkkinen.org.
^ de Lapouge, G. (1890). "Le Gėant Fossile de Castelnau". La Nature. 888: 11–12. Retrieved 27 December 2010. Le sujet aurait une taille probable de 3 m, 50 [11 ft 5.8 in].
^ "A Prehistoric Giant". The Popular Science News and Boston Journal of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 24 (8): 113. August 1890. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^ "A Race of Giants in Old Gaul". The New York Times. October 3, 1892. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
^ "The Princeton Union (Princeton, Minn.) Pg. 2". October 11, 1894. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
^ "Giants of Prehistoric France". The McCook Tribune (McCook Neb.). March 8, 1895. p. 3. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
^ Mayor, Adrienne (2005). Fossil legends of the first Americans. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11345-9

References

Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0-500-51088-1) by Anna Dhallapiccola
Lyman, Robert R., Sr. (1971). Forbidden Land: Strange Events in the Black Forest. Vol. 1. Coudersport, PA: Potter Enterprise.
Childress, David Hatcher (1992). Lost Cities of North & Central America. Stelle, IL: Adventures Unlimited.
Dakhloul / Fakih debate, HHUMC (2013). Are Giants Just a Hoax?. Saida, Lebanon: Archive
Schäfke, Werner (2015). ″Dwarves, Trolls, Ogres, and Giants″. In Albrecht Classen (Ed.): Handbook of medieval culture. Fundamental aspects and conditions of the European middle ages, vol. 1. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 347–383.
Zimmer, Heinrich (1953), Joseph Campbell, ed., Philosophies Of India, London, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-8120807396
Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra’s Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 9788190363976, archived from the original on 2015, Non-Copyright
Briggs, Katharine Mary (1967). The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature. University of Chicago Press, London. ISBN 0415286018.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Free amino acid profiling in the giant puffball mushroom (Calvatia gigantea) using UPLC-MS/MS.

Kıvrak I1, Kıvrak S2, Harmandar M3.Author information 1Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Research Laboratory Center, MGL Food Analysis Laboratory, Kötekli, 48000 Muğla, Turkey. Electronic address: kivrakibrahim@gmail.com.2Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Research Laboratory Center, MGL Food Analysis Laboratory, Kötekli, 48000 Muğla, Turkey; Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kötekli, 48000 Muğla, Turkey. Electronic address: seydakivrak@gmail.com.3Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Kötekli, 48000 Muğla, Turkey. Electronic address: hmansur@mu.edu.t.AbstractWild edible and medicinal mushroom, Calvatia gigantea, was quantitatively analyzed for the determination of its free amino acids using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The concentrations of total free amino acids, essential and non-essential amino acids were 199.65mg/100g, 113.69mg/100g, and 85.96mg/100g in C. gigantea, respectively. This study showed that C. gigantea, so called a giant puffball mushroom, has free amino acids content. The essential amino acids: tryptophan, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, lysine, histidine, methionine, and the non-essential amino acids: tyrosine, 4-hyrdroxy proline, arginine, proline, glycine, serine, alanine, glutamine, glutamic acid, aspargine, aspartic acid were detected.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Sep 1;158:88-92. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.108. Epub 2014 Feb 28.
Wild edible and medicinal mushroom, Calvatia gigantea, was quantitatively analyzed for the determination of its free amino acids using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The concentrations of total free amino acids, essential and non-essential amino acids
PMID 24731318

An integrated giant magnetoimpedance biosensor for detection of biomarker.

Wang T1, Yang Z1, Lei C1, Lei J1, Zhou Y2.Author information 1Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science & Technology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Dong chuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China.2Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science & Technology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Dong chuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China. Electronic address: yzhou@sjtu.edu.cn.AbstractA Dynabeads-labeled magnetic immunoassay (MIA) has been developed by using an integrated giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) biosensor for the detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The GMI biosensor (Cr/Cu/NiFe/Cu/NiFe/Al2O3/Cr/Au films) integrated magnetic sensing elements and a biomolecular immunoplatform. Au film was modified with 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) for the immobilization of AFP monoclonal antibody. Double antibody sandwich immunoassay was used to specifically capture and label AFP antigen. Functionalized Dynabeads were conjugated to AFP antigen by streptavidin-biotin binding assay. GMI responses were measured for sensitive detection of AFP from 1 to 10ng/ml. Our results revealed that the presence of AFP on the biosensor improved the GMI effect owing to the induced magnetic dipole of superparamagnetic Dynabeads, and the GMI ratio was greatly increased at high frequency. Specificity of MIA was tested through the use of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). The underlying biophysical mechanisms responsible for the enhanced GMI effect in the detection of AFP were discussed. This work provides a complex lab-on-chip MIA for the detection of biomarker, which may open up a new way for the development of GMI-based MIA in clinical trials.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Aug 15;58:338-44. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.008. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
A Dynabeads-labeled magnetic immunoassay (MIA) has been developed by using an integrated giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) biosensor for the detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The GMI biosensor (Cr/Cu/NiFe/Cu/NiFe/Al2O3/Cr/Au films) integrated magnetic sensing elements and a biomolecular immunoplatfor
PMID 24662064

Wheatstone bridge giant-magnetoresistance based cell counter.

Lee CP1, Lai MF2, Huang HT1, Lin CW2, Wei ZH3.Author information 1Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC.2Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan ROC.3Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC. Electronic address: wei@pme.nthu.edu.tw.AbstractA Wheatstone bridge giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensor was proposed here for the detection and counting of magnetic cells. The biosensor was made of a top-pinned spin-valve layer structure, and it was integrated with a microchannel possessing the function of hydrodynamic focusing that allowed the cells to flow in series one by one and ensured the accuracy of detection. Through measuring the magnetoresistance variation caused by the stray field of the magnetic cells that flowed through the microchannel above the GMR biosensor, we can not only detect and count the cells but we can also recognize cells with different magnetic moments. In addition, a magnetic field gradient was applied for the separation of different cells into different channels.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Jul 15;57:48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.028. Epub 2014 Jan 25.
A Wheatstone bridge giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensor was proposed here for the detection and counting of magnetic cells. The biosensor was made of a top-pinned spin-valve layer structure, and it was integrated with a microchannel possessing the function of hydrodynamic focusing that allowed t
PMID 24534580

Anatomy of the auditory thalamocortical system in the mongolian gerbil: Nuclear origins and cortical field-, layer-, and frequency-specificities.

Saldeitis K1, Happel MF, Ohl FW, Scheich H, Budinger E.Author information 1Department of Auditory Learning & Speech, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, D-39118, Magdeburg, Germany.AbstractKnowledge of the anatomical organization of the auditory thalamocortical (TC) system is fundamental for the understanding of auditory information processing in the brain. In the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), a valuable model species in auditory research, the detailed anatomy of this system has not yet been worked out in detail. Here, we investigated the projections from the three subnuclei of the medial geniculate body (MGB), namely, its ventral (MGv), dorsal (MGd), and medial (MGm) divisions, as well as from several of their subdivisions (MGv: pars lateralis [LV], pars ovoidea [OV], rostral pole [RP]; MGd: deep dorsal nucleus [DD]), to the auditory cortex (AC) by stereotaxic pressure injections and electrophysiologically guided iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tract tracer biocytin. Our data reveal highly specific features of the TC connections regarding their nuclear origin in the subdivisions of the MGB and their termination patterns in the auditory cortical fields and layers. In addition to tonotopically organized projections, primarily of the LV, OV, and DD to the AC, a large number of axons diverge across the tonotopic gradient. These originate mainly from the RP, MGd (proper), and MGm. In particular, neurons of the MGm project in a columnar fashion to several auditory fields, forming small- and medium-sized boutons, and also hitherto unknown giant terminals. The distinctive layer-specific distribution of axonal endings within the AC indicates that each of the TC connectivity systems has a specific function in auditory cortical processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2397-2430, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2014 Jul 1;522(10):2397-430. doi: 10.1002/cne.23540.
Knowledge of the anatomical organization of the auditory thalamocortical (TC) system is fundamental for the understanding of auditory information processing in the brain. In the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), a valuable model species in auditory research, the detailed anatomy of this syst
PMID 24435884

Japanese Journal

今月の症例巨大な腫瘤を呈し自然消退した若年性黄色肉芽腫の1例

成田幸代,堀川永子,持田耕介 [他]
臨床皮膚科 = Japanese journal of clinical dermatology 69(8), 542-547, 2015-07
NAID 40020521582

Effect of spin-dependent interface resistance at (001)-oriented Fe/Ag interface on giant magnetoresistance effect

Jung Jinwon,Jin Zhenhu,Shiokawa Yohei,Sahashi Masashi
Appl. Phys. Express 8(7), 073005, 2015-06-18
… We experimentally investigated the asymmetric transmission probabilities of spin-up and spin-down electrons at a (001)-Fe/Ag interface, which result in a highly spin-dependent interface resistance ([Formula: see text]) that improves the magnetoresistive outputs of giant magnetoresistive devices whose ferromagnetic layers comprise only 3d transitional materials such as FeCo-based alloys. …
NAID 150000110864

巨大惑星系研究会開催報告

木村淳
遊・星・人 : 日本惑星科学会誌 24(2), 135-138, 2015-06
NAID 40020521850

放射線治療とMohsペースト外用療法の併用が奏効した巨大有棘細胞癌の1例 (特集悪性上皮系腫瘍)

笹田久美子,秦まき,吉川周佐 [他]
皮膚科の臨床 57(7), 1129-1132, 2015-06
NAID 40020504615

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 27」「100Cases 16」「hugely」「huge」「vast」
拡張検索	「giant cell granuloma」「giant cell reticulohistiocytoma」

「100Cases 27」

　　[★]

☆case27　関節痛

■症例

37歳　女性

主訴：関節痛

現病歴：数ヶ月、膝の痛みがだんだん強くなっていると感じていた。痛みは手や足の小関節に多く、朝歩くときに最もこわばる。痛みはジクロフェナクを飲むと和らぐ。そのほかの症状として疲労感を感じ、最近、体重が３ヶ月で４ｋｇ減っている。

喫煙歴：なし。

飲酒歴：機会飲酒

既往歴：なし

家族歴：既婚、子供は２人

服薬歴：ジクロフェナク

職業歴：legal sevretary

身体所見 examination

　顔貌　青白、臨床的な貧血を認める。近位指節間関節・中手指節関節　腫脹・effusionを伴う疼痛。中足趾節関節　圧痛。それ以外は正常。

検査　 investigation

　血液検査

　　Hb低下

　　ESR 上昇

　　尿素軽度上昇

　　クレアチニン軽度上昇

　　正常：白血球、MCV、血小板、ナトリウム、カリウム、グルコース、アルブミン

　尿検査

　　蛋白(-)、尿糖(-)、潜血(-)、

■問題

　本症例では診断とその根拠を考えるのは簡単なので、鑑別疾患をあげてその疾患に特徴的な症候を列挙しましょう。

■関節痛 DIF.283

　V Vascular

　　血友病 hemophilia　血友病性関節症(急性：疼痛、腫脹、熱感(SOR.241)

慢性：可動域の低下、変形、関節周囲筋萎縮(SOR.241))。家族歴

　　壊血病 scurvy　。生活環境。食事歴

　　無菌性骨壊死 aseptic bone necrosis (Osgood-Schlatter diseaseとか)

　I Inflammatory

　　感染性関節炎(細菌性関節炎(化膿性関節炎・淋菌性関節炎・結核性関節炎・嫌気性菌関節炎 )、真菌性関節炎、スピロヘータ関節炎(梅毒性関節炎・ライム関節炎)、マイコプラズマ関節炎、ウイルス性関節炎)

　N Neoplastic disorders

　　骨原性肉腫 osteogenic sarcoma

　　巨細胞腫 giant cell tumors

　D Degenerative disorders

　　degenerative joint disease

　　変形性関節症 osteoarthritis

　I Intoxication

　　痛風 gout (uric acid)

　　偽痛風 pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate)

　　ループス症候群 lupus syndrome of hydralazine (Apresoline) and procainamide

　　gout syndrome of diuretics

　C Congenital and acquired malformations bring to mind the joint deformities of tabes dorsalis and syringomyelia and congenital dislocation of the hip. Alkaptonuria is also considered here.

　A Autoimmune indicates

　　関節リウマチ RA

　　血清病 serum sickness

　　全身性エリテマトーデス lupus erythematosus

　　リウマチ熱 rheumatic fever

　　ライター症候群 Reiter syndrome

　　潰瘍性大腸炎 ulcerative colitis

　　クローン病=限局性回腸炎 regional ileitis

　　乾癬性関節炎 psoriatic arthritis

　　リウマチ性多発筋痛症 polymyalgia rheumatica

　T Trauma

　E Endcrine

　　先端肥大症 acromegaly

　　閉経 menopause

　　糖尿病 diabetes mellitus

■関節炎の分類

・炎症部位の数

　単関節炎：痛風、偽痛風、離断性骨軟骨炎、血行性の化膿性関節炎のほとんど

　多関節炎：リウマチ性疾患、ウイルス性疾患、白血病での関節症状、易感染性宿主における血行性の化膿性関節炎

■関節リウマチ

　診断基準

　関節症状

　　朝のこわばり、疼痛、腫脹、関節の動揺、関節可動域制限、変形(手指、足趾、膝関節)。(SOR.211)

　　手指の近位指節間関節(PIP 関節)、中手指節関節(MP 関節)。遠位指節間関節(DIP 関節)に初発することは稀。(SOR.211)

　　左右対称性に生じることが多い。手関節、足趾、膝関節に初発する。(SOR.211)

　関節外症状

　　全身症状：発熱

　　皮膚症状：リウマトイド結節(肘の伸側、後頭部、手指)

　　眼症状：上胸膜炎(10日の経過で治癒)、強膜炎(予後不良)。稀に角膜穿孔

　　血液障害：(高頻度)貧血、白血球減少(Felty病。DMARDs投与中の場合は薬剤性の骨髄抑制を考慮)

　　アミロイドーシス：ネフローゼや下痢を来した症例で疑う。アミロイド蛋白はAA

　　腎障害：稀。アミロイドーシスの続発症か薬剤性を考慮。

　　呼吸器症状：間質性肺炎の合併多い。下肺野に好発。通常無症状。メトトレキセートなどの使用により薬剤性の急性間質性肺炎を生じることがある。

　　心・血管障害：リンパ管炎による難治性の浮腫。

　　神経症状：環軸関節亜脱臼により項部痛や脊髄症上が出現しうる。

　　骨粗鬆症

　　腱鞘滑膜炎：手指、手関節、足関節

■両側性多関節炎の鑑別疾患

　OA：遠位指節間関節を冒すのが特徴的で、近位指節間関節、中手指節関節を冒しうる。

　RA：

　SLE：軽度、症状の程度が変動する非びらん性の関節炎

　gout：単関節炎からはじまる。

　血清陰性関節炎：強直性脊椎炎、感染、ライター病：中～大関節に非対称性の関節炎。仙腸関節と遠位指節間関節にも関節炎

　急性ウイルス性関節炎：風疹。

■KEY POINTS

・RAでは遠位指節間関節は冒されない傾向がある。

・RAの全身症状は関節症状に先行することがある。

・RAの活動性と貧血及びESRは相関している。

・NSAIDsは腎機能に悪影響を与えることがある。

■initial plan

　Dx 1. 単純X線写真

　　　　・亜脱臼、関節周囲の骨萎縮(傍関節性骨骨粗鬆症,juxta-articular osteoporosis)、関節裂隙の狭小化、関節辺縁のびらん(bony erosion)

　　　　　・初期のRAで第5趾に骨びらんが一般的に見られる。

　　　　・血液検査

　　　　　・RF、抗DNA 抗体

　Tx 1. 鎮痛薬

　　　　・NSAIDs：鎮痛とこわばりの軽減

　　 2. DMARDs(メトトレキセート、レフルノミド、金製剤、ペニシラミン)

　　　　・NSAIDsで症状が治まらない場合に考慮

　　 3. 抗TNF 抗体

　　　　・重症のRAで効果がある場合がある。

■参考文献

SOR　標準整形外科学第10版医学書院

DIF　Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care Fourth Edition版 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

「100Cases 16」

　　[★]

☆case16　膝の痛み

■glossary

indigestion 消化障害、消化不良

■症例

80歳　男性

主訴：左膝の痛みと腫脹

現病歴：左膝の痛みを2日前から認めた。膝は発熱・腫脹しており、動かすと疼痛を生じる。時々胸焼けと消化不良が見られる。6ヶ月前のhealth checkで、高血圧(172/102mmHg)と血中クレアチニンが高い(正常高値)こと以外は正常といわれた。その4週間数回血圧を測定したが、高値が継続したため、2.5mg bendrofluamethizide(UK)/ベンドロフルメチアジド bendroflumethiazide(US)で治療を開始した。最近の血圧は138/84 mmHgであった。

喫煙歴：なし。

飲酒歴：一週間に平均4unit。

既往歴：股関節に中程度(mild)の変形性関節症

家族歴：特記なし

服薬歴：アセトアミノフェン(股関節の疼痛に対して)

身体所見 examination

　血圧 142/86mmHg。体温37.5℃。脈拍88/分。grade 2 hypertensive retinopathy(高血圧症性網膜症)。心血管系、呼吸器系に検査場異常なし。手にDIPにヘバーデン結節なし。

　左膝が発熱し腫脹している。関節内に液、patellar tap陽性。90℃以上膝関節を屈曲させると痛みを生じる。右の膝関節は正常に見える。

検査　 investigation

　生化学：白血球増多、ESR 上昇、尿素高値、グルコース高値

　単純X線：関節間隙やや狭小。それ以外に異常は認めない。

■problem list

　#1 左膝の痛み

　#2 胸焼け

　#3 消化不良

　#4 高血圧

　#5 クレアチニン正常高値

　#6 股関節の変形性リウマチ

　#7 高血圧性網膜症

■考え方

　・関節痛の鑑別診断を考える。

　・VINDICATEで考えてみてもよいでしょう。

　・関節痛の頻度としては　外傷＞慢性疾患(OAなど)＞膠原病＞脊椎疾患＞悪性腫瘍

■関節痛の鑑別疾患

DIF 282

V Vascular 血友病 hemophilia, 壊血病 scurvy, 無菌性骨壊死 aseptic bone necrosis (Osgood-Schlatter diseaseとか)

I Inflammatory 淋疾 gonorrhea, ライム病 lyme disease, 黄色ブドウ球菌 Staphylococcus, 連鎖球菌 Streptococcus, 結核 tuberculosis, 梅毒 syphilis, 風疹 rubella, 単純ヘルペス herpes simplex, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, サイトメガロウイルス cytomegalovirus

N Neoplastic disorders 骨原性肉腫 osteogenic sarcoma, 巨細胞腫 giant cell tumors

D Degenerative disorders degenerative joint disease or 変形性関節症 osteoarthritis

I Intoxication 痛風 gout (uric acid), 偽痛風 pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate), ループス症候群 lupus syndrome of hydralazine (Apresoline) and procainamide, gout syndrome of diuretics

C Congenital and acquired malformations bring to mind the joint deformities of tabes dorsalis and syringomyelia and congenital dislocation of the hip. Alkaptonuria is also considered here.