count

• n.

• 数、数値

• v.

• 数える、カウントする

関

number、numeral

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. name or recite the numbers in ascending order; "The toddler could count to 100"
2. the total number counted; "a blood count"
3. the act of counting; reciting numbers in ascending order; "the counting continued for several hours" (同)counting, numeration, enumeration, reckoning, tally
4. a nobleman (in various countries) having rank equal to a British earl
5. have faith or confidence in; "you can count on me to help you any time"; "Look to your friends for support"; "You can bet on that!"; "Depend on your family in times of crisis" (同)bet, depend, look, calculate, reckon
6. have weight; have import, carry weight; "It does not matter much" (同)matter, weigh
7. put into a group; "The academy counts several Nobel Prize winners among its members" (同)number
8. determine the number or amount of; "Can you count the books on your shelf?"; "Count your change" (同)number, enumerate, numerate
9. have a certain value or carry a certain weight; "each answer counts as three points"
10. include as if by counting; "I can count my colleagues in the opposition"
11. give numbers to; "You should number the pages of the thesis"
12. place a limit on the number of (同)keep_down
13. a concept of quantity involving zero and units; "every number has a unique position in the sequence"
14. the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals; "he had a number of chores to do"; "the number of parameters is small"; "the figure was about a thousand" (同)figure
15. a clothing measurement; "a number 13 shoe"
16. an item of merchandise offered for sale; "she preferred the black nylon number"; "this sweater is an all-wool number"
17. a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification; "she refused to give them her Social Security number" (同)identification number
18. a select company of people; "I hope to become one of their number before I die"
19. the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural); "in English the subject and the verb must agree in number"
20. enumerate; "We must number the names of the great mathematicians" (同)list
21. of or relating to or denoting numbers; "a numeral adjective" (同)numerical, numeric
22. a symbol used to represent a number; "he learned to write the numerals before he went to school" (同)number
23. the quality of taking advantage; "she turned her writing skills to good account"
24. a statement of recent transactions and the resulting balance; "they send me an accounting every month" (同)accounting, account statement
25. a formal contractual relationship established to provide for regular banking or brokerage or business services; "he asked to see the executive who handled his account" (同)business relationship
26. be the sole or primary factor in the existence, acquisition, supply, or disposal of something; "Passing grades account for half of the grades given in this exam"
27. importance or value; "a person of considerable account"; "he predicted that although it is of small account now it will rapidly increase in importance"
28. furnish a justifying analysis or explanation; "I cant account for the missing money" (同)answer for
29. keep an account of (同)calculate
30. that can be counted; "countable sins"; "numerable assets" (同)denumerable, enumerable, numerable
31. a measuring instrument for counting individual ionizing events
32. a noun that forms plurals

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (一つ一つ順に)〈数〉'を'『数える』,〈物〉'を'数え上げる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / …'を'『勘定に入れる』,含める(include) / …'を'『思う』,みなす(consider) / 数を数える,計算する《+『up』》 / 数にはいる,数に含まれる / 価値がある,重大である / 〈C〉〈U〉『数えること』,『計算』 / 〈U〉総数,総計 / 〈U〉(起訴状の)訴因 / 《the~》(ボクシングで)カウント(選手がノックダウンされたときレフリーが1から10まで数えること) / 〈C〉(野救で打者の)ボールカウント / 〈U〉《話》考慮,注目(account)
2. (英国以外の)伯爵
3. 〈U〉〈C〉(数えて得られる)『数,数量』 / 〈C〉(概念としての)『数,数字』 / 〈C〉『番号』 / 〈C〉(演奏会や演劇の)番組,出し物;曲目 / 〈C〉(雑誌の)号 / 〈U〉(文法で)数(すう) / 《複数形で》数の上の優勢 / 《複数形で》算数 / 〈C〉《単数形で》《話》(商品としての)洋服の1点;商品,売り物 / 〈C〉《単随形で》《俗》女の子 / …‘を'数える / (…の中に,…として)…‘を'含める,加える《+『among』(『with, as』)+『名』》 / …‘に'番号をつける / …‘の'数となる / 《しばしば受動態で》…‘の'数を制限する / 総計(…に)なる《+『in』+『名』〈数〉》
4. (14,XIVなどの)『数字』 / (one, twoなどの)数詞 / 数の,数を表す
5. 〈C〉『計算』,勘定 / 〈C〉『計算書』,勘定書;簿記 / 〈C〉(商売の)取引;(銀行の)口座 / 〈C〉『説明』,報告;記事 / 《文》〈U〉価値(value),重要性(importance) / 〈U〉根拠;理由 / 《『account』+『名』〈目〉+『形』(『名』,『過分』)〈補〉》(…と)…'を'考える,みなす(consider)
6. 数えられる / 数えられるもの / 可算名詞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/12 17:06:26」(JST)

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"Countess" redirects here. For other uses, see Countess (disambiguation).

This article is about the style or title of nobility. For other uses, see Count (disambiguation).

Coronet of a count (Spanish Heraldry)

Royal, noble and
chivalric ranks

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Archduke

Grand Duke Grand Prince

Prince / Infante

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Count / Earl

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Baronet Hereditary Knight

Knight

Count (male) or Countess (female) is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The adjective form of the word is "comital". The British and Irish equivalent is an earl (whose wife is a "countess", for lack of an English term). Alternative names for the "Count" rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as Graf in Germany and Hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era.

Definition

Main article: Comes

In the late Roman Empire, the Latin title comes, meaning (imperial) "companion", denoted the high rank of various courtiers and provincial officials, either military or administrative: before Anthemius became emperor in the West in 467, he was military comes charged with strengthening defenses on the Danube frontier.

In the Western Roman Empire, Count came to indicate generically a military commander, but was not a specific rank. In the Eastern Roman Empire, from about the seventh century, "count" was a specific rank indicating the commander of two centuries (i.e. 200 men).

Military counts in the Late Empire and the Germanic successor kingdoms were often appointed by a dux and later by a king. From the start the count was not in charge of a roving warband, but settled in a locality, known as a countship; his main rival for power was the bishop, whose diocese was often coterminous with the countship.

In many Germanic and Frankish kingdoms in the early Middle Ages, a count might also be a count palatine, whose authority derived directly from the royal household, the "palace" in its original sense of the seat of power and administration. This other kind of count had vague antecedents in Late Antiquity too: the father of Cassiodorus held positions of trust with Theodoric, as comes rerum privatarum, in charge of the imperial lands, then as comes sacrarum largitionum ("count of the sacred doles"), concerned with the finances of the realm.

The position of comes was originally not hereditary. By virtue of their large estates, many counts could pass the title to their heirs—but not always. For instance, in Piast Poland, the position of komes was not hereditary, resembling the early Merovingian institution. The title had disappeared by the era of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the office replaced with other institutions. Only after the Partitions of Poland did the title of "count" resurface in the German-derived title hrabia.

The title of Count was also often conferred by the monarch as an honorific title for special services rendered, without an attaching feudal estate (countship, county): it was merely a title, with or without a domain name attached to it. In the United Kingdom, the equivalent "Earl" is also used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of a duke; in Italy, by contrast, all the sons of certain counts are counts (contini). In Sweden there is a distinction between counts (Swedish: greve) introduced before and after 1809. All children in comital families introduced before 1809 are called count/countess. In families introduced after 1809 only the head of the family is called count, the rest had a status similar to barons and were called by the equivalent of Mr/Ms/Mrs, before the use of titles was abolished.

Comital titles in different European languages

The following lists are originally based on a Glossary on Heraldica.org by Alexander Krischnig. The male form is followed by the female, and when available, by the territorial circumscription.

Etymological derivations from the Latin comes

Language	Male title	Female title / Spouse	Territory
Albanian	Kont	Konteshë	Konte
Armenian	Կոմս (Koms)	Կոմսուհի (Komsuhi)
Bulgarian	Кмет (Kmet), present meaning: mayor; medieval (9th-century) Комит (Komit): hereditary provincial ruler	Кметица (Kmetitsa), woman mayor / Кметша (Kmetsha), mayor's wife	Кметство (Kmetstvo); medieval Комитат (Komitat)
Catalan	Comte	Comtessa	Comtat
Danish	Greve	Grevinde (Count's wife) Komtesse (Unmarried daughter of a count.)	Grevskab
English	Count (applies to title granted by monarchies other than the British where Earl applies)	Countess (even where Earl applies)	Earldom for an Earl; Countship or county for a count, but County is also, and indeed rather, in English-Speaking countries an administrative district
French	Comte	Comtesse	Comté
Hungarian	Vikomt	Vikomtessz	Actually meaning viscount. These forms are now archaic and/or literary; Gróf is used instead.
Irish	Cunta; Iarla	Cuntaois, Baniarla	Honorary title only; iarla does not derive from Latin comes but rather from English "earl".
Italian	Conte	Contessa	Contea, Contado, Comitato
Greek	Κόμης (Kómēs)	Κόμησσα (Kómēssa)	Κομητεία (Komēteía); in the Ionian Islands the respective Italianate terms Kóntes, Kontéssa were used instead
Latin (feudal jargon, not classical)	Comes	Comitissa	Comitatus
Maltese	Konti	Kontessa
Monegasque	Conte	Contessa
Norwegian		Komtesse (Unmarried daughter of a count.)	Norway has no official nobility besides the Royal Family
Portuguese	Conde	Condessa	Condado
Romanian	Conte	Contesă	Comitat
Romansh	Cont	Contessa
Spanish	Conde	Condesa	Condado
Swedish	Greve	Grevinna	Grevskap
Turkish	Kont	Kontes	Kontluk

Etymological parallels of the German Graf (some unclear)

Language	Male title	Female title / Spouse	Territory
Afrikaans	Graaf	Gravin	Graafskap
Belarusian	Граф (Hraf)	Графiня (Hrafinia)	Графствa (Hrafstva)
Bulgarian	Граф (Graf)	Графиня (Grafinya)	Графство (Grafstvo)
Croatian	Grof	Grofica	Grofovija
Czech	Hrabě	Hraběnka	Hrabství
Danish	Greve	Grevinde	Grevskab
Dutch	Graaf	Gravin	Graafschap
English	Grave	Gravine	Graviate
Estonian	Krahv	Krahvinna	Krahvkond
Finnish	Kreivi	Kreivitär	Kreivikunta
German	Graf	Gräfin	Grafschaft
Greek	Γράβος
Hungarian	Gróf	Grófnő, Grófné	Grófság
Icelandic	Greifi	Greifynja
Latvian	Grāfs	Grāfiene	Grāfiste
Lithuanian	Grafas	Grafienė	Grafystė
Luxembourgish	Graf	Gräfin
Macedonian	Гроф (Grof)	Грофица (Grofica)
Norwegian	Greve	Grevinne	Grevskap
Polish	Hrabia	Hrabina	Hrabstwo
Romanian	Grof (also Conte, see above)
Russian	Граф (Graf)	Графиня (Grafinya)	Графство (Grafstvo)
Serbian	Гроф	Грофица	Грофовија
Slovak	Gróf	Grófka	Grófstvo
Slovene	Grof	Grofica	Grofija
Swedish	Greve	Grevinna	Grevskap
Ukrainian	Граф (Hraf)	Графиня (Hrafynya)	Графство (Hrafstvo)

Compound and related titles

Apart from all these, a few unusual titles have been of comital rank, not necessarily to remain there.

• Dauphin (English: Dolphin; Spanish: Delfín; Italian: Delfino; Portuguese: Delfim; Latin: Delphinus) was a multiple (though rare) comital title in southern France, used by the Dauphins of Vienne and Auvergne, before 1349 when it became the title of the heir to the French throne. The Dauphin was the lord of the province still known as the région Dauphiné.
• Conde-Duque "Count-Duke" is a rare title used in Spain, notably by Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares who had inherited the title of count of Olivares, but being created Duke of Sanlucar la Mayor by King Philip IV of Spain begged permission to preserve his inherited title in combination with the new honour—according to a practice almost unique in Spanish history; logically the incumbent ranks as Duke (higher than Count) just as he would when simply juxtapositioning both titles.

• Conde-Barão 'Count-Baron' is a rare title used in Portugal, notably by D. Luís Lobo da Silveira, 7th Baron of Alvito, who received the title of Count of Oriola in 1653 from King John IV of Portugal. His palace in Lisbon still exists, located in a square named after him (Largo do Conde-Barão).

• Archcount is a very rare title, etymologically analogous to archduke, apparently never recognized officially, used by or for:
  • the count of Flanders (an original pairie of the French realm in present Belgium, very rich, once expected to be raised to the rank of kingdom); the informal, rather descriptive use on account of the countship's de facto importance is rather analogous to the unofficial epithet Grand Duc de l'Occident (before Grand duke became a formal title) for the even wealthier Duke of Burgundy
  • at least one Count of Burgundy (i.e. Freigraf of Franche-Comté)
• In German kingdoms, the title Graf was combined with the word for the jurisdiction or domain the nobleman was holding as a fief and/or as a conferred or inherited jurisdiction, such as Markgraf (see also Marquess), Landgraf, Freigraf {"free count"}, Burggraf, where burg signifies castle; see also Viscount, Pfalzgraf {translated both as "Count Palatine" and, historically, as "Palsgrave"}, Raugraf ("Raugrave", see "Graf", and Waldgraf (comes nemoris), where wald signifies a large forest).
• The German Graf and Dutch graaf (Latin: Grafio) stems from the Byzantine-Greek grapheus meaning "he who calls a meeting [i.e. the court] together").^{[citation needed]}
• The Ottoman military title of Serdar was used in Montenegro and Serbia as a lesser noble title with the equivalent rank of a Count.
• These titles are not to be confused with various minor administrative titles containing the word -graf in various offices which are not linked to nobility of feudality, such as the Dutch titles Pluimgraaf (a court sinecure, so usually held by noble courtiers, may even be rendered hereditary) and Dijkgraaf (to the present, in the Low Countries, a managing official in the local or regional administration of water household trough dykes, ditches, controls etcetera; also in German Deichgraf, synonymous with Deichhauptmann, "dike captain").

Lists of countships

Territory of today's France

West-Francia proper

Since Louis VII (1137–80), the highest precedence amongst the vassals (Prince-bishops and secular nobility) of the French crown was enjoyed by those whose benefice or temporal fief was a pairie, i.e. carried the exclusive rank of pair; within the first (i.e. clerical) and second (noble) estates, the first three of the original twelve anciennes pairies were ducal, the next three comital comté-pairies:

• Bishop-counts of Beauvais (in Picardy)
• Bishop-counts of Châlons (in Champagne)
• Bishop-counts of Noyon (in Picardy)
• Count of Toulouse, until united to the crown in 1271 by marriage
• Count of Flanders (Flandres in French), which is in the Low countries and was confiscated in 1299, though returned in 1303
• Count of Champagne, until united to the crown (in 1316 by marriage, conclusively in 1361)

Later other countships (and duchies, even baronies) have been raised to this French peerage, but mostly as apanages (for members of the royal house) or for foreigners; after the 16th century all new peerages were always duchies and the medieval countship-peerages had died out, or were held by royal princes

Other French countships of note included those of:

• Count of Angoulême, later Dukes
• Count of Anjou, later Dukes
• Count of Auvergne
• Count of Bar, later Dukes
• Count of Blois
• Count of Boulogne
• Count of Foix
• Count of Montpensier
• Count of Poitiers
• Count of Saint Germain

Parts of today's France long within other kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire

• Freigraf ("free count") of Burgundy (i.e. present Franche-Comté)
• The Dauphiné

The Holy Roman Empire

See also above for parts of present France

In Germany

Main article: Graf

A Graf ruled over a territory known as a Grafschaft ('county'). See also various comital and related titles; especially those actually reigning over a principality: Gefürsteter Graf, Landgraf, Reichsgraf; compare Markgraf, Pfalzgraf

In Italy

The title of Conte is very prolific on the peninsula. In the eleventh century, conti like the Count of Savoy or the Norman Count of Apulia, were virtually sovereign lords of broad territories. Even apparently "lower"-sounding titles, like Viscount, could describe powerful dynasts, such as the Visconti family who ruled a major city such as Milan. The essential title of a feudatory, introduced by the Normans, was signore, modelled on the French seigneur, used with the name of the fief. By the fourteenth century, conte and the Imperial title barone were virtually synonymous.

Some titles of count, according to the particulars of the patent, might be inherited by the eldest son of a Count. Younger brothers might be distinguished as "X dei conti di Y" ("X of the counts of Y"). However if there is no male to inherit the title and the count has a daughter, in some regions she could inherit the title. The Papacy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies might appoint counts palatine with no particular territorial fief. Until 1812 in some regions, the purchaser of land designated "feudal" was ennobled by the noble seat that he held and became a conte. This practice ceased with the formal abolition of feudalism in the various principalities of early-19th century Italy, last of all in the Papal States.

Many Italian counts left their mark on Italian history as individuals, yet only a few contadi (countships; the word contadini for inhabitants of a "county" remains the Italian word for "peasant") were politically significant principalities, notably:

• Norman Count of Apulia
• Count of Savoy, later Duke (also partly in France and in Switzerland)
• Count of Asti
• Count of Montferrat (Monferrato)
• Count of Montefeltro
• Count of Tusculum

Holy See

Christopher de Paus, a Norwegian convert to Roman Catholicism, a papal chamberlain and a relative of Henrik Ibsen, was conferred the title of count by Pope Pius XI

Count is one of the noble titles granted by the Pope as a temporal sovereign and the title's holder is sometimes informally known as a papal count or less so as a Roman count, but mostly as count. The comital title, which can be for life or hereditary, has been awarded in various forms by popes and Holy Roman Emperors since the Middle Ages, infrequently before the 14th century, and the pope continued to grant the comital and other noble title even after 1870. Recipients of such honours included both Italians, especially those close to the papacy (some of whom papal relatives), and prominent non-Italian Catholics. The Pope also granted other noble titles such as Baron, Marquis, Duke or Prince.

As most of the Papal States were annexed by the Kingdom of Italy in 1870, the new kingdom recognized the existing nobility in its new territory, and the papal nobility forms a major branch of the Italian nobility. On the occasion of the signing of the Lateran Accords of 1929, the Italian government recognized and confirmed the pope's power to grant noble titles, and recognized the titles granted by the Pope until that date and all future titles as equivalent to the noble titles of the Kingdom of Italy. With Paul VI, who responded to the formal Christmas message of the patriciate by declaring that the papal nobility would no longer be a constituent body in the papal court, the custom of conferring noble titles such as Count, Marquis, Duke or Prince essentially disappeared. Pope John Paul II did grant several noble titles to Polish compatriots at the beginning of his pontificate, but quietly and without their being published in the Acts of The Apostolic See. The popes continue to award knighthoods and medals of merit on a regular basis which do not confer noble status with the exception of the Spanish Noble Chapters of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre which continue to require nobility as a condition for membership.

Count of the Sacred Palace of Lateran

One interesting title is the one of Count of the Sacred Palace of Lateran. This title was collectively granted to the Spanish Chapters of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. The Spanish Chapters of the Order are the only purely noble chapters of the Papal Order and their members enjoy several heraldic privileges in addition to the right to use the Comital title. This tradition can be traced back to the Recoquista (the Reconquest) in which the Order played an important role. According to the well known heraldic expert, Lord Manuel de Mata, the Spanish Members of the Order are allowed to use both the full title of Count of the Sacred Palace of Lateran as well as just the title of Count before their names. The previously mentioned rights have been recorded in the "Memorias de la Academia Mallorquina de de Estudios Genealogicos" and approved by King Alfonso XIII of Spain.

In Austria

The principalities tended to start out as margraviate and/or (promoted to) duchy, and became nominal archduchies within the Habsburg dynasty; noteworthy are:

• Count of Tyrol
• Count of Cilli
• Count of Schaumburg

In Poland

Numerous small ones, particularly:

• Counts of Galicia and Poland

In Galicia (Central Europe)

Particularly see:

• Counts of Galicia

In the Low Countries

Apart from various small ones, significant were :

• in present Belgium :
  • Count of Flanders (Vlaanderen in local Dutch), but only the small part east of the river Schelde remained within the empire; the far larger west, an original French comté-pairie became part of the French realm
  • Count of Hainaut
  • Count of Namur, later a margraviate
  • Count of Leuven (Louvain) soon became the Duke of Brabant
  • Count of Mechelen, though the Heerlijkheid Mechelen was given the title of "Graafschap" in 1490, the city was rarely referred to as a county and the title of Count has not been in practical use by or for anyone of the series of persons that became rightfully entitled to it; the flag and weapon of the municipality still has the corresponding heraldic crowned single-headed eagle of sabre on gold.
• in the present Netherlands:
  • Count of Holland
  • Count of Zeeland
  • Count of Zutphen
  • Count of Drenthe

In Switzerland

Countly ephemera: a Count's coronet and crest on a doily.

• Count of Neuenburg
• Count of Toggenburg
• Count of Kyburg
• Count de Salis-Soglio (also in the UK, Canada and Australia)
• Count of Panzutti

In other continental European countries

In Iberia

As opposed to the plethora of hollow "gentry" counts, only a few countships ever were important in medieval Iberia; most territory was firmly within the Reconquista kingdoms before counts could become important. However, during the 19th century, the title, having lost its high rank (equivalent to that of Duke), proliferated.

Portugal

Portugal itself started as a countship in 868, but became a kingdom in 1139 (see:County of Portugal). Throughout the History of Portugal, especially during the Constitutional Monarchy many other countships were created (see: List of Countships in Portugal).

Spain

In Spain, no countships of wider importance exist, except in the former Spanish march.^{[citation needed]}

• County of Barcelona, the initial core of the Principality of Catalonia, later one of the states of the Crown of Aragon, which became one of the two main components of the Spanish crown.
• Count of Aragon
• Count of Castile
• Count of Galicia
• Count of Lara
• Count Cassius, progenitor of the Banu Qasi
• County of Urgell, later integrated into the Principality of Catalonia.
• The other Catalan counties were much smaller and were absorbed early into the County of Barcelona (between parenthesis the annexation year): County of Girona (897), County of Besalú, County of Osona, which included the nominal County of Manresa (1111), County of Berga and County of Conflent (1117) and County of Cerdanya (1118). From 1162 these counties, together with that of Barcelona, were merged into the Principality of Catalonia, a sovereign state that absorbed some other counties: County of Roussillon (1172), County of Pallars Jussà (1192), County of Empúries (1402), County of Urgell (1413) and County of Pallars Sobirà (1487), giving the Principality its definitive shape.

Bulgaria

In the First Bulgarian Empire, a komit was a hereditary provincial ruler under the tsar documented since the reign of Presian (836-852) The Cometopouli dynasty was named after its founder, the komit of Sredets.

Montenegro and Serbia

The title of Count (Serdar) was used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as a lesser noble title below that of Vojvoda (Duke). The Royal Houses of both Montenegro and Serbia still grant this title.

Crusader states

• Count of Edessa
• Count of Tripoli (1102–1288)

Equivalents

Like other major Western noble titles, Count is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare, but which are considered "equivalent" in rank.

This is the case with:

• the Chinese Bó (伯), hereditary title of nobility ranking below Hóu (侯) and above Zĭ (子)
• the Japanese equivalent Hakushaku (伯爵), adapted during the Meiji restoration
• the Korean equivalent Baekjak or Poguk
• in Vietnam, it is rendered Bá, one of the lower titles reserved for male members of the Imperial clan, above Tử (Viscount), Nam (Baron) and Vinh phong (lowest noble title), but lower than—in ascending order—Hầu (Marquis), Công (Prince), Quan-Cong (Duke) and Quốc-Công (Grand Duke), all under Vương (King).
• the Indian Sardar, adopted by the Maratha Empire, additionally, Jagirdar and Deshmukh are close equivalents

the Arabic equivalent Sheikh

See also

• County
• Viscount

References

Sources

• Labarre de Raillicourt: Les Comtes Romains
• Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)

External links

• Heraldica.org - here the French peerage
• Italian Titles of Nobility
• Webster's 1828 Dictionary

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• 3. 慢性​リンパ​性白血病​の​病理学的特徴​、​診断​、​および​鑑別診断​ pathologic features diagnosis and differential diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• 4. 血小板輸血療法​の​臨床上​および​検査上​の​特徴​ clinical and laboratory aspects of platelet transfusion therapy
• 5. 統合失調症​に​対​する​クロザピン​投与​の​ガイドライン​ guidelines for prescribing clozapine in schizophrenia

English Journal

• Impact of residual ethmoid cells on postoperative course after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis.

• Okushi T, Mori E, Nakayama T, Asaka D, Matsuwaki Y, Ota K, Chiba S, Moriyama H, Otori N.SourceDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan.
• Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2012 Oct;39(5):484-9. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
• OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is a worldwide standard surgical procedure for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Residual ethmoid cells (RECs), which result from failure to completely remove them, have been thought to be a cause of recurrence of CRS. Our objective was to investigate the relati
• PMID 22088258

• Research into the structure of the kidney glomerulus - making it count.

• White KE.SourceEM Research Services, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 2DU, UK.
• Micron (Oxford, England : 1993).Micron.2012 Oct;43(10):1001-9. Epub 2012 May 2.
• The renal glomerulus and its components have been intensively studied using microscopy - both light and electron - for decades and much has been learnt about their role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy. In order to get more than purely qualitative informati
• PMID 22607953

• Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP) affects ERK-dependent GDNF signalling in mouse stem-progenitor spermatogonia.

• Lucas BE, Fields C, Joshi N, Hofmann MC.SourceDepartment of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
• Toxicology.Toxicology.2012 Sep 4;299(1):10-9. Epub 2012 Apr 27.
• Many commercial and household products such as lubricants, cosmetics, plastics, and paint contain phthalates, in particular bis-(2-ethyhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP). As a consequence, phthalates have been found in a number of locations and foods (streambeds, household dust, bottled water and dairy product
• PMID 22564763

• Estimation of rear-end vehicle crash frequencies in urban road tunnels.

• Meng Q, Qu X.SourceDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576.
• Accident; analysis and prevention.Accid Anal Prev.2012 Sep;48:254-63. Epub 2012 Mar 15.
• According to The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety, over 90% (55 out of 61 cases) of fires in road tunnels are caused by vehicle crashes (especially rear-end crashes). It is thus important to develop a proper methodology that is able to estimate the rear-end vehicle crash frequency in road tunnels. In
• PMID 22664688

Japanese Journal

• メモリ消費電力に基づくCPU周波数動的制御手法の評価

• 三輪 真弘,中島 耕太,平井 聡,風間 哲,原 靖,成瀬 彰
• 情報処理学会論文誌. コンピューティングシステム 5(5), 1-9, 2012-10-15
• 本論文では,メモリ消費電力に基づく CPU 周波数動的制御手法について述べる.既存の研究事例では, Memory-bound であるアプリケーションの実行時に CPU 周波数を低く設定する省電力化手法を Performance Monitoring Counter (PMC) に基づき行う.しかし, PMC はマシン異常監視 (nmi watchdog) やプロファイラといった様々な用途で利用され …
• NAID 110009464389

• Webラッパのアグリゲーションサービスへの適用と評価

• 中野 雄介,寺西 裕一,西尾 章治郎
• 情報処理学会論文誌 53(8), 2018-2027, 2012-08-15
• 近年,複数のWebアプリケーションの情報を1つのページにまとめる,アグリゲーションサービスが注目されている.アグリゲーションサービスによって,ユーザは複数のWebアプリケーションのページを表示することなく,1つのページでWebアプリケーションが提供する情報を比較,集計することができる.しかし,アグリゲーションサービスの実現には個々のWebアプリケーションの画面から必要な部分を抽出するためのルールが …
• NAID 110009464346

• 学生実習における料理並びに市販野菜類の衛生指標菌検査、特にセパシア菌汚染について

• 野中 里世,山西 浩
• 医学と生物学 156(8), 559-568, 2012-08
• NAID 40019407961

• CBM: Core Based Memory Scheduling method

• Kohei Hosokawa,Yasuo Ishii,Mary Inaba,Kei Hiraki
• 情報処理学会研究報告. 計算機アーキテクチャ研究会報告 2012-ARC-201(9), 1-6, 2012-07-25
• … key idea is 1) to refer the distance of instruction count between each memory request for the priority calculation, and 2) to place the priority scheduler on each core.CBM judges the core calculation progress by comparing the instruction counter distance between the new memory request and the last one.By doing so,CBM can utilize the instruction progress information of each core directly,thus we can predict the memory-intensity more accurately.CBM also proposes to calculate the thread priority not on the memory controller but on the private cache of each …
• NAID 110009425021

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Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 33」「100Cases 34」「数」「number」「numeral」
拡張検索	「Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act」「low sperm count」「full blood count」

「100Cases 33」

　　[★]

☆case33　頭痛と混乱

■glossary

accompany

vt.

(人)と同行する、(人)に随行する。(もの)に付随する。～と同時に起こる。～に加える(添える、同封する)(with)

slurred n. 不明瞭

強直間代痙攣 tonic-clonic convulsion

　意識消失とともに全身の随意筋に強直痙攣が生じ(強直痙攣期tonic convulsion)、次いで全身の筋の強直と弛緩とが律動的に繰り返される時期(間代痙攣期clonic convulsion)を経て、発作後もうろう状態を呈する一連の発作。

■症例

28歳、女性　黒人　南アフリカ　手術室看護師　ロンドン住在

主訴：頭痛と混乱

現病歴：過去3週間で頭痛が続いており、ひどくなってきた。現在も頭痛が持続しており、頭全体が痛い。友人曰く「過去六ヶ月で体重が10kg減っていて、最近、混乱してきたようだ」。発話は不明瞭。救急室にいる間に強直間代痙攣を起こした。

・診察 examination

やせている。55kg。38.5℃。口腔カンジダ症(oral candidiasis)。リンパ節腫脹無し。心血管、呼吸器系、消化器系正常。痙攣前における神経検査では時間、場所、人の見当識無し。神経局所症状無し(no focal neurological sign)。眼底両側に乳頭浮腫有り。

・検査 investigation

血算：白血球増多

血液生化学：ナトリウム低下

CT：供覧

■キーワード＆着目するポイント

・口腔カンジダ症(oral candidiasis)

・頭痛、精神症状、強直間代痙攣

・眼底両側に乳頭浮腫

・CT所見

・低ナトリウム血症は二次的なもの

■アプローチ

・口腔カンジダ症(oral candidiasis)　→　細胞免疫低下状態(DM、免疫抑制、AIDSなど) or 常在細菌叢の攪乱(長期の抗菌薬の使用)

　・The occurrence of thrush in a young, otherwise healthy-appearing person should prompt an investigation for underlying HIV infection.(HIM.1254)

　・More commonly, thrush is seen as a nonspecific manifestation of severe debilitating illness.(HIM.1254)

・精神症状、強直間代痙攣　→　一次的、あるいは二次的な脳の疾患がありそう

・頭痛　→　漠然としていて絞れないが、他の症状からして機能性頭痛ではなく症候性頭痛っぽい。

・眼底両側に乳頭浮腫　→　脳圧亢進の徴候　→　原因は・・・脳腫瘍、ことにテント下腫瘍と側頭葉の腫瘍、クモ膜下出血、脳水腫など、そのほか、眼窩内病変、低眼圧などの局所的要因、悪性高血圧、血液疾患、大量出血、肺気腫などの全身的要因 (vindicate本のp342も参考になる)

　・頭痛と脳圧亢進　→　頭蓋内圧占拠性病変、脳炎(IMD.274)

・CT所見　→　ringformの病変、脳浮腫、脳圧亢進

・低ナトリウム血症　→　脳ヘルニアに続発して起こることがあるらしい。実際には下垂体にトキソプラズマによる病変が形成されることにより起こりうる。

・そのほか出身地、体重減少もHIVを疑わせる点

パターン認識でHIV + 精神症状 + てんかん発作(強直間代痙攣) + 脳圧亢進 + CT所見 = 一番ありそうなのはToxoplasma gondiiによるトキソプラズマ脳症 cerebral toxoplasosis (トキソプラズマ脳炎 toxoplasmic encephalitis)

■Toxoplasma gondii

　原虫　胞子原虫類

(感染予防学 080521のプリント、CASES p,92、HIM p.1305-)

・疫学：西洋では30-80%の成人がトキソプラズマの感染の既往がある・・・うぇ(CASES)。日本では10%前後(Wikipedia)。

・生活環

　・終宿主：ネコ：ネコの小腸上皮細胞で有性・無性生殖　糞便にオーシストの排泄

　・中間宿主：ヒト.ブタを含むほ乳類と鳥類：無性生殖で増殖、シストの形成

　　　急性期の増殖盛んな急増虫体tachyzoiteとシスト内の緩増虫体bradyzoite

・病原、病因 phathogenesis

　・緩増虫体(bradyzoite)、接合子嚢(oocyst)

・感染経路

　1. オーシストの経口摂取

　2. 中間宿主の生肉中のシストの経口摂取

　3. 初感染妊婦からの経胎盤感染。既感染なら胎盤感染しないらしい(HIM.1306)

　(4)移植臓器、輸血。確率は低い(at low rate)(HIM.1306)

・病態

　1. 先天性トキソプラズマ症　congenital toxoplasmosis

　　　①網脈絡膜炎、 ②水頭症、 ③脳内石灰化、 ④精神・運動障害

　2. 後天性トキソプラズマ症　acquired toxoplasmosis

　　(1) 健常者

　　　・多くは不顕性感染。発熱、リンパ節腫脹、皮疹(rash)

　　　・(少数例)筋肉痛、暈疼痛、腹痛、斑状丘疹状皮疹(maculopapular rash)、脳脊髄炎、混乱(HIM.1308)

　　　・(まれ)肺炎、心筋炎、脳症、心膜炎、多発筋炎

　　　・網膜、脈絡叢に瘢痕や、脳に小さい炎症性の病変を残すことあり(CASES)。

　　　・急性感染の症状は数週間で消失　筋肉や中枢神経系に緩増虫体が残存

　　(2)HIV感染者、臓器移植例、がん化学療法例

　　　シスト内緩増虫体→急増虫体→播種性の多臓器感染

　　　AIDSでは、トキソプラズマ性脳炎が指標疾患 AIDS-defineing illness(CASES)

・治療

　(日本)アセチルスピラマイシン、ファンシダール(感染予防学 080521)

■トキソプラズマ脳炎 toxoplasmic encephalitis、トキソプラズマ脳症 cerebral toxoplasosis

・症状

　発熱、頭痛、混乱ｍ、痙攣、認知の障害、局所神経徴候(不全片麻痺、歯垢、脳神経損傷、視野欠損、感覚喪失)(CASES)

・画像検査

　(CT,MRI)多発性、両側性、ring-enhancing lesion、特に灰白質-白質境界、大脳基底核、脳幹、小脳が冒されやすい(CASES)

・鑑別診断(臨床症状・画像診断の所見で)

　リンパ腫、結核、転移性脳腫瘍(CASES)

・病歴と画像所見からの鑑別診断

　リンパ腫、結核、転移性腫瘍

？

このCTがcerebral toxoplasmosisに特徴的かは不明

□最後に残る疑問

　AIDSでWBC(leukocyte)の数はどうなるんだろう？？？AIDSの初診患者ではWBCが低い人が多いらしいし()、HIVはCD4+ T cellとmacrophageに感染して殺すから、これによってB cellは減るだろうし、CD8+ T cellも若干減少するだろうからWBCは減るんじゃないか？！好中球はAIDSとは関係ない？好中球は他の感染症に反応性に増加している？ちなみに、好酸球は寄生虫(原虫)の感染のために増える傾向にあるらしい(HIMのどこか)。

スルファジアジン

sulfadiazine

ピリメタミン

pyrimethamine

葉酸拮抗剤である。

サルファ剤と併用され、抗トキソプラズマ薬、抗ニューモシチス・カリニ薬として相乗的に働く。

ST合剤

SMX-TMP

スルファメトキサゾール・トリメトプリム合剤 sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim mixture

□AIDSの定義(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_Classification_System_for_HIV_Infection_in_Adults_and_Adolescents)

• According to the US CDC definition, one has AIDS if he/she is infected with HIV and present with one of the following:

A CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/μl (or a CD4+ T-cell percentage of total lymphocytes of less than 14%).

or he/she has one of the following defining illnesses:

• 01. Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs
• 02. Candidiasis esophageal
• 03. Cervical cancer (invasive)
• 04. Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
• 05. Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary
• 06. Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal for longer than 1 month
• 07. Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen or lymph nodes)
• 08. Encephalopathy (HIV-related)
• 09. Herpes simplex: chronic ulcer(s) (for more than 1 month); or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis
• 10. Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
• 11. Isosporiasis, chronic intestinal (for more than 1 month)
• 12. Kaposi's sarcoma
• 13. Lymphoma Burkitt's, immunoblastic or primary brain
• 14. Mycobacterium avium complex
• 15. Mycobacterium, other species, disseminated or extrapulmonary
• 16. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
• 17. Pneumonia (recurrent)
• 18. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
• 19. Salmonella septicemia (recurrent)
• 20. Toxoplasmosis of the brain
• 21. Tuberculosis
• 22. Wasting syndrome due to HIV

People who are not infected with HIV may also develop these conditions; this does not mean they have AIDS. However, when an individual presents laboratory evidence against HIV infection, a diagnosis of AIDS is ruled out unless the patient has not:

• undergone high-dose corticoid therapy or other immunosuppressive/cytotoxic therapy in the three months before the onset of the indicator disease
• OR been diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, or any cancer of lymphoreticular or histiocytic tissue, or angioimmunoblastic lymphoadenopathy
• OR a genetic immunodeficiency syndrome atypical of HIV infection, such as one involving hypogamma globulinemia

AND

• the individual has had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
• OR one of the above defining illnesses AND a CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/μl (or a CD4+ T-cell percentage of total lymphocytes of less than 14%).

□AIDSのステージング

• Revised World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Staging of HIV/AIDS For Adults and Adolescents (2005)

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Adults_and_Adolescents

■参考文献

HIM = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition

CASES = 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine Second edition

IMD = 内科診断学第2版

「100Cases 34」

　　[★]

☆case34　てんかん発作

■症例

23歳　アフリカ-カリブ系　女性　銀行の店員

主訴：てんかん発作

現病歴：強直間代発作を2回起こしたところを母親が目撃していた。娘の行動は次第におかしくなり、また娘は自分のことを話している声が聞こえていた(幻聴)。最近、頭痛を訴えていた。体重が減少し、脱毛があった。盗汗と主に足と手の小関節に及ぶflitting 関節痛を訴えていた。服用薬なし。タバコ1日5-10本、アルコール10 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)6本弱)

既往歴：特記なし(medical or psychiatric history)

家族歴：

生活歴：

・身体診断

意識：眠そうだが痛みに反応。頚部硬直：なし。頭髪：薄く斑状。体温38.5℃。リンパ節：たくさんの部位で触知。

心拍：104/分、整。血圧：164/102 mmHg。心血管系、呼吸器系、腹部：異常なし。

神経所見：focal anormalityなし(局所性異常)。乳頭浮腫：認めず。

・検査

(血液生化学)

上昇：erythrocyte sedimentation rate、urea、creatinine

低下：hemoglobin、white cell count、platelet

正常：mean corpuscular volume、sodium、potassium、glucose

(腰椎穿刺)

上昇：leukocytes、CSF protein

正常：CSF glucose

(尿検査)

蛋白：＋＋＋。血尿：＋＋＋。赤血球：＋＋。赤血球円柱：あり。

(その他)

胸部X線：異常なし。ECG：洞性頻脈。頭部CT：正常。CSFグラム染色：陰性(光顕レベルで細菌なし)

■glossary

fall out　(毛髪などが)抜ける

night sweat 盗汗、寝汗

tonic-clonic generalized seizure 全般性強直間代発作

flit　vi (鳥・蝶など)すいすい/ひらひら飛ぶ、飛び回る、飛翔する。(人が)軽やかに通る、行き交う。(時が)(飛ぶように)すぎる。(幻想など)去来する、よぎる、(表情が)かすめる

drowsy　adj. 眠い。眠そうな。眠気を誘う。ものうい。眠ったような

stiffness　n. 堅いこと、堅ぐるしさ、がんこさ

delirium tremens 振戦譫妄

hypertensive encephalopathy 高血圧性脳症

alopecia　脱毛症

African-Caribbean アフリカ-カリブ系

fit n.　(病気の)発作。引きつけ、痙攣。(感情の)激発、一時的興奮、気まぐれ

chorea n. 舞踏病

recreational drug 耽溺性があり乱用される脱法薬物

urgent adj. (物・事が)急を要する、緊急の、背拍質(pressing)。(～を)緊急に必要とする(in)。(S is ～ (with O1) for [in] O2)(人が)(O1(人)に)O2(物・事)をしつこく求める。(人に/～するように)催促する(for/to do)。(要求などが)執拗な。

□てんかん発作

・新規発生したてんかん発作の原因(ICU.805-806)

・薬物中毒(テオフィリンなど)

・薬物からの離脱(アルコールなど)

・感染症(髄膜炎、膿瘍など)

・頭部外傷

・虚血障害(虚血あるいはびまん性)

・占拠性病変(腫瘍あるいは血腫)

・代謝性障害(肝性脳症、尿毒症性脳症、敗血症、低血糖、低ナトリウム血症、低カルシウム血症など)

・合併症(ICU.805-806)

・全身性てんかん発作の場合：高血圧、乳酸アシドーシス、高体温、呼吸障害、誤嚥、肺水腫、横紋筋融解、自傷、不可逆性の神経学的障害(30分間以上てんかん発作が持続した場合)

■可能性の高い診断

　全身性エリテマトーデス systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)

■鑑別診断のポイント

　自己免疫疾患は多彩な症状を示す。そのため、個々の症状に着目して鑑別診断をあげるのではなく、症状や検査値の異常を総合的に見て判断する必要がある。

■解答

　(第1パラグラフ)SLEの病態

精神症状：(SLEは脳で血管炎を呈することで生じる)うつ(depression)、統合失調症様の精神病、痙攣(fits)、舞踏病(chorea)、脳梗塞/脊髄梗塞

脳脊髄液：白血球増多(leukopenia)、蛋白増加

血液：自己免疫性溶血貧血(Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia)がありうる。白血球減少と血小板減少症は普通にみられる。

腎症状：ループス腎炎は普通に見られ、顕微鏡的血尿・タンパク尿、ネフローゼ、あるいは腎不全が現れるかもしれない。

関節症状：変形を伴わない関節痛(PIP関節(近位指節間関節)、MP関節(中手指節関節)、手関節)

　(第2パラグラフ)SLEの確定診断のための検査・治療

　・すぐにすべきことは降圧薬、抗痙攣薬の投与

　・確定診断のために次の検査を行っていく(もっとも、症例の提示された所見で(日本の？)SLEの診断基準を満たすけど)

　　・検疫血清検査：抗DNA抗体、C3、C4

　　・腎生検：ループス腎炎の程度を把握

　・治療：活動性の感染がないことを確認　←　薬物療法ではステロイドや免疫抑制薬を使うため

　　・ステロイド静脈内投与、あるいはシクロホスファミドなどの細胞毒性薬(cytotoxic agents)の投与

　　・重症、治療抵抗性だったら血漿交換を行う。

■鑑別診断　頭痛/精神病的様態(psychiatric features)/痙攣

・髄膜炎、脳炎

・レクリエーショナルドラッグの中毒(例えばコカイン)

・脳腫瘍

・急性のアルコール禁断症状：振戦譫妄

・高血圧脳症

■KEYPOINT

・SLEは特に若いアフリカ系-カリブ系に普通に一般的

・SLEでは主に神経症状と精神症状をを伴って現れることがある

・白血球低下と血小板の低下はしばしばSLEを示唆する

□tonic-clonic seizure 強直間代発作

　意識消失とともに全身の随意筋に強直痙攣が生じ(強直痙攣期tonic convulsion)、次いで全身の筋の強直と弛緩とが律動的に繰り返される時期(間代痙攣期clonic convulsion)を経て、発作後もうろう状態を呈する一連の発作。

□350ml アルコール5%

350x0.05/10=1.75 unit

□細胞毒性薬

　免疫抑制薬や抗腫瘍薬として用いられる。

antimetabolites

アザチオプリン azathioprine

メトトレキセート methotrexate

ミコフェノール酸 mycophenolic acid, ミコフェノール酸モフェチル mycophenolate mofetil

レフルノミド leflunomide

alkylating agents

シクロホスファミド cyclophosphamide

「数」

　　[★]

英

number、count、numeral

関

ナンバー、数値、数える、カウント、番号をつける、数字、数詞

「number」

　　[★]

• n.

• 数、ナンバー

• v.

• 番号をつける

関

count、numeral

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「numeral」

　　[★]

• n.

• 数字、数詞

• adj.

• 数の

関

count、digit、number

　 　 　

「Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act」

　　[★] 医療保険の相互運用性と説明責任に関する法律, HIPAA

「low sperm count」

　　[★]

• 精子数減少

関

oligospermia、oligozoospermia

「full blood count」

　　[★]

• 全血球数

関

complete blood count