- n.
- カリブ人
- カリブ人、カリブ海
- adj.
- カリブ人/語の、カリブ海の、西インド諸島の
WordNet
- an arm of the Atlantic Ocean between North and South America; the origin of the Gulf stream (同)Caribbean_Sea
- region including the Caribbean Islands
- an island in the Caribbean Sea
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈C〉(1人の)カリブ人 / 《the C-》 / =Caribbean Sea / カリブ海地域(カリブ海とその諸島) / カリブ海の;カリブ海地域の / カリブ人の,カリブ語の
- カリブ海(中南米・西インド島間の海)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/11/11 20:20:50」(JST)
wiki en
This article is about the group of islands. For the indigenous inhabitants of Caribbean region and people of Caribbean descent, see Caribbean people. For the body of water surrounding them, see Caribbean Sea. For other uses, see Caribbean (disambiguation).
| Area | 2,754,000 km2 (1,063,000 sq mi) |
|---|---|
| Land area | 239,681 km2 (92,541 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | 43,601,839[1] |
| Density | 151.5/km2 (392/sq mi) |
| Ethnic groups | Afro-Caribbean, European, Indo-Caribbean, Latino or Hispanic (Spanish, Portuguese, Mestizo, Mulatto, Pardo, and Zambo), Chinese Caribbean, Jewish, Arab, Javanese,[2] Amerindian, Multiracial |
| Religions | Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Rastafarianism, Native American religion, Yoruba, Bahá'í Faith, Chinese folk religion (including Taoism and Confucianism), Kebatinan, Afro-American religion, Traditional African religion, and others |
| Demonym | Caribbean, West Indian |
| Languages | Spanish, English, French, Dutch, French Creoles, English Creoles, Caribbean Hindustani, among others |
| Government | 13 sovereign states 17 dependent territories |
| Largest cities | List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies Santo Domingo Havana Port-au-Prince San Juan Kingston Santiago de Cuba Santiago de los Caballeros Camagüey Cap-Haïtien Spanish Town Chaguanas Georgetown Paramaribo |
| Internet TLD | Multiple |
| Calling code | Multiple |
| Time zone | UTC-5 to UTC-4 |
The Caribbean (/ˌkærɪˈbiːən,
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays. (See the list of Caribbean islands.) These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.[6] The Caribbean islands, consisting of the Greater Antilles on the north and the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which also includes the Lucayan Archipelago (comprising the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands). The Lucayans and, less commonly, Bermuda, are also sometimes considered Caribbean despite the fact that none of these islands border the Caribbean Sea. In a wider sense, the mainland countries, regions, and territories of Belize, the Caribbean region of Colombia, Cozumel, the Yucatán Peninsula, Margarita Island, the Guyanas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Guayana Region in Venezuela, and Amapá in Brazil), are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region.[7]
Geopolitically, the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America[8][9][10][11][12] and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From December 15, 1954, to October 10, 2010, there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states, all of which were Dutch dependencies.[13] From January 3, 1958, to May 31, 1962, there was also a short-lived political union called the West Indies Federation composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories, all of which were then British dependencies. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations.
Contents
- 1 Etymology and pronunciation
- 2 Definition
- 3 Geography and geology
- 3.1 Climate
- 3.2 Island groups
- 3.3 Historical groupings
- 3.4 Countries and territories of the Caribbean today
- 3.5 Continental countries with Caribbean coastlines and islands
- 4 Biodiversity
- 4.1 Plants and animals
- 5 Demographics
- 5.1 Indigenous groups
- 5.2 Language
- 5.3 Religion
- 6 Politics
- 6.1 Regionalism
- 6.1.1 United States effects on regionalism
- 6.1.2 Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and Association of Caribbean States
- 6.1.3 Venezuela's effects on regionalism
- 6.1 Regionalism
- 7 Regional institutions
- 8 Cuisine
- 8.1 Favorite or national dishes
- 9 See also
- 10 Notes
- 11 References
- 12 Bibliography
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
Etymology and pronunciation
The region takes its name from that of the Caribs, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest of America.[14]
The two most prevalent pronunciations of "Caribbean" outside the Caribbean are /ˌkærɪˈbiːən/ (karr-ə-BEE-ən), with the primary stress on the third syllable, and /kəˈrɪbiən/ (kə-RIB-ee-ən), with the stress on the second. Most authorities of the last century preferred the stress on the third syllable.[15] This is the older of the two pronunciations, but the stressed-second-syllable variant has been established for over 75 years.[16] It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer /ˌkærɪˈbiːən/ (karr-ə-BEE-ən) while North American speakers more typically use /kəˈrɪbiən/ (kə-RIB-ee-ən),[17] but major American dictionaries and other sources list the stress on the third syllable as more common in American English too.[18][19][20][21] According to the American version of Oxford Online Dictionaries, the stress on the second syllable is becoming more common in UK English and is increasingly considered "by some" to be more up to date and more "correct".[22]
The Oxford Online Dictionaries claim that the stress on the second syllable is the most common pronunciation in the Caribbean itself, but according to the Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage, the most common pronunciation in Caribbean English is in fact on the first syllable, /ˈkærɪˌbiːən/ (KARR-ə-bee-ən).[3][22]
Definition
Map of the Caribbean
The word "Caribbean" has multiple uses. Its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery, European colonisation and the plantation system.
- The United Nations geoscheme for the Americas presents the Caribbean as a distinct region within the Americas.
- Physiographically, the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea. To the north, the region is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida and the Northern Atlantic Ocean, which lies to the east and northeast. To the south lies the coastline of the continent of South America.
- Politically, the "Caribbean" may be centered on socio-economic groupings found in the region. For example, the bloc known as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) contains the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, the Republic of Suriname in South America and Belize in Central America as full members. Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are in the Atlantic Ocean, are associate members of the Caribbean Community. The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is also in the Atlantic and is a full member of the Caribbean Community.
- Alternatively, the organisation called the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) consists of almost every nation in the surrounding regions that lie on the Caribbean, plus El Salvador, which lies solely on the Pacific Ocean. According to the ACS, the total population of its member states is 227 million people.[23]
Geography and geology
The Caribbean Plate
The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies: Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin. These islands include Aruba (possessing only minor volcanic features), Curaçao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Saint Martin, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago.
Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad and Tobago and the Leeward Antilles.
The waters of the Caribbean Sea host large, migratory schools of fish, turtles, and coral reef formations. The Puerto Rico Trench, located on the fringe of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea just to the north of the island of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point in all of the Atlantic Ocean.[24]
The region sits in the line of several major shipping routes with the Panama Canal connecting the western Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean.
Climate
The climate of the area is tropical to subtropical in Cuba, the Bahamas and Puerto Rico. Rainfall varies with elevation, size and water currents (cool upwellings keep the ABC islands arid). Warm, moist trade winds blow consistently from the east creating rain forest /semi desert divisions on mountainous islands. Occasional north westerlies affect the northern islands in the winter. The region enjoys year-round sunshine, divided into 'dry' and 'wet' seasons, with the latter six months of the year being wetter than the first half.
Hurricane season is from June to November, but they occur more frequently in August and September and more common in the northern islands of the Caribbean. Hurricanes that sometimes batter the region usually strike northwards of Grenada and to the west of Barbados. The principal hurricane belt arcs to northwest of the island of Barbados in the Eastern Caribbean. A great example being recent events of Hurricane Irma devastating the island of Saint Martin during the 2017 hurricane season.
Water temperatures vary from 31 °C (88 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F) all around the year. The air temperature is warm, in the 20s and 30s °C (70s, 80s and 90s °F) during the year, only varies from winter to summer about 2–5 degrees on the southern islands and about 10–20 degrees difference can occur in the northern islands of the Caribbean. The northern islands, like the Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, may be influenced by continental masses during winter months, such as cold fronts.
Aruba: Latitude 12°N
| Climate data for Oranjestad, Aruba (1981–2010, extremes 1951–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.5 (90.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.9 (93) |
34.4 (93.9) |
34.9 (94.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.3 (95.5) |
36.1 (97) |
36.5 (97.7) |
35.4 (95.7) |
35.0 (95) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.5 (97.7) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.0 (86) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.9 (87.6) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.2 (90) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.7 (80.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.2 (81) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.1 (82.6) |
27.2 (81) |
28.1 (82.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 24.5 (76.1) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.0 (77) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.0 (77) |
25.9 (78.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) |
20.6 (69.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39.3 (1.547) |
20.6 (0.811) |
8.7 (0.343) |
11.6 (0.457) |
16.3 (0.642) |
18.7 (0.736) |
31.7 (1.248) |
25.8 (1.016) |
45.5 (1.791) |
77.8 (3.063) |
94.0 (3.701) |
81.8 (3.22) |
471.8 (18.575) |
| Source: DEPARTAMENTO METEOROLOGICO ARUBA,[25] (extremes)[26] | |||||||||||||
Puerto Rico: Latitude 18°N
| Climate data for Mayagüez, Puerto Rico | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35 (95) |
36 (96) |
36 (97) |
37 (98) |
37 (98) |
37 (98) |
37 (99) |
37 (99) |
37 (99) |
37 (99) |
37 (98) |
36 (97) |
37 (99) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28 (83) |
29 (85) |
31 (87) |
31 (88) |
32 (89) |
33 (91) |
33 (92) |
33 (92) |
33 (92) |
32 (90) |
32 (89) |
30 (86) |
31 (89) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 17 (63) |
18 (64) |
19 (66) |
21 (69) |
23 (73) |
23 (74) |
24 (75) |
24 (76) |
24 (76) |
23 (74) |
21 (70) |
19 (67) |
21 (71) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 9 (48) |
6 (43) |
10 (50) |
14 (57) |
14 (57) |
16 (60) |
18 (64) |
18 (65) |
15 (59) |
16 (61) |
8 (47) |
13 (55) |
6 (43) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 28 (1.1) |
52 (2.05) |
39 (1.54) |
123 (4.84) |
271 (10.67) |
131 (5.16) |
168 (6.61) |
299 (11.77) |
321 (12.64) |
189 (7.44) |
198 (7.8) |
123 (4.84) |
1,713 (67.44) |
| Source: The Weather Channel[27] | |||||||||||||
Cuba: at Latitude 22°N
| Climate data for Havana | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.5 (90.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
36.4 (97.5) |
36.9 (98.4) |
37.2 (99) |
38.0 (100.4) |
36.1 (97) |
37.5 (99.5) |
35.4 (95.7) |
35.0 (95) |
34.8 (94.6) |
38 (100.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 25.8 (78.4) |
26.1 (79) |
27.6 (81.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.0 (87.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
28.8 (83.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.2 (72) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.1 (79) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.1 (79) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.5 (67.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
5.4 (41.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
11.9 (53.4) |
10.0 (50) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4 (39.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 64.4 (2.535) |
68.6 (2.701) |
46.2 (1.819) |
53.7 (2.114) |
98.0 (3.858) |
182.3 (7.177) |
105.6 (4.157) |
99.6 (3.921) |
144.4 (5.685) |
180.5 (7.106) |
88.3 (3.476) |
57.6 (2.268) |
1,189.2 (46.817) |
| Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN),[28] Climate-Charts.com[29] | |||||||||||||
A field in Pinar del Rio planted with Cuban tobacco
Puerto Rico's south shore, from the mountains of Jayuya
Grand Anse beach, St. George's, Grenada
A church cemetery perched in the mountains of Guadeloupe
A view of Nevis island from the southeastern peninsula of Saint Kitts
Island groups
Lucayan Archipelago[a]
- The Bahamas
- Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)
Greater Antilles
- Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)
- Cuba
- Hispaniola
- Haiti
- Dominican Republic
- Jamaica
- Puerto Rico (U.S. Commonwealth)
- Spanish Virgin Islands
Lesser Antilles
- Leeward Islands
- United States Virgin Islands (U.S.)
- Saint Croix
- Saint Thomas
- Saint John
- Water Island
- British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)
- Tortola
- Virgin Gorda
- Anegada
- Jost Van Dyke
- Anguilla (United Kingdom)
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua
- Barbuda
- Redonda
- Saint Martin, politically divided between
- Saint Martin (France)
- Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Saba (Caribbean Netherlands, Netherlands)
- Sint Eustatius (Caribbean Netherlands, Netherlands)
- Saint Barthélemy (French Antilles, France)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Kitts
- Nevis
- Montserrat (United Kingdom)
- Guadeloupe (French Antilles, France) including
- Les Saintes
- Marie-Galante
- La Désirade
- United States Virgin Islands (U.S.)
- Windward Islands
- Dominica
- Martinique (French Antilles, France)
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Saint Vincent
- The Grenadines
- Grenada
- Grenada
- Carriacou and Petite Martinique
- Barbados
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tobago
- Trinidad
- Leeward Antilles
- Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Bonaire (Caribbean Netherlands, Netherlands)
Historical groupings
Main article: History of the Caribbean
Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties 1600
Political evolution of Central America and the Caribbean from 1700 to present
The mostly Spanish-controlled Caribbean in the 16th century
All islands at some point were, and a few still are, colonies of European nations; a few are overseas or dependent territories:
- British West Indies/Anglophone Caribbean – Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bay Islands, Guyana, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Croix (briefly), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago (from 1797) and the Turks and Caicos Islands
- Danish West Indies – Possession of Denmark-Norway before 1814, then Denmark, present-day United States Virgin Islands
- Dutch West Indies – Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Bay Islands (briefly), Saint Croix (briefly), Tobago, Surinam and Virgin Islands
- French West Indies – Anguilla (briefly), Antigua and Barbuda (briefly), Dominica, Dominican Republic (briefly), Grenada, Haiti (formerly Saint-Domingue), Montserrat (briefly), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Eustatius (briefly), Sint Maarten, St. Kitts (briefly), Tobago (briefly), Saint Croix, the current French overseas départements of French Guiana, Martinique and Guadeloupe (including Marie-Galante, La Désirade and Les Saintes), the current French overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin
- Portuguese West Indies – present-day Barbados, known as Os Barbados in the 16th century when the Portuguese claimed the island en route to Brazil. The Portuguese left Barbados abandoned in 1533, nearly a century before the British arrived.
- Spanish West Indies – Cuba, Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic, Haiti (until 1659 to France), Puerto Rico, Jamaica (until 1655 to Great Britain), the Cayman Islands (until 1670 to Great Britain) Trinidad (until 1797 to Great Britain) and Bay Islands (until 1643 to Great Britain), coastal islands of Central America (except Belize), and some Caribbean coastal islands of Panama, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela.
- Swedish West Indies – present-day French Saint-Barthélemy, Guadeloupe (briefly) and Tobago (briefly).
- Courlander West Indies – Tobago (until 1691)
The British West Indies were united by the United Kingdom into a West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1962. The independent countries formerly part of the B.W.I. still have a joint cricket team that competes in Test matches, One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. The West Indian cricket team includes the South American nation of Guyana, the only former British colony on the mainland of that continent.
In addition, these countries share the University of the West Indies as a regional entity. The university consists of three main campuses in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, a smaller campus in the Bahamas and Resident Tutors in other contributing territories such as Trinidad.
Countries and territories of the Caribbean today
Islands in and near the Caribbean
Maritime boundaries between the Caribbean (island) nations
Main article: List of Caribbean islands
See also: Caribbean South America and West Indies
| Flag | Country or territory[30][31][32] | Sovereignty | Status | Area (km2)[33] |
Population (2016 est.)[1] |
Density (people per km2) |
Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anguilla | United Kingdom | British overseas territory | 7001910000000000000♠91 | 14,764 | 164.8 | The Valley | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Independent | Constitutional monarchy | 7002442000000000000♠442 | 100,963 | 199.1 | St. John's | |
| Aruba | Kingdom of the Netherlands | Constituent kingdom | 7002180000000000000♠180 | 104,822 | 594.4 | Oranjestad | |
| The Bahamas[34] | Independent | Constitutional monarchy | 7004139430000000000♠13,943 | 391,232 | 24.5 | Nassau | |
| Barbados | Independent | Constitutional monarchy | 7002430000000000000♠430 | 284,996 | 595.3 | Bridgetown | |
| Bonaire | Kingdom of the Netherlands | Special Municipality | 7002294000000000000♠294 | 7004120930000000000♠12,093[35] | 41.1 | Kralendijk | |
| British Virgin Islands | United Kingdom | British overseas territory | 7002151000000000000♠151 | 30,661 | 152.3 | Road Town | |
| Cayman Islands | United Kingdom | British overseas territory | 7002264000000000000♠264 | 60,765 | 212.1 | George Town | |
| Cuba | Independent | Republic | 7005109886000000000♠109,886 | 11,475,982 | 102.0 | Havana | |
| Curaçao | Kingdom of the Netherlands | Constituent kingdom | 7002444000000000000♠444 | 159,371 | 317.1 | Willemstad | |
| Dominica | Independent | Republic | 7002751000000000000♠751 | 73,543 | 89.2 | Roseau | |
| Dominican Republic | Independent | Republic | 7004486710000000000♠48,671 | 10,648,791 | 207.3 | Santo Domingo | |
| Federal Dependencies of Venezuela | Venezuela | Territories | 7002342000000000000♠342 | 2,155 | 6.3 | Gran Roque | |
| Grenada | Independent | Constitutional monarchy | 7002344000000000000♠344 | 107,317 | 302.3 | St. George's | |
| Guadeloupe | France | Overseas department | 7003162800000000000♠1,628 | 449,975 | 246.7 | Basse-Terre | |
| Haiti | Independent | Republic | 7004277500000000000♠27,750 | 10,847,334 | 361.5 | Port-au-Prince | |
| Jamaica | Independent | Constitutional monarchy | 7004109910000000000♠10,991 | 2,881,355 | 247.4 | Kingston | |
| Martinique | France | Overseas department | 7003112800000000000♠1,128 | 385,103 | 352.6 | Fort-de-France | |
| Montserrat | United Kingdom | British overseas territory | 7002102000000000000♠102 | 5,152 | 58.8 | Plymouth (Brades)[36] | |
| Navassa Island | United States | Territory (uninhabited) | 7000500000000000000♠5 | 5000000000000000000♠0 | 0.0 | ||
| Nueva Esparta | Venezuela | State | 7003115100000000000♠1,151 | 491,610 | La Asunción | ||
| Puerto Rico | United States | Commonwealth | 7003887000000000000♠8,870 | 3,667,903 | 448.9 | San Juan | |
| Saba | Kingdom of the Netherlands | Special municipality | 7001130000000000000♠13 | 7003153700000000000♠1,537[35] | 118.2 | The Bottom | |
| San Andrés and Providencia | Colombia | Department | 7001525000000000000♠52.5 | 7004751670000000000♠75,167 | 1431 | San Andrés | |
| Saint Barthélemy | France | Overseas collectivity | 7001210000000000000♠21 | 7003744800000000000♠7,448 | 354.7 | Gustavia | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Independent | Constitutional monarchy | 7002261000000000000♠261 | 54,821 | 199.2 | Basseterre | |
| Saint Lucia | Independent | Constitutional monarchy | 7002539000000000000♠539 | 178,015 | 319.1 | Castries | |
| Saint Martin | France | Overseas collectivity | 7001540000000000000♠54 | 7004298200000000000♠29,820 | 552.2 | Marigot | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Independent | Constitutional monarchy | 7002389000000000000♠389 | 109,643 | 280.2 | Kingstown | |
| Sint Eustatius | Kingdom of the Netherlands | Special municipality | 7001210000000000000♠21 | 7003273900000000000♠2,739[35] | 130.4 | Oranjestad | |
| Sint Maarten | Kingdom of the Netherlands | Constituent kingdom | 7001340000000000000♠34 | 39,537 | 1176.7 | Philipsburg | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Independent | Republic | 7003513000000000000♠5,130 | 1,364,962 | 261.0 | Port of Spain | |
| Turks and Caicos Islands[37] | United Kingdom | British overseas territory | 7002948000000000000♠948 | 34,900 | 34.8 | Cockburn Town | |
| United States Virgin Islands | United States | Territory | 7002347000000000000♠347 | 104,913 | 317.0 | Charlotte Amalie | |
| Total | 7005235667000000000♠235,667 | 7007441993890000000♠44,199,389 | 187.6 | ||||
Continental countries with Caribbean coastlines and islands
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Biodiversity
The Caribbean islands are remarkable for the diversity of their animals, fungi and plants, and have been classified as one of Conservation International's biodiversity hotspots because of their exceptionally diverse terrestrial and marine ecosystems, ranging from montane cloud forests to cactus scrublands. The region also contains about 8% (by surface area) of the world's coral reefs[38] along with extensive seagrass meadows,[39] both of which are frequently found in the shallow marine waters bordering the island and continental coasts of the region.
For the fungi, there is a modern checklist based on nearly 90,000 records derived from specimens in reference collections, published accounts and field observations.[40] That checklist includes more than 11250 species of fungi recorded from the region. As its authors note, the work is far from exhaustive, and it is likely that the true total number of fungal species already known from the Caribbean is higher. The true total number of fungal species occurring in the Caribbean, including species not yet recorded, is likely far higher given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have been discovered.[41] Though the amount of available information is still small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to some Caribbean islands. For Cuba, 2200 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the island;[42] for Puerto Rico, the number is 789 species;[43] for the Dominican Republic, the number is 699 species;[44] for Trinidad and Tobago, the number is 407 species.[45]
Many of the ecosystems of the Caribbean islands have been devastated by deforestation, pollution, and human encroachment. The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of giant owls and dwarf ground sloths.[46] The hotspot contains dozens of highly threatened animals (ranging from birds, to mammals and reptiles), fungi and plants. Examples of threatened animals include the Puerto Rican amazon, two species of solenodon (giant shrews) in Cuba and the Hispaniola island, and the Cuban crocodile.
The region's coral reefs, which contain about 70 species of hard corals and between 500–700 species of reef-associated fishes[47] have undergone rapid decline in ecosystem integrity in recent years, and are considered particularly vulnerable to global warming and ocean acidification.[48] According to a UNEP report, the Caribbean coral reefs might get extinct in next 20 years due to population explosion along the coast lines, overfishing, the pollution of coastal areas and global warming.[49]
Some Caribbean islands have terrain that Europeans found suitable for cultivation for agriculture. Tobacco was an important early crop during the colonial era, but was eventually overtaken by sugarcane production as the region's staple crop. Sugar was produced from sugarcane for export to Europe. Cuba and Barbados were historically the largest producers of sugar. The tropical plantation system thus came to dominate Caribbean settlement. Other islands were found to have terrain unsuited for agriculture, for example Dominica, which remains heavily forested. The islands in the southern Lesser Antilles, Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, are extremely arid, making them unsuitable for agriculture. However, they have salt pans that were exploited by the Dutch. Sea water was pumped into shallow ponds, producing coarse salt when the water evaporated.[50]
The natural environmental diversity of the Caribbean islands has led to recent growth in eco-tourism. This type of tourism is growing on islands lacking sandy beaches and dense human populations.[51]
Plants and animals
See also: List of invasive marine fish in the Caribbean
Epiphytes (bromeliads, climbing palms) in the rainforest of Dominica.
A green and black poison frog, Dendrobates auratus
Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Guadeloupe.
Costus speciosus, a marsh plant, Guadeloupe.
An Atlantic ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) in Martinique.
Crescentia cujete, or calabash fruit, Martinique.
Thalassoma bifasciatum (bluehead wrasse fish), over Bispira brunnea (social feather duster worms).
Two Stenopus hispidus (banded cleaner shrimp) on a Xestospongia muta (giant barrel sponge).
A pair of Cyphoma signatum (fingerprint cowry), off coastal Haiti.
The Martinique amazon, Amazona martinicana, is an extinct species of parrot in the family Psittacidae.
Anastrepha suspensa, a Caribbean fruit fly.
Hemidactylus mabouia, a tropical gecko, in Dominica.
Demographics
A linen market in Dominica in the 1770s
Agostino Brunias. Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape Brooklyn Museum
Asian Indians in the late nineteenth century singing and dancing in Trinidad and Tobago
Street scene, Matanzas, Cuba
At the time of European contact, the dominant ethnic groups in the Caribbean included the Taíno of the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles, the Island Caribs of the southern Lesser Antilles, and smaller distinct groups such as the Guanajatabey of western Cuba and the Ciguayo of eastern Hispaniola. The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been around 750,000 immediately before European contact, although lower and higher figures are given. After contact, social disruption and epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles (to which they had no natural immunity)[52] led to a decline in the Amerindian population.[53] From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from West Africa[54] such as the Kongo, Igbo, Akan, Fon and Yoruba as well as military prisoners from Ireland, who were deported during the Cromwellian reign in England.[citation needed] Immigrants from Britain, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and Denmark also arrived, although the mortality rate was high for both groups.[55]
The population is estimated to have reached 2.2 million by 1800.[56] Immigrants from India, China, Indonesia, and other countries arrived in the mid-19th century as indentured servants.[57] After the ending of the Atlantic slave trade, the population increased naturally.[58] The total regional population was estimated at 37.5 million by 2000.[59]
In Haiti and most of the French, Anglophone and Dutch Caribbean, the population is predominantly of African origin; on many islands there are also significant populations of mixed racial origin (including Mulatto-Creole, Dougla, Mestizo, Quadroon, Cholo, Castizo, Criollo, Zambo, Pardo, Asian Latin Americans, Chindian, Cocoa panyols, and Eurasian), as well as populations of European ancestry: Dutch, English, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish ancestry. Asians, especially those of Chinese, Indian descent, and Javenese Indonesians, form a significant minority in parts of the region. Indians form a plurality of the population in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname. Most of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers.
The Spanish-speaking Caribbean populations are primarily of European, African, or racially mixed origins. Puerto Rico has a European majority with a mixture of European-African-Native American (tri-racial), and a large Mulatto (European-West African) and West African minority. Cuba also has a European majority, along with a significant population of African ancestry. The Dominican Republic has the largest mixed-race population, primarily descended from Europeans, West Africans, and Amerindians.
Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago
Jamaica has a large African majority, in addition to a significant population of mixed racial background, and has minorities of Chinese, Europeans, Indians, Latinos, Jews, and Arabs. This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured laborers, and migration. Most multi-racial Jamaicans refer to themselves as either mixed race or brown. Similar populations can be found in the Caricom states of Belize, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago has a multi-racial cosmopolitan society due to the arrivals of Africans, Indians, Chinese, Arabs, Jews, Spanish, Portuguese, and Europeans along with the Native Amerindians population. This multi-racial mix has created sub-ethnicities that often straddle the boundaries of major ethnicities and include Dougla, Chindian, Mulatto-Creole, Afro-Asians, Eurasian, Cocoa panyols, and Asian Latin Americans
Indigenous groups
- Arawak peoples
- Igneri
- Taíno
- Caquetio people
- Ciboney
- Ciguayo
- Garifuna
- Kalina
- Kalinago
- Lucayan
- Macorix
- Raizal
Language
Main article: Languages of the Caribbean
Spanish, English, French, Dutch, Haitian Creole, and Papiamento are the predominant official languages of various countries in the region, although a handful of unique creole languages or dialects can also be found in virtually every Caribbean country. Other languages such as Caribbean Hindustani, Chinese, Indonesian, Amerindian languages, other African languages, other European languages, other Indian languages, and other Indonesian languages can also be found.
Religion
See also: Religion in the Caribbean
Temple in the Sea, a Hindu mandir in Trinidad and Tobago
Holy Trinity Cathedral, an Anglican Christian cathedral in Trinidad and Tobago
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Memorial Masjid, a Muslim masjid in Trinidad and Tobago
A Jewish synagogue in Suriname
A Rastafarian man wearing a Rastafarian cap
A Haitian Vodou alter
A Santería altar in Cuba
Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean (84.7%).[60] Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Rastafarianism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion (Taoism and Confucianism), Bahá'í, Jainism, Sikhism, Zorastrianism, Kebatinan, Traditional African religions, Afro-American religions, Yoruba (Santería, Trinidad Orisha, Palo, Umbanda, Brujería, Hoodoo, Candomblé, Quimbanda, Orisha, Xangô de Recife, Xangô do Nordeste, Comfa, Espiritismo, Santo Daime, Obeah, Candomblé, Abakuá, Kumina, Winti, Sanse, Cuban Vodú, Dominican Vudú, Louisiana Voodoo, Haitian Vodou, and Vodun).
Politics
Regionalism
Flag of the Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM)
Caribbean societies are very different from other Western societies in terms of size, culture, and degree of mobility of their citizens.[61] The current economic and political problems the states face individually are common to all Caribbean states. Regional development has contributed to attempts to subdue current problems and avoid projected problems. From a political and economic perspective, regionalism serves to make Caribbean states active participants in current international affairs through collective coalitions. In 1973, the first political regionalism in the Caribbean Basin was created by advances of the English-speaking Caribbean nations through the institution known as the Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM)[62] which is located in Guyana.
Certain scholars have argued both for and against generalizing the political structures of the Caribbean. On the one hand the Caribbean states are politically diverse, ranging from communist systems such as Cuba toward more capitalist Westminster-style parliamentary systems as in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Other scholars argue that these differences are superficial, and that they tend to undermine commonalities in the various Caribbean states. Contemporary Caribbean systems seem to reflect a "blending of traditional and modern patterns, yielding hybrid systems that exhibit significant structural variations and divergent constitutional traditions yet ultimately appear to function in similar ways."[63] The political systems of the Caribbean states share similar practices.
The influence of regionalism in the Caribbean is often marginalized. Some scholars believe that regionalism cannot exist in the Caribbean because each small state is unique. On the other hand, scholars also suggest that there are commonalities amongst the Caribbean nations that suggest regionalism exists. "Proximity as well as historical ties among the Caribbean nations has led to cooperation as well as a desire for collective action."[64] These attempts at regionalization reflect the nations' desires to compete in the international economic system.[64]
Furthermore, a lack of interest from other major states promoted regionalism in the region. In recent years the Caribbean has suffered from a lack of U.S. interest. "With the end of the Cold War, U.S. security and economic interests have been focused on other areas. As a result there has been a significant reduction in U.S. aid and investment to the Caribbean."[65] The lack of international support for these small, relatively poor states, helped regionalism prosper.
Following the Cold War another issue of importance in the Caribbean has been the reduced economic growth of some Caribbean States due to the United States and European Union's allegations of special treatment toward the region by each other.[clarification needed]
United States effects on regionalism
The United States under President Bill Clinton launched a challenge in the World Trade Organization against the EU over Europe's preferential program, known as the Lomé Convention, which allowed banana exports from the former colonies of the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific states (ACP) to enter Europe cheaply.[66] The World Trade Organization sided in the United States' favour and the beneficial elements of the convention to African, Caribbean and Pacific states has been partially dismantled and replaced by the Cotonou Agreement.[67]
During the US/EU dispute, the United States imposed large tariffs on European Union goods (up to 100%) to pressure Europe to change the agreement with the Caribbean nations in favour of the Cotonou Agreement.[68]
Farmers in the Caribbean have complained of falling profits and rising costs as the Lomé Convention weakens. Some farmers have faced increased pressure to turn towards the cultivation of illegal drugs, which has a higher profit margin and fills the sizable demand for these illegal drugs in North America and Europe.[69][70]
Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and Association of Caribbean States
Caribbean nations have also started to more closely cooperate in the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and other instruments to add oversight of the offshore industry. One of the most important associations that deal with regionalism amongst the nations of the Caribbean Basin has been the Association of Caribbean States (ACS). Proposed by CARICOM in 1992, the ACS soon won the support of the other countries of the region. It was founded in July 1994. The ACS maintains regionalism within the Caribbean on issues unique to the Caribbean Basin. Through coalition building, like the ACS and CARICOM, regionalism has become an undeniable part of the politics and economics of the Caribbean. The successes of region-building initiatives are still debated by scholars, yet regionalism remains prevalent throughout the Caribbean.
Venezuela's effects on regionalism
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The President of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez launched an economic group called the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA), which several eastern Caribbean islands joined. In 2012, the nation of Haiti, with 9 million people, became the largest CARICOM nation that sought to join the union.[71]
Regional institutions
Here are some of the bodies that several islands share in collaboration:
- Association of Caribbean States (ACS), Trinidad and Tobago
- Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce (CAIC), Trinidad and Tobago
- Caribbean Association of National Telecommunication Organizations (CANTO), Trinidad and Tobago[72]
- Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Guyana
- Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), Barbados
- Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDERA), Barbados
- Caribbean Educators Network[73]
- Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC), Saint Lucia[74]
- Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC), Barbados and Jamaica
- Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF), Trinidad and Tobago
- Caribbean Food Crops Society, Puerto Rico
- Caribbean Football Union (CFU), Jamaica
- Caribbean Hotel & Tourism Association (CHTA), Florida and Puerto Rico[75]
- Caribbean Initiative (Initiative of the IUCN)
- Caribbean Programme for Economic Competitiveness (CPEC), Saint Lucia
- Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme (CREP), Barbados[76]
- Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM), Belize[77]
- Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM), Barbados and Dominican Republic[78]
- Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU), Trinidad and Tobago
- Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO), Barbados
- Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
- Foundation for the Development of Caribbean Children, Barbados
- Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC), Brazil and Uruguay
- Latin American and the Caribbean Economic System, Venezuela
- Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Saint Lucia
- United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Chile and Trinidad and Tobago
- University of the West Indies, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago.[79] In addition, the fourth campus, the Open Campus was formed in June 2008 as a result of an amalgamation of the Board for Non-Campus Countries and Distance Education, Schools of Continuing Studies, the UWI Distance Education Centres and Tertiary Level Units. The Open Campus has 42 physical sites in 16 Anglophone caribbean countries.
- West Indies Cricket Board, Antigua and Barbuda[80]
Cuisine
Main article: Caribbean cuisine
Favorite or national dishes
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Doubles, one of the national dishes of Trinidad and Tobago
Arroz con gandules, one of the national dishes of Puerto Rico
- Anguilla – rice, peas and fish
- Antigua and Barbuda – fungee and pepperpot
- Bahamas - Guava duff, Conch Salad, Peas n' Rice, and Conch Fritters
- Barbados – cou-cou and flying fish
- Belize - rice and beans, stew chicken with potato salad ; white rice, stew beans and fry fish with cole slaw
- British Virgin Islands – fish and fungee
- Cayman Islands – turtle stew, turtle steak, grouper
- Colombian Caribbean – rice with coconut milk, arroz con pollo, sancocho, Arab cuisine (due to the large Arab population)
- Cuba – platillo Moros y Cristianos, ropa vieja, lechon, maduros, ajiaco
- Dominica – mountain chicken, rice and peas, dumplings, saltfish, dashin, bakes (fried dumplings), coconut confiture, curry goat, cassava farine, oxtail
- Dominican Republic – arroz con pollo with stewed red kidney beans, pan fried or braised beef, salad/ ensalada de coditos, empanadas, mangú, sancocho
- Grenada – oil down, Roti and rice & chicken
- Guyana – pepperpot, cookup rice, roti and curry, methem, pholourie
- Haiti – griot (fried pork) served with du riz a pois or diri ak pwa (rice and beans)
- Jamaica – ackee and saltfish, callaloo, jerk chicken, curry chicken
- Montserrat – Goat water
- Puerto Rico – yellow rice with green pigeon peas, saltfish stew, roasted pork shoulder, chicken fricassée, mofongo, tripe soup, alcapurria, coconut custard, rice pudding, guava turnovers, Mallorca bread
- Saint Kitts and Nevis – goat water, coconut dumplings, spicy plantain, saltfish, breadfruit
- Saint Lucia – callaloo, dal roti, dried and salted cod, green bananas, rice and beans
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – roasted breadfruit and fried jackfish
- Suriname – brown beans and rice, roti and curry, peanut soup, battered fried plantain with peanut sauce, nasi goreng, moksie alesi, bara, pom
- Trinidad and Tobago – callaloo, doubles, aloo pie, phulourie, bake and shark, curry with roti or dal bhat, curry crab and dumpling
- United States Virgin Islands – stewed goat, oxtail or beef, seafood, callaloo, fungee
See also
- Geography portal
- Islands portal
- North America portal
- Caribbean portal
- African diaspora
- Anchor coinage
- British African-Caribbean people
- British Indo-Caribbean people
- CONCACAF
- Council on Hemispheric Affairs
- Culture of the Caribbean
- Economy of the Caribbean
- Indian diaspora
- Indo-Caribbean
- Indo-Caribbean American
- List of Caribbean music genres
- List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Caribbean
- NECOBELAC Project
- Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin
- Piracy in the Caribbean
- Politics of the Caribbean
- Tourism in the Caribbean
Geography:
- Americas (terminology)
- List of archipelagos by number of islands
- List of Caribbean islands
- List of indigenous names of Eastern Caribbean islands
- List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean
- List of Ultras of the Caribbean
- Middle America (Americas)
- Latin America and the Caribbean (region)
Notes
- ^ The Lucayan Archipelago is excluded from some definitions of "Caribbean" and instead classified as Atlantic; this is primarily a geological rather than cultural or environmental distinction.
References
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- ^ a b Allsopp, Richard; Allsopp, Jeannette (2003). Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. University of the West Indies Press. p. 136–. ISBN 978-976-640-145-0.
- ^ Engerman, Stanley L. (2000). "A Population History of the Caribbean". In Haines, Michael R.; Steckel, Richard Hall. A Population History of North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 483–528. ISBN 0-521-49666-7. OCLC 41118518.
- ^ Hillman, Richard S.; D'Agostino, Thomas J., eds. (2003). Understanding the contemporary Caribbean. London, UK: Lynne Rienner. ISBN 158826663X. OCLC 300280211.
- ^ Asann, Ridvan (2007). A Brief History of the Caribbean (Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 0-8160-3811-2.
- ^ Higman, B. W. (2011). A ConciseHistory of the Caribbean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0521043484.
- ^ Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49), United Nations Statistics Division
- ^ North America Atlas National Geographic
- ^ "North America" Archived March 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Atlas of Canada
- ^ "North America". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia; "... associated with the continent is Greenland, the largest island in the world, and such offshore groups as the Arctic Archipelago, the Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and the Aleutian Islands."
- ^ The World: Geographic Overview, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency; "North America is commonly understood to include the island of Greenland, the isles of the Caribbean, and to extend south all the way to the Isthmus of Panama."
- ^ The Netherlands Antilles: The joy of six, The Economist Magazine, April 29, 2010
- ^ "Carib". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2008-07-10. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
inhabited the Lesser Antilles and parts of the neighbouring South American coast at t e time of the Spanish conquest.
line feed character in|quote=at position 86 (help) - ^ Elster, Charles Harrington. "Caribbean", from The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations. p.78. (2d ed. 2005)
- ^ In the early 20th century, only the pronunciation with the primary stress on the third syllable was considered correct, according to Frank Horace Vizetelly, A Desk-Book of Twenty-five Thousand Words Frequently Mispronounced (Funk and Wagnalls, 1917), p. 233.
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Johnstone, Keith (2011). A Course in Phonetics. Cengage Learning. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9.
- ^ Random House Dictionary
- ^ American Heritage Dictionary
- ^ Merriam Webster
- ^ See, e.g., Elster, supra.
- ^ a b Oxford Online Dictionaries
- ^ "Background of the business forum of the Greater Caribbean of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS)". Archived from the original on 2010-03-27. Retrieved 2009-05-05.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . acs-aec.org
- ^ ten Brink, Uri. "Puerto Rico Trench 2003: Cruise Summary Results". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
- ^ "Summary Climatological Normals 1981–2010" (PDF). Departamento Meteorologico Aruba. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "Climate Data Aruba". Departamento Meteorologico Aruba. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ "Average Weather for Mayaguez, PR - Temperature and Precipitation". Weather.com. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Havana". Cuban Institute of Meteorology. June 2011. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
- ^ "Casa Blanca, Habana, Cuba: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data". Retrieved 2010-06-26.
- ^ "SPP Background". CommerceConnect.gov. Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ "Ecoregions of North America". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "What's the difference between North, Latin, Central, Middle, South, Spanish and Anglo America?". About.com.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, land area figures are taken from "Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea, the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean, although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean.
- ^ a b c Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles. "Statistical information: Population". Government of the Netherlands Antilles. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995, much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades. Plymouth remains the de jure capital.
- ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea, the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean, although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean.
- ^ Mark Spalding; Corinna Ravilious; Edmund Peter Green (10 September 2001). World Atlas of Coral Reefs. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23255-6. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ Littler, D. and Littler, M. (2000) Caribbean Reef Plants. OffShore Graphics, Inc., ISBN 0967890101.
- ^ Minter, D.W., Rodríguez Hernández, M. and Mena Portales, J. (2001) Fungi of the Caribbean. An annotated checklist. PDMS Publishing, ISBN 0-9540169-0-4.
- ^ Kirk, P. M.; Ainsworth, Geoffrey Clough (2008). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ^ "Fungi of Cuba – potential endemics". cybertruffle.org.uk. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
- ^ "Fungi of Puerto Rico – potential endemics". cybertruffle.org.uk. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
- ^ "Fungi of the Dominican Republic – potential endemics". cybertruffle.org.uk. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
- ^ "Fungi of Trinidad & Tobago – potential endemics". cybertruffle.org.uk. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
- ^ "North American Extinctions v. World". Thegreatstory.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ "Caribbean Coral Reefs". coral-reef-info.com.
- ^ Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Mumby, P. J.; Hooten, A. J.; Steneck, R. S.; Greenfield, P.; Gomez, E.; Harvell, C. D.; Sale, P. F.; et al. (2007). "Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification". Science. 318 (5857): 1737–42. doi:10.1126/science.1152509. PMID 18079392.
- ^ "Caribbean coral reefs may disappear within 20 years: Report". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ Rogoziński, Jan (2000). A Brief History of the Caribbean. Penguin. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-452-28193-6.
- ^ Rogoziński, Jan (2000). A Brief History of the Caribbean. Penguin. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-452-28193-6.
- ^ Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M. ABC-CLIO. p. 413. ISBN 0-313-34102-8.
- ^ Engerman, p. 486
- ^ The Sugar Revolutions and Slavery, U.S. Library of Congress
- ^ Engerman, pp. 488–492
- ^ Engerman, Figure 11.1
- ^ Engerman, pp. 501–502
- ^ Engerman, pp. 504, 511
- ^ Table A.2, Database documentation, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Population Database, version 3, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 2005. Accessed on line February 20, 2008.
- ^ Christianity in its Global Context Archived 2013-08-15 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Gowricharn, Ruben. Caribbean Transnationalism: Migration, Pluralization, and Social Cohesion, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006. p. 5 ISBN 0-7391-1167-1
- ^ Hillman, p. 150
- ^ Hillman, p. 165
- ^ a b Serbin, Andres (1994). "Towards an Association of Caribbean States: Raising Some Awkward Questions". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 36 (4): 61–90. JSTOR 166319.
- ^ Hillman, p. 123
- ^ "The U.S.-EU Banana Agreement". Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2008-11-23.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) See also: "Dominica: Poverty and Potential". BBC. 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ "WTO rules against EU banana import practices". Archived from the original on 2009-04-16. Retrieved 2008-11-23.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . eubusiness.com (2007-11-29)
- ^ "No truce in banana war". BBC News. 1999-03-08. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ "World: Americas St Vincent hit by banana war". BBC News. 1999-03-13. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ "Concern for Caribbean farmers". Bbc.co.uk. 2005-01-07. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ Edmonds, Kevin (2012-03-06). "ALBA Expands its Allies in the Caribbean". Venezuela Analysis. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- ^ "CANTO Caribbean portal". Canto.org. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ "Caribbean Educators Network". CEN. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ "Carilec". Carilec.com. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ "About Us". Caribbean Hotel & Tourism Association. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
- ^ "Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme". Crepnet.net. Archived from the original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ "Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism". Caricom-fisheries.com. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ "Official website of the RNM". Crnm.org. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ "University of the West Indies". Uwi.edu. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ "West Indies Cricket Board WICB Official Website". Windiescricket.com. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
Bibliography
- Engerman, Stanley L. "A Population History of the Caribbean", pp. 483–528 in A Population History of North America Michael R. Haines and Richard Hall Steckel (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-49666-7.
- Hillman, Richard S., and Thomas J. D'agostino, eds. Understanding the Contemporary Caribbean, London: Lynne Rienner, 2003 ISBN 1-58826-663-X.
Further reading
- Develtere, Patrick R. 1994. "Co-operation and development: With special reference to the experience of the Commonwealth Caribbean" ACCO, ISBN 90-334-3181-5
- Gowricharn, Ruben. Caribbean Transnationalism: Migration, Pluralization, and Social Cohesion. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006.
- Henke, Holger, and Fred Reno, eds. Modern Political Culture in the Caribbean. Kingston: University of West Indies Press, 2003.
- Heuman, Gad. The Caribbean: Brief Histories. London: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2006.
- de Kadt, Emanuel, (editor). Patterns of foreign influence in the Caribbean, Oxford University Press, 1972.
- Knight, Franklin W. The Modern Caribbean (University of North Carolina Press, 1989).
- Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny. Addison-Wesley Publishing. ISBN 0-201-52396-5
- Langley, Lester D. The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century. London: University of Georgia Press, 1989.
- Maingot, Anthony P. The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship. Westview Press, 1994.
- Palmie, Stephan, and Francisco A. Scarano, eds. The Caribbean: A History of the Region and Its Peoples (University of Chicago Press; 2011); 660 pp.; writings on the region since the pre-Columbia era.
- Ramnarine, Tina K. Beautiful Cosmos: Performance and Belonging in the Caribbean Diaspora. London, Pluto Press, 2007.
- Rowntree, Lester/Martin Lewis/Marie Price/William Wyckoff. Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development, 4th edition, 2008.
External links
Find more aboutCaribbeanat Wikipedia's sister projects
- Definitions from Wiktionary
- Media from Wikimedia Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Texts from Wikisource
- Textbooks from Wikibooks
- Travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Learning resources from Wikiversity
- Caribbean at Curlie
- Digital Library of the Caribbean
- Manioc, open access digital Library, books, images, conferences, articles about the Caribbean
- Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress: Caribbean Islands (1987)
- LANIC Caribbean country pages
- Caribe Books: publishing house in the Caribbean
- Media related to Caribbean at Wikimedia Commons
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Coordinates: 14°31′32″N 75°49′06″W / 14.52556°N 75.81833°W / 14.52556; -75.81833
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 中南米諸国やカリブ海地域への旅行者にみられる疾患への治療アプローチapproach to illness associated with travel to latin america and the caribbean [show details]…outbreaks. The approach to evaluation of illness associated with travel to Latin America and the Caribbean will be reviewed here. Issues related to travel to other regions are discussed separately: …
- 2. デングウイルス感染症（デング熱）：疫学dengue virus infection epidemiology [show details]…conditions for transmission, and the large volume of travelers arriving from Latin America and the Caribbean, where dengue is endemic . In 2020, the CDC reported 332 cases in the United States, with 87 (Florida)…
- 3. 帰国者の皮膚病変skin lesions in the returning traveler [show details]…pustular Many descriptions have been reported from the Atlantic coast of North America and from the Caribbean. A diffuse folliculitis ("hot tub folliculitis") is usually caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that…
- 4. 鉤虫関連皮膚幼虫移行症hookworm related cutaneous larva migrans [show details]…in Africa, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and, less commonly, Central and South America . In another review of Canadian travelers, infections were acquired most commonly in the Caribbean (most often Jamaica) …
- 5. HIV感染の国際疫学global epidemiology of hiv infection [show details]…health care services . The Caribbean – After sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean has the second highest HIV prevalence rates in the world . In 2021, the 16 countries in the Caribbean region accounted for 330 …
English Journal
- Intimate partner violence and HIV risk factors among African-American and African-Caribbean women in clinic-based settings.
- Stockman JK, Lucea MB, Draughon JE, Sabri B, Anderson JC, Bertrand D, Campbell DW, Callwood GB, Campbell JC.Sourcea Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA.
- AIDS care.AIDS Care.2013 Apr;25(4):472-80. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2012.722602. Epub 2012 Sep 25.
- Abstract Despite progress against intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV/AIDS in the past two decades, both epidemics remain major public health problems, particularly among women of color. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between recent IPV and HIV risk factors (sexual an
- PMID 23006050
- Dietary patterns in blacks and Hispanics with diagnosed diabetes in New York City's South Bronx.
- Davis NJ, Schechter CB, Ortega F, Rosen R, Wylie-Rosett J, Walker EA.SourceAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
- The American journal of clinical nutrition.Am J Clin Nutr.2013 Apr;97(4):878-85. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051185. Epub 2013 Feb 27.
- BACKGROUND: An understanding of dietary patterns in diverse populations may guide the development of food-based, rather than nutrient-based, recommendations.OBJECTIVE: We identified and determined predictors of dietary patterns in low-income black and Hispanic adults with diagnosed diabetes.DESIGN:
- PMID 23446901
- Factors contributing to inconsistent condom use among heterosexual men in Curaçao.
- Stutterheim SE, Bertens MG, Mevissen FE, Schaalma HP.Sourcea School of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands , Heerlen , The Netherlands.
- Culture, health & sexuality.Cult Health Sex.2013 Apr;15(4):420-33. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2012.762119. Epub 2013 Jan 28.
- This study explored, from a public health perspective, factors that contribute to inconsistent condom use by men in Curaçao through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 21 heterosexual men. The findings show that there is an important disconnect between what is considered culturally appropr
- PMID 23350609
- Under-representation of minority ethnic groups in cardiovascular research: a semi-structured interview study.
- Gill PS, Plumridge G, Khunti K, Greenfield S.SourcePrimary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK and.
- Family practice.Fam Pract.2013 Apr;30(2):233-41. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cms054. Epub 2012 Sep 16.
- BACKGROUND: Minority ethnic groups are often excluded from research, and the reasons for this are complex.OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore why minority ethnic groups do not participate in research, and how their participation can be increased.METHODS: Ninety-one interviews were undertaken with
- PMID 22987456
Japanese Journal
- 英領西インド植民地の奴隷制廃止と補償問題(その2)
- 明星大学経済学研究紀要 47(1), 45-61, 2015-06
- NAID 120005619335
- ハバナ出土の東洋磁器
- 多文化社会研究 1, 141-157, 2015-03-01
- NAID 110009890428
- Diversity of sand inhabiting marine ascomycetes in some tourist beaches on Cozumel Island, Mexico
- Mycoscience : official journal of the Mycological Society of Japan 56(2), 136-140, 2015-03
- NAID 40020402911
- CARIBBEAN THEATRE : A POST-COLONIAL STORY
- 専修大学人文科学研究所月報 (274), 3-14, 2015-01
- NAID 120005556695
Related Links
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- .jpオークションご利用の流れ ①.jpオークションの対象ドメイン名をチェック.jpオークションは毎月1日からスタート。まずは欲しいドメインがないか対象となっているドメインを確認しましょう。 ②入札する 入札は300円から。
- Visit the Caribbean to dive into the aquamarine water and see the Caribbean's underwater life up close and personal with a snorkeling or scuba diving adventure. Discover captivating coral reefs and unique species of jellyfish like the ...
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「100Cases 34」 |
「100Cases 34」
- ☆case34 てんかん発作
- ■症例
- 23歳 アフリカ-カリブ系 女性 銀行の店員
- 主訴：てんかん発作
- 現病歴：強直間代発作を2回起こしたところを母親が目撃していた。娘の行動は次第におかしくなり、また娘は自分のことを話している声が聞こえていた(幻聴)。最近、頭痛を訴えていた。体重が減少し、脱毛があった。盗汗と主に足と手の小関節に及ぶflitting 関節痛を訴えていた。服用薬なし。タバコ1日5-10本、アルコール10 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)6本弱)
- 既往歴：特記なし(medical or psychiatric history)
- 家族歴：
- 生活歴：
- ・身体診断
- 意識：眠そうだが痛みに反応。頚部硬直：なし。頭髪：薄く斑状。体温38.5℃。リンパ節：たくさんの部位で触知。
- 心拍：104/分、整。血圧：164/102 mmHg。心血管系、呼吸器系、腹部：異常なし。
- 神経所見：focal anormalityなし(局所性異常)。乳頭浮腫：認めず。
- ・検査
- (血液生化学)
- 上昇：erythrocyte sedimentation rate、urea、creatinine
- 低下：hemoglobin、white cell count、platelet
- 正常：mean corpuscular volume、sodium、potassium、glucose
- (腰椎穿刺)
- 上昇：leukocytes、CSF protein
- 正常：CSF glucose
- (尿検査)
- 蛋白：＋＋＋。血尿：＋＋＋。赤血球：＋＋。赤血球円柱：あり。
- (その他)
- 胸部X線：異常なし。ECG：洞性頻脈。頭部CT：正常。CSFグラム染色：陰性(光顕レベルで細菌なし)
- ■glossary
- fall out (毛髪などが)抜ける
- night sweat 盗汗、寝汗
- tonic-clonic generalized seizure 全般性強直間代発作
- flit vi (鳥・蝶など)すいすい/ひらひら飛ぶ、飛び回る、飛翔する。(人が)軽やかに通る、行き交う。(時が)(飛ぶように)すぎる。(幻想など)去来する、よぎる、(表情が)かすめる
- drowsy adj. 眠い。眠そうな。眠気を誘う。ものうい。眠ったような
- stiffness n. 堅いこと、堅ぐるしさ、がんこさ
- delirium tremens 振戦譫妄
- hypertensive encephalopathy 高血圧性脳症
- alopecia 脱毛症
- African-Caribbean アフリカ-カリブ系
- fit n. (病気の)発作。引きつけ、痙攣。(感情の)激発、一時的興奮、気まぐれ
- chorea n. 舞踏病
- recreational drug 耽溺性があり乱用される脱法薬物
- urgent adj. (物・事が)急を要する、緊急の、背拍質(pressing)。(～を)緊急に必要とする(in)。(S is ～ (with O1) for [in] O2)(人が)(O1(人)に)O2(物・事)をしつこく求める。(人に/～するように)催促する(for/to do)。(要求などが)執拗な。
- □てんかん発作
- ・新規発生したてんかん発作の原因(ICU.805-806)
- ・薬物中毒(テオフィリンなど)
- ・薬物からの離脱(アルコールなど)
- ・感染症(髄膜炎、膿瘍など)
- ・頭部外傷
- ・虚血障害(虚血あるいはびまん性)
- ・占拠性病変(腫瘍あるいは血腫)
- ・代謝性障害(肝性脳症、尿毒症性脳症、敗血症、低血糖、低ナトリウム血症、低カルシウム血症など)
- ・合併症(ICU.805-806)
- ・全身性てんかん発作の場合：高血圧、乳酸アシドーシス、高体温、呼吸障害、誤嚥、肺水腫、横紋筋融解、自傷、不可逆性の神経学的障害(30分間以上てんかん発作が持続した場合)
- ■可能性の高い診断
- 全身性エリテマトーデス systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)
- ■鑑別診断のポイント
- 自己免疫疾患は多彩な症状を示す。そのため、個々の症状に着目して鑑別診断をあげるのではなく、症状や検査値の異常を総合的に見て判断する必要がある。
- ■解答
- (第1パラグラフ)SLEの病態
- 精神症状：(SLEは脳で血管炎を呈することで生じる)うつ(depression)、統合失調症様の精神病、痙攣(fits)、舞踏病(chorea)、脳梗塞/脊髄梗塞
- 脳脊髄液：白血球増多(leukopenia)、蛋白増加
- 血液：自己免疫性溶血貧血(Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia)がありうる。白血球減少と血小板減少症は普通にみられる。
- 腎症状：ループス腎炎は普通に見られ、顕微鏡的血尿・タンパク尿、ネフローゼ、あるいは腎不全が現れるかもしれない。
- 関節症状：変形を伴わない関節痛(PIP関節(近位指節間関節)、MP関節(中手指節関節)、手関節)
- (第2パラグラフ)SLEの確定診断のための検査・治療
- ・すぐにすべきことは降圧薬、抗痙攣薬の投与
- ・確定診断のために次の検査を行っていく(もっとも、症例の提示された所見で(日本の？)SLEの診断基準を満たすけど)
- ・検疫血清検査：抗DNA抗体、C3、C4
- ・腎生検：ループス腎炎の程度を把握
- ・治療：活動性の感染がないことを確認 ← 薬物療法ではステロイドや免疫抑制薬を使うため
- ・ステロイド静脈内投与、あるいはシクロホスファミドなどの細胞毒性薬(cytotoxic agents)の投与
- ・重症、治療抵抗性だったら血漿交換を行う。
- ■鑑別診断 頭痛/精神病的様態(psychiatric features)/痙攣
- ・髄膜炎、脳炎
- ・レクリエーショナルドラッグの中毒(例えばコカイン)
- ・脳腫瘍
- ・急性のアルコール禁断症状：振戦譫妄
- ・高血圧脳症
- ■KEYPOINT
- ・SLEは特に若いアフリカ系-カリブ系に普通に一般的
- ・SLEでは主に神経症状と精神症状をを伴って現れることがある
- ・白血球低下と血小板の低下はしばしばSLEを示唆する
- □tonic-clonic seizure 強直間代発作
- 意識消失とともに全身の随意筋に強直痙攣が生じ(強直痙攣期tonic convulsion)、次いで全身の筋の強直と弛緩とが律動的に繰り返される時期(間代痙攣期clonic convulsion)を経て、発作後もうろう状態を呈する一連の発作。
- □350ml アルコール5%
- 350x0.05/10=1.75 unit
- □細胞毒性薬
- 免疫抑制薬や抗腫瘍薬として用いられる。
- antimetabolites
- アザチオプリン azathioprine
- メトトレキセート methotrexate
- ミコフェノール酸 mycophenolic acid, ミコフェノール酸モフェチル mycophenolate mofetil
- レフルノミド leflunomide
- alkylating agents
- シクロホスファミド cyclophosphamide