adj.

アフリカの、アフリカ人

関: Africa

WordNet

a native or inhabitant of Africa
of or relating to the nations of Africa or their peoples; "African languages"
of or relating to the countries or cultures or people of West Africa
the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean

PrepTutorEJDIC

『アフリカの』 / アフリカ黒人の / アフリカ[黒]人
『アフリカ』({略}Afr.)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/02 11:00:03」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

1996 map of the major ethnolinguistic groups of Africa, by the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division (substantially based on G.P. Murdock, Africa, its peoples and their cultural history, 1959). Color-coded are major 15 ethnolinguistic super-groups, as follows:
Afro-Asiatic
      Hamitic (Berber, Cushitic) + Semitic (Ethiopian, Arabic)
     Hausa (Chadic)
Niger Congo
     Bantu
     "Guinean" (Volta-Niger, Kru)
     "Western Bantoid" (Senegambian, Bak)
     "Central Bantoid" (Gur)
     "Eastern Bantoid" (Southern Bantoid)
     Mande
Nilo-Saharan (unity doubtful)
     Nilotic
     Central Sudanic+Eastern Sudanic
     Kanuri
     Songhai
other
     Khoi-San (unity doubtful; Khoikhoi, San, Sandawe, Hadza)
     Malayo-Polynesian (Malagasy)

Indo-European (Afrikaaner)

Africans are natives or inhabitants of Africa and people of African descent.^[1]^[2]^[3]

The people of Africa

The African continent is home to many different ethnic groups, with wide-ranging phenotypical traits, both indigenous and foreign to the continent.^[4] Many of these populations have diverse origins, with differing cultural, linguistic, and social traits. Distinctions within Africa's geography, such as the varying climates across the continent, have also served to nurture diverse lifestyles among its various populations. The continent's inhabitants live amid deserts and jungles, as well as in modern cities across the continent.

Prehistoric populations

In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, frequently dubbed the Out-of-Africa theory, is the most widely accepted model describing the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans.^[5] The theory is called the (Recent) Out-of-Africa model in the popular press, and academically the recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), Replacement Hypothesis, and Recent African Origin (RAO) model. The concept was speculative until the 1980s, when it was supported by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, combined with evidence based on physical anthropology of archaic specimens.

Genetic studies and fossil evidence suggest that archaic Homo sapiens evolved to anatomically modern humans in Africa, between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago,^[6] that members of one branch of Homo sapiens left the continent by between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago, and that over time these humans replaced earlier human populations such as Neanderthals and Homo erectus.^[7] The date of the earliest successful Out-of-Africa migration (earliest migrants with living descendants) has generally been placed at 60,000 years ago as suggested by genetics, although migration out of the continent may have taken place as early as 125,000 years ago according to Arabian archaeology finds of tools in the region.^[8] A 2013 paper reported that a previously unknown lineage had been found, which pushed the estimated date for the most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA) back to 338,000 years ago.^[9]

The recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa is the predominant position held within the scientific community.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several. A multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory,^[15] which has gained support in recent years from genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence. A growing number of researchers also suspect that "long-neglected North Africa" was the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.^[16]^[17]^[18]

The major competing hypothesis is the multiregional origin of modern humans, which envisions a wave of Homo sapiens migrating earlier from Africa and interbreeding with local Homo erectus populations in multiple regions of the globe. Most multiregionalists still view Africa as a major wellspring of human genetic diversity, but allow a much greater role for hybridization.^[19]^[20]

Indigenous peoples and ancient settlers

Woman from Benin in West Africa.

Speakers of Niger-Congo languages from branches other than Bantu predominate in West Africa, with the Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan and Wolof ethnic groups among the largest. There are also Chadic-speaking West Africans in northerly areas bordering the Sahara, most predominately the Hausa. There are also small numbers of Nilo-Saharan speaking Africans such as the Kanuri, Songhai, Zarma and others in the easternmost parts of West Africa bordering Central Africa.

San man from Botswana in Southern Africa.

Bantu languages are most prominent in Central Africa and Southern Africa due to the Bantu expansion from West Africa, most significantly Kongo, Mongo, Luba, Xhosa, Zulu and Shona. However, Ubangian and Nilo-Saharan languages are also prominent in Central Africa: the Shilluk,^[21] Dinka,^[21] and the Nuer^[21] predominate in eastern Central Africa, while the Nilo-Saharan Kanuri predominate in western Central Africa. In northern Central Africa, the Niger-Congo Ubangian Gbaya, Zande and Banda. There are also a few remaining indigenous Khoisan (San and Khoikhoi) and Pygmy peoples in Southern and Central Africa, respectively.

In Southeast Africa, Niger-Congo languages are most widely spoken, especially those from the Bantu branch like Kikuyu, Makua and Kamba. Nilo-Saharan languages, such as Luo, Kalenjin and Maasai, are also spoken in lesser numbers. Swahili, with at least 80 million speakers (as a first or second language), is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area, and has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.

Beja nomads from the Northeast Africa.

In the Horn of Africa, most populations speak Afro-Asiatic languages. Certain Ethiopian and Eritrean groups (like the Amhara and Tigray-Tigrinya people, collectively known as "Habesha") speak Semitic languages. The Oromo, Afar, Beja and Somali peoples speak Cushitic languages, but some Somali clans claim Arab descent.^[22]

Berber boys from the Atlas Mountains in Northwest Africa.

The population of North Africa in ancient times consisted predominantly of Berbers in the West and Egyptians in the East. The Semitic Phoenicians and Jews, the Iranian Alans, and the European Greeks, Romans and Vandals settled in North Africa as well. Berber speaking populations constitute significant communities within Morocco (including Western Sahara) and Algeria and are also still present in smaller numbers in Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania. The Tuareg and other often-nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. The Nubians, who developed an ancient civilization in the Nile Valley of North Africa, are among the predominately Nilo-Saharan-speaking groups found in Sudan, in addition to the Fur, Zaghawa and Masalit, among others.

In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the "San" have long been present. Together with the Khoikhoi, they form the Khoisan. The San are the pre-Bantu indigenous people of southern Africa, while Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Central Africa.

Migrations

Arab

The Arabs arrived from Asia in the seventh century, introducing the Arabic language a member of the Afro-Asiatic language family, and Islam to North Africa. Over several centuries, the majority of the indigenous African population of the region became Arabized by adopting the Arabic language, and developing a common identity with other peoples throughout the Arab World. Today, the majority of North Africans are Arabic-speaking, although the Berber language still predominates among Berber communities in certain areas. Sudan and Mauritania are divided between a mostly Arabized north and a Nilotic south. The Nubians of have also been partly Arabized, although their original language is still in use.

In East Africa, some areas, particularly the island of Zanzibar and the Kenyan island of Lamu, received Arab Muslim and Southwest Asian settlers and merchants throughout the Middle Ages and even in antiquity. This gave birth to the Swahili culture.

European

Despite having a presence in Africa since Greek and Roman times, it was not until the sixteenth century that Europeans such as the Portuguese and Dutch began to establish trading posts and forts along the coasts of western and southern Africa. Eventually, a large number of Dutch augmented by French Huguenots and Germans settled in what is today South Africa. Their descendants, the Afrikaners and the Coloureds, are the largest European-descended groups in Africa today. In the nineteenth century, a second phase of colonization brought a large number of French and British settlers to Africa. The Portuguese settled mainly in Angola, but also in Mozambique. The Italians settled in Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. The French settled in large numbers in Algeria where they became known collectively as pieds-noirs, and on a smaller scale in other areas of North and West Africa as well as in Madagascar. The British settled chiefly in South Africa as well as the colony of Rhodesia, and in the highlands of what is now Kenya. Germans settled in what is now Tanzania and Namibia, and there is still a population of German-speaking white Namibians. Smaller numbers of European soldiers, businessmen, and officials also established themselves in administrative centers such as Nairobi and Dakar. Decolonization from the 1960s onwards often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa — especially from Algeria, Angola, Kenya and Rhodesia. However, in South Africa and Namibia, the white minority remained politically dominant after independence from Europe, and a significant population of Europeans remained in these two countries even after democracy was finally instituted at the end of the Cold War. South Africa has also become the preferred destination of white Anglo-Zimbabweans, and of migrants from all over southern Africa.

Indian

European colonisation also brought sizable groups of Asians, particularly people from the Indian subcontinent, to British colonies. Large Indian communities are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, and some other southern and east African countries. The large Indian community in Uganda was expelled by the dictator Idi Amin in 1972, though many have since returned. The islands in the Indian Ocean are also populated primarily by people of South Asian origin, often mixed with Africans and Europeans.^[23]

The Malagasy of Madagascar are an Austronesian people, but those along the coast are generally mixed with Bantu, Arab, Indian and European populations. Malay and Indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in South Africa as Cape Coloureds (people with origins in two or more races and continents). In Mauritius, a tiny island in the Indian Ocean that is included in the African continent, Indian people form a majority.

Other

During the past century or so, small but economically important colonies of Lebanese^[24] and Chinese^[25] have also developed in the larger coastal cities of West and Southeast Africa, respectively.^[26]

Decolonization

Decolonization has left some nations in power and marginalized others.

Conflicts with ethnic aspects taking place in Africa since decolonization include:

Zanzibar Revolution (1964)
Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979)
Casamance Conflict (since 1990)
Conflict in the Niger Delta (since 1990)
Insurgency in Ogaden (since 1995)
Second Congo War (1998–2003)
War in Darfur (since 2003)
Kivu conflict (since 2004)
Civil war in Chad (since 2005)
Second Tuareg Rebellion (since 2007)

Contemporary demographics

Total population of Africa is estimated at 1 billion as of 2009.

References

^ "African". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ "Oxford Dictionaries".
^ "The Free Dictionary".
^ American Numismatic Association, The Numismatist, Volume 109, Issues 1-6 (American Numismatic Association: 1996), p. 43.
^ McBride B, Haviland WE, Prins HEL, Walrath D (2009). The Essence of Anthropology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-495-59981-4.
^ Reid GBR, Hetherington R (2010). The climate connection: climate change and modern human evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-521-14723-9.
^ Meredith M (2011). Born in Africa: The Quest for the Origins of Human Life. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-663-2.
^ Armitage SJ, Jasim SA, Marks AE, Parker AG, Usik VI, Uerpmann HP (January 2011). "The southern route "out of Africa": evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia". Science 331 (6016): 453–6. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..453A. doi:10.1126/science.1199113. PMID 21273486.
^ Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana; Hammer, Michael (2013). "An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". The American Journal of Human Genetics. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002.
^ Liu H, Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F (August 2006). "A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 79 (2): 230–7. doi:10.1086/505436. PMC 1559480. PMID 16826514. "Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa. However, this is where the consensus on human settlement history ends, and considerable uncertainty clouds any more detailed aspect of human colonization history."
^ "This week in Science: Out of Africa Revisited". Science 308 (5724): 921. 2005-05-13. doi:10.1126/science.308.5724.921g.
^ Stringer C (June 2003). "Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia". Nature 423 (6941): 692–3, 695. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..692S. doi:10.1038/423692a. PMID 12802315.
^ Johanson D. "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?". ActionBioscience. American Institute of Biological Sciences.
^ "Modern Humans – Single Origin (Out of Africa) vs Multiregional".
^ Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal, by Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr, et al.
^ Balter M (January 2011). "Was North Africa the launch pad for modern human migrations?". Science 331 (6013): 20–3. Bibcode:2011Sci...331...20B. doi:10.1126/science.331.6013.20. PMID 21212332.
^ Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Massaia A, Destro-Bisol G, Sellitto D, Scozzari R (June 2011). "A revised root for the human Y chromosomal phylogenetic tree: the origin of patrilineal diversity in Africa". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 88 (6): 814–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002. PMC 3113241. PMID 21601174.
^ Smith TM, Tafforeau P, Reid DJ, Grün R, Eggins S, Boutakiout M, Hublin JJ (April 2007). "Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (15): 6128–33. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.6128S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700747104. PMC 1828706. PMID 17372199.
^ Robert Jurmain; Lynn Kilgore; Wenda Trevathan (20 March 2008). Essentials of Physical Anthropology. Cengage Learning. pp. 266–. ISBN 978-0-495-50939-4. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
^ Wolpoff MH, Hawks J, Caspari R (May 2000). "Multiregional, not multiple origins". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112 (1): 129–36. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<129::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10766948.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The World Factbook: South Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
^ Robin Hallett, Africa to 1875: A Modern History (University of Michigan Press: 1970), p. 105.
^ Réunion Island
^ Ivory Coast - The Levantine Community
^ Chinese flocking in numbers to a new frontier: Africa
^ Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethnic groups in Africa.

People of Africa
Africa Interactive Map from the United States Army Africa

UpToDate Contents

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1. サハラ以南アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to sub saharan africa
2. アフリカ・トリパノソーマ症の疫学、病因、および予防 epidemiology pathogenesis and prevention of african trypanosomiasis
3. アフリカ・トリパノソーマ症の臨床症状、診断、および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of african trypanosomiasis
4. 周産期心筋症：治療および予後 peripartum cardiomyopathy treatment and prognosis
5. 最新の診療アップデート practice changing updates

English Journal

Volatile oil from striped African pepper (Xylopia parviflora, Annonaceae) possesses notable chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potential.

Woguem V, Fogang HP, Maggi F, Tapondjou LA, Womeni HM, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Vitali LA, Petrelli D, Lupidi G, Papa F, Vittori S, Barboni L.Author information Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 183, Dschang, Cameroon; Laboratory of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.AbstractFruits of Xylopia parviflora, well known as striped African pepper, are sold in the Cameroonian markets as a flavouring ingredient to make traditional soups. The essential oil hydrodistilled from fruits was analysed for in vitro biological activities, namely cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant, by MTT, nitric oxide inhibitory assay, agar disc diffusion method, and DPPH and ABTS assays. The essential oil composition, analysed by GC and GC-MS, was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (50.0%) responsible for the pepper odour, such as β-pinene (34.0%) and α-pinene (10.3%). The oil induced a strong inhibitory effect on tumour cells MDA-MB 231 and HCT116, with inhibition values close to those of cisplatin. A dose-dependent decrease in NO production was noted in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with the oil, revealing a promising anti-inflammatory potential. The essential oil showed a measurable antimicrobial activity against all the species tested, while the radical scavenging activity was low.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Apr 15;149:183-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.093. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
Fruits of Xylopia parviflora, well known as striped African pepper, are sold in the Cameroonian markets as a flavouring ingredient to make traditional soups. The essential oil hydrodistilled from fruits was analysed for in vitro biological activities, namely cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobi
PMID 24295693

Common African cooking processes do not affect the aflatoxin binding efficacy of refined calcium montmorillonite clay.

Elmore SE, Mitchell N, Mays T, Brown K, Marroquin-Cardona A, Romoser A, Phillips TD.Author information Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 77843-4458.AbstractAflatoxins are common contaminants of staple crops, such as corn and groundnuts, and a significant cause of concern for food safety and public health in developing countries. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been implicated in the etiology of acute and chronic disease in humans and animals, including growth stunting, liver cancer and death. Cost effective and culturally acceptable intervention strategies for the reduction of dietary AFB1 exposure are of critical need in populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis. Fermented gruels consisting of cornmeal are a common source for such exposure and are consumed by both children and adults in many countries with a history of frequent, high-level aflatoxin exposure. One proposed method to reduce aflatoxins in the diet is to include a selective enterosorbent, Uniform Particle Size NovaSil (UPSN), as a food additive in contaminated foods. For UPSN to be effective in this capacity, it must be stable in complex, acidic mixtures that are often exposed to heat during the process of fermented gruel preparation. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to test the ability of UPSN to sorb aflatoxin while common cooking conditions were applied. The influence of fermentation, heat treatment, acidity, and processing time were investigated with and without UPSN. Analyses were performed using the field-practical Vicam assay with HPLC verification of trends. Our findings demonstrated that UPSN significantly reduced aflatoxin levels (47-100%) in cornmeal, regardless of processing conditions. Upon comparison of each element tested, time appeared to be the primary factor influencing UPSN efficacy. The greatest decreases in AFB1 were reported in samples allowed to incubate (with or without fermentation) for 72 hrs. This data suggests that addition of UPSN to staple corn ingredients likely to contain aflatoxins would be a sustainable approach to reduce exposure.
Food control.Food Control.2014 Mar;37. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.037.
Aflatoxins are common contaminants of staple crops, such as corn and groundnuts, and a significant cause of concern for food safety and public health in developing countries. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been implicated in the etiology of acute and chronic disease in humans and animals, including growth
PMID 24311894

Rate of progression from first use to dependence on cocaine or opioids: A cross-substance examination of associated demographic, psychiatric, and childhood risk factors.

Sartor CE, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J.Author information Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, 151D, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. Electronic address: carolyn.sartor@yale.edu.AbstractBACKGROUND: A number of demographic factors, psychiatric disorders, and childhood risk factors have been associated with cocaine dependence (CD) and opioid dependence (OD), but little is known about their relevance to the rate at which dependence develops. Identification of the subpopulations at elevated risk for rapid development of dependence and the risk factors that accelerate the course of dependence is an important public health goal.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2014 Feb;39(2):473-9. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.021. Epub 2013 Oct 18.
BACKGROUND: A number of demographic factors, psychiatric disorders, and childhood risk factors have been associated with cocaine dependence (CD) and opioid dependence (OD), but little is known about their relevance to the rate at which dependence develops. Identification of the subpopulations at ele
PMID 24238782

Immunohistochemistry-based subtyping of breast carcinoma in Egyptian women: A clinicopathologic study on 125 patients.

Elesawy BH, Abd El Hafez A, Shawky Ael-A, Arafa M.Author information Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Taif University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif, KSA. Electronic address: basemelesawy1@yahoo.com.AbstractBreast carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease affected by patients' ethnicity. Gene expression analysis identified several molecular subtypes, and similar subtyping has now been found to be feasible using immunohistochemistry. This study estimated the distribution of intrinsic breast cancer subtypes using estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2/neu), and cytokeratin 5/6 immunostaining in a cohort of 125 Egyptian women diagnosed as having invasive breast carcinoma. Associations with clinicopathologic variables and the prognostic markers Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1 were investigated and statistically analyzed. Population difference in breast cancer subtypes was detected, suggesting etiologic and genetic heterogeneity among demographic groups. As reported worldwide, most tumors were luminal A (39.2%), but basal-like and unclassified subtypes had higher proportions among our cohort (16.8% and 16%, respectively), particularly in premenopausal patients (P = .0001), in contrast to postmenopausal African Americans, premenopausal European Americans, and other populations. Her2-overexpressing subtype was the least common subtype (13.65%) among our patients, although it is more common in Asians. Basal-like and unclassified carcinomas were more frequently grade 3 neoplasms (P = .035). Lobular histology was distributed among luminal A, B and unclassified subtypes (P = .006). The highest frequency of nodal positivity was associated with Her2 overexpressing carcinomas (94.1%, P = .0001). Luminal and unclassified carcinomas more likely expressed Bcl-2 (P = .011) and Cyclin D1 (P = .0001), whereas basal and Her2 subtypes had the lowest expression levels. Immunohistochemistry-based subtyping can be helpful in separating breast carcinoma into subtypes that vary in distribution among different populations. These subtypes have distinct clinicopathologic features and diverse prognostication, which may imply different therapeutic options for each subtype.
Annals of diagnostic pathology.Ann Diagn Pathol.2014 Feb;18(1):21-6. doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2013.10.005. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
Breast carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease affected by patients' ethnicity. Gene expression analysis identified several molecular subtypes, and similar subtyping has now been found to be feasible using immunohistochemistry. This study estimated the distribution of intrinsic breast cancer subtypes u
PMID 24321463

Japanese Journal

DICTIONNAIRE D'APPRENTISSAGE MAAWE (MANON)-FRANÇAIS : MOTS, DIALOGUES, ET EXPRESSIONS COURANTES

Soh Pletah BONIMY Gen YAMAKOSHI
African
The conservation and revitalization of minority languages is a major cultural concern in contemporary Africa. The Mande-speaking Manon (or Mano in Liberia) people are one of the smallest minority ethn …
NAID 110009002001

AVANT-PROPOS

Gen YAMAKOSHI
African
NAID 110009001993

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 34」「アフリカ」「アフリカ人」
拡張検索	「African swine fever virus」「African睡眠病」「African histoplasmosis」「African horse sickness virus」
関連記事	「Africa」

「100Cases 34」

　　[★]

☆case34　てんかん発作

■症例

23歳　アフリカ-カリブ系　女性　銀行の店員

主訴：てんかん発作

現病歴：強直間代発作を2回起こしたところを母親が目撃していた。娘の行動は次第におかしくなり、また娘は自分のことを話している声が聞こえていた(幻聴)。最近、頭痛を訴えていた。体重が減少し、脱毛があった。盗汗と主に足と手の小関節に及ぶflitting 関節痛を訴えていた。服用薬なし。タバコ1日5-10本、アルコール10 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)6本弱)

既往歴：特記なし(medical or psychiatric history)

家族歴：

生活歴：

・身体診断

意識：眠そうだが痛みに反応。頚部硬直：なし。頭髪：薄く斑状。体温38.5℃。リンパ節：たくさんの部位で触知。

心拍：104/分、整。血圧：164/102 mmHg。心血管系、呼吸器系、腹部：異常なし。

神経所見：focal anormalityなし(局所性異常)。乳頭浮腫：認めず。

・検査

(血液生化学)

上昇：erythrocyte sedimentation rate、urea、creatinine

低下：hemoglobin、white cell count、platelet

正常：mean corpuscular volume、sodium、potassium、glucose

(腰椎穿刺)

上昇：leukocytes、CSF protein

正常：CSF glucose

(尿検査)

蛋白：＋＋＋。血尿：＋＋＋。赤血球：＋＋。赤血球円柱：あり。

(その他)

胸部X線：異常なし。ECG：洞性頻脈。頭部 CT：正常。CSF グラム染色：陰性(光顕レベルで細菌なし)

■glossary

fall out　(毛髪などが)抜ける

night sweat 盗汗、寝汗

tonic-clonic generalized seizure 全般性強直間代発作

flit　vi (鳥・蝶など)すいすい/ひらひら飛ぶ、飛び回る、飛翔する。(人が)軽やかに通る、行き交う。(時が)(飛ぶように)すぎる。(幻想など)去来する、よぎる、(表情が)かすめる

drowsy　adj. 眠い。眠そうな。眠気を誘う。ものうい。眠ったような

stiffness　n. 堅いこと、堅ぐるしさ、がんこさ

delirium tremens 振戦譫妄

hypertensive encephalopathy 高血圧性脳症

alopecia　脱毛症

African-Caribbean アフリカ-カリブ系

fit n.　(病気の)発作。引きつけ、痙攣。(感情の)激発、一時的興奮、気まぐれ

chorea n. 舞踏病

recreational drug 耽溺性があり乱用される脱法薬物

urgent adj. (物・事が)急を要する、緊急の、背拍質(pressing)。(～を)緊急に必要とする(in)。(S is ～ (with O1) for [in] O2)(人が)(O1(人)に)O2(物・事)をしつこく求める。(人に/～するように)催促する(for/to do)。(要求などが)執拗な。

□てんかん発作

・新規発生したてんかん発作の原因(ICU.805-806)

・薬物中毒(テオフィリンなど)

・薬物からの離脱(アルコールなど)

・感染症(髄膜炎、膿瘍など)

・頭部外傷

・虚血障害(虚血あるいはびまん性)

・占拠性病変(腫瘍あるいは血腫)

・代謝性障害(肝性脳症、尿毒症性脳症、敗血症、低血糖、低ナトリウム血症、低カルシウム血症など)

・合併症(ICU.805-806)