WordNet

excrete perspiration through the pores in the skin; "Exercise makes one sweat" (同)sudate, perspire
condensation of moisture on a cold surface; "the cold glasses were streaked with sweat"
the process of the sweat glands of the skin secreting a salty fluid; "perspiration is a homeostatic process" (同)sweating, diaphoresis, sudation, hidrosis
salty fluid secreted by sweat glands; "sweat poured off his brow" (同)sweat, sudor
of or relating to sweat
interest in a building that a tenant earns by contributing to its renovation or maintenance
a porous bag (usually of canvas) that holds water and cools it by evaporation

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『汗』 / 〈U〉(一般に,物の表面にできる)湿気,露,水滴 / 〈U〉《しばしばa ~》発汗[状態];〈C〉発汗作用 / 〈U〉《しばしばa ~》《話》心配(いらだち,怒り)の状態 / 〈U〉《しばしばa ~》骨折り,つらい労働 / 『汗をかく』 / (一般に,物の表面が)湿気を帯びる,汗をかく / 《話》汗水流して働く / 〈水分〉‘を'毛穴などから出す / …‘に'汗をかかせる / 〈体重など〉‘を'汗を流して減らす《+away(off)+名,+away(off)+名》 / …から水分を出させる / 〈人・馬など〉‘を'汗水流して働かせる,酷使する
汗 / 発汗[作用]
(比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》低賃金で重労働を強いられた

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/01 22:46:09」(JST)

wiki en

Perspiration (sweating, transpiration, or diaphoresis) is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.^[1]

Two types of sweat glands can be found in humans: eccrine glands and apocrine glands. The eccrine sweat glands are distributed over much of the body.

In humans, sweating is primarily a means of thermoregulation which is achieved by the water-rich secretion of the eccrine glands. Maximum sweat rates of an adult can be up to 2-4 liters per hour or 10-14 liters per day (10-15 g/min•m²), but is less in children prior to puberty.^[2]^[3]^[4] Evaporation of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to evaporative cooling. Hence, in hot weather, or when the individual's muscles heat up due to exertion, more sweat is produced. Animals with few sweat glands, such as dogs, accomplish similar temperature regulation results by panting, which evaporates water from the moist lining of the oral cavity and pharynx.

Primates and horses have armpits that sweat like those of humans. Although sweating is found in a wide variety of mammals,^[5]^[6] relatively few, such as humans and horses, produce large amounts of sweat in order to cool down.^[7]

Definitions

Hypohidrosis is decreased sweating from whatever cause.^[8]
Focal hyperhidrosis is increased or excessive sweating in certain regions such as the underarms, palms, soles, face or groin.
Hyperhidrosis, also referred to as generalized or secondary hyperhidrosis, is excessive sweating due to an underlying condition and usually involves the body as a whole.^[8]
Hidromeiosis is a reduction in sweating that is due to blockages of sweat glands in humid conditions.^[9]

Mechanism

Sweating after exercise.

Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the preoptic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermosensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin. High skin temperature reduces the hypothalamic set point for sweating and increases the gain of the hypothalamic feedback system in response to variations in core temperature. Overall, however, the sweating response to a rise in hypothalamic ('core') temperature is much larger than the response to the same increase in average skin temperature.

Sweating causes a decrease in core temperature through evaporative cooling at the skin surface. As high energy molecules evaporate from the skin, releasing energy absorbed from the body, the skin and superficial vessels decrease in temperature. Cooled venous blood then returns to the body's core and counteracts rising core temperatures.

There are two situations in which the nerves will stimulate the sweat glands, causing perspiration: during physical heat and during emotional stress. In general, emotionally induced sweating is restricted to palms, soles, armpits, and sometimes the forehead, while physical heat-induced sweating occurs throughout the body.^[10]

People have an average of two to four million sweat glands. But how much sweat is released by each gland is determined by many factors, including gender, genetics, environmental conditions, age or your fitness level. Two of the major contributors to sweat rate are an individual's fitness level and weight. If an individual weighs more, sweat rate is likely to increase because the body must exert more energy to function and there is more body mass to cool down. On the other hand, a fit person will start sweating earlier and easier. As someone becomes fit, the body becomes more efficient at regulating the body's temperature and sweat glands adapt along with the body's other systems.^[11]

Sweat is not pure water; it always contains a small amount (0.2–1%) of solute. When a person moves from a cold climate to a hot climate, adaptive changes occur in the sweating mechanisms of the person. This process is referred to as acclimatisation: the maximum rate of sweating increases and its solute composition decreases. The volume of water lost in sweat daily is highly variable, ranging from 100 to 8,000 mL/day. The solute loss can be as much as 350 mmol/day (or 90 mmol/day acclimatised) of sodium under the most extreme conditions. During average intensity exercise, sweat losses can average up to 2 litres of water/hour. In a cool climate and in the absence of exercise, sodium loss can be very low (less than 5 mmols/day). Sodium concentration in sweat is 30-65 mmol/l, depending on the degree of acclimatisation.

Composition

Sweat stain on a white cotton T-shirt

Sweat contains mainly water. It also contains minerals, lactate, and urea. Mineral composition varies with the individual, their acclimatisation to heat, exercise and sweating, the particular stress source (sauna, etc.), the duration of sweating, and the composition of minerals in the body. An indication of the minerals content is sodium (0.9 gram/liter), potassium (0.2 g/l), calcium (0.015 g/l), magnesium (0.0013 g/l).^[12] Also many other trace elements are excreted in sweat, again an indication of their concentration is (although measurements can vary fifteenfold) zinc (0.4 milligrams/liter), copper (0.3–0.8 mg/l), iron (1 mg/l), chromium (0.1 mg/l), nickel (0.05 mg/l), lead (0.05 mg/l).^[13]^[14] Probably many other less-abundant trace minerals leave the body through sweating with correspondingly lower concentrations. Some exogenous organic compounds make their way into sweat as exemplified by an unidentified odiferous "maple syrup" scented compound in several of the species in the mushroom genus Lactarius.^[15] In humans, sweat is hypoosmotic relative to plasma ^[16] (i.e. less salty). Sweat typically is found at moderately acidic to neutral pH levels, typically between 4.5 and 7.0.^[17]

References

^ Mosher HH (1933). "Simultaneous Study of Constituents of Urine and Perspiration". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 99 (3): 781–790.
^ Jessen,C., Temperature regulation in humans and other mammals, Springer, Berlin, 2000, 193 pp
^ Mack,G.W. and Nadel,E.R., Body fluid balance during heat stress in humans. In: Fregly,M.J., Blatteis,C.M. (Eds.), Handbook of physiology. Section 4: Environmental physiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, pp. 187-214
^ Sawka,M.L., Wenger,C.B., and Pandolf,K.B., Thermoregulatory responses to acute exercise-heat stress and heat acclimation. In: Fregly,M.J., Blatteis,C.M. (Eds.), Handbook of phys
^ Goglia G (January 1953). "[Further research on the branched sweat glands in some mammals (Cavia cobaya, Sus scrofa, Equus caballus).]". Bollettino Della Società Italiana Di Biologia Sperimentale (in Undetermined) 29 (1): 58–60. PMID 13066656.
^ Robertshaw D, Taylor CR (November 1969). "Sweat gland function of the donkey (Equus asinus)". The Journal of Physiology 205 (1): 79–89. PMC 1348626. PMID 5347721.
^ McDonald RE, Fleming RI, Beeley JG, et al. (2009). "Latherin: A Surfactant Protein of Horse Sweat and Saliva". In Koutsopoulos, Sotirios. PLoS ONE 4 (5): e5726. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005726. PMC 2684629. PMID 19478940.
^ ^a ^b "Academy of Hyperhidrosis". Allaboutsweat.com. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
^ Parsons K (2009). "Maintaining health, comfort and productivity in heat waves". Glob Health Action 2. doi:10.3402/gha.v2i0.2057. PMC 2799322. PMID 20052377.
^ Kameia, Tomoya; Tsudab, Takao; Kitagawab, Shinya; Naitoha, Ken; Nakashimaa, Koji; Ohhashi, Toshio (June 1998). "Physical stimuli and emotional stress-induced sweat secretions in the human palm and forehead". Analytica Chimica Acta 365 (1–3): 319–326. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00642-9.
^ Hansen, Julieann. "The Science of Sweat". American College of Sports Medicine. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
^ Montain, S. J.; Cheuvront, S. N.; Lukaski, H. C. (2007). "Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress". International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 17 (6): 574–582. PMID 18156662. edit
^ Cohn JR, Emmett EA (1978). "The excretion of traces of metals in human sweat". Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science 8 (4): 270–5. PMID 686643.
^ Saraymen, Recep; Kılıç, Eser; Yazar, Süleyman (2004). "Sweat Copper, Zinc, Iron, Magnesium and Chromium Levels in National Wrestler". İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 11 (1): 7–10.
^ Aurora, David "Lactarius fragilis" Mushrooms Demystified 1986 Ten Speed Press, Berkeley California
^ Constanzo, Linda S. BRS Physiology (4th ed.). p. 155.
^ Bandodkar AJ, Hung VWS, Jia W, Ramirez GV, Windmiller JR, Martinez AG, Ramirez J, Chan G, Kagan K, Wang J (2013). "Tattoo-based potentiometric ion-selective sensors for epidermal pH monitoring". Analyst 138 (1): 123–8. doi:10.1039/c2an36422k.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 原発性局所多汗症 primary focal hyperhidrosis
2. 寝汗がみられる患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with night sweats
3. Fox-Fordyce disease (apocrine miliaria)
4. 血液媒介病原体とスポーツ bloodborne pathogens and sports
5. 運動関連低ナトリウム血症 exercise associated hyponatremia

English Journal

Zosteriform configuration of multiple eccrine spiradenomas of the scalp.

Sorin T1, Vignaud JM2, Colson T3, Gauchotte G2, De Runz A3, Brix M3, Cuny JF4, Simon E3.
Annales de chirurgie plastique et esthétique.Ann Chir Plast Esthet.2016 Feb;61(1):65-8. doi: 10.1016/j.anplas.2014.12.001. Epub 2014 Dec 30.
BACKGROUND: Eccrine spiradenoma (ES) is a benign adnexal tumor predominantly located in the head and neck regions. Multiple neoplasms located on the scalp have been reported but never with a zosteriform configuration on the first trigeminal area.CASE REPORT: We describe an original case report of a
PMID 25555434

Coloured sweat in two brothers: First report of familial chromhidrosis.

Gaffney DC1, Cooper HL1.
The Australasian journal of dermatology.Australas J Dermatol.2016 Feb;57(1):e23-5. doi: 10.1111/ajd.12262. Epub 2015 Mar 5.
The uncommon diagnosis of chromhidrosis is most frequently made in young adults. This sweat gland disease, although benign, may impact significantly on the patient's quality of life. We describe the first report of familial chromhidrosis of pseudo-eccrine type (pseudochromhidrosis) occurring in two
PMID 25753446

In vitro dermal penetration of nickel nanoparticles.

Crosera M1, Adami G2, Mauro M3, Bovenzi M3, Baracchini E2, Larese Filon F4.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2016 Feb;145:301-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.076. Epub 2015 Dec 12.
Nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) represent a new type of occupational exposure because, due to the small size/high surface, they can release more Ni ions compared to bulk material. It has been reported a case of a worker who developed sensitization while handling nickel nanopowder without precautions. T
PMID 26692505

Acute L-arginine supplementation has no effect on cardiovascular or thermoregulatory responses to rest, exercise, and recovery in the heat.

Tyler CJ1, Coffey TR2, Hodges GJ3.
European journal of applied physiology.Eur J Appl Physiol.2016 Feb;116(2):363-71. doi: 10.1007/s00421-015-3295-5. Epub 2015 Nov 13.
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of acute L-arginine (L-ARG) supplementation on cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to rest, exercise, and recovery in the heat.METHODS: Eight healthy men (age 27 ± 6 years; stature 176 ± 6 cm; body mass 76 ± 4 kg; maximal power output 237 ±
PMID 26563117

Japanese Journal

殺菌成分・制汗成分の滞留性向上技術の開発 (特集汗,体臭の研究と制汗・デオドラント製品の開発)

友松公樹
Fragrance journal = フレグランスジャーナル 43(8), 37-42, 2015-08
NAID 40020563316

症例衣服用汗じみ紫外線防止スプレー」による急性肺障害の1例

築家直樹,池田宗一郎,木坊子貴生 [他]
日本呼吸器学会誌 = Annals of the Japanese Respiratory Society 4(3), 257-261, 2015-05-10
NAID 40020473958

六甲山登山時における塩味の味覚闘値の変化に関する実践的調査

髙木祐介,関和俊,北村裕美
野外教育研究 18(1), 33-39, 2015-03
NAID 40020532961

Os-HRP酸化還元反応を用いた電気化学式乳酸センサの開発と汗中乳酸計測への応用

工藤寛之,神宮司陽太
明治大学理工学部研究報告 = Research reports, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University (52), 1-6, 2015-03
NAID 40020437071

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 34」「perspiration」「diaphoresis」「hidrotic」「hidrosis」
拡張検索	「excess sweating」
関連記事	「sweating」

「100Cases 34」

Perspiration / sweating
ICD-10	R61
ICD-9	780.8
MedlinePlus	003218

　　[★]

☆case34　てんかん発作

■症例

23歳　アフリカ-カリブ系　女性　銀行の店員

主訴：てんかん発作

現病歴：強直間代発作を2回起こしたところを母親が目撃していた。娘の行動は次第におかしくなり、また娘は自分のことを話している声が聞こえていた(幻聴)。最近、頭痛を訴えていた。体重が減少し、脱毛があった。盗汗と主に足と手の小関節に及ぶflitting 関節痛を訴えていた。服用薬なし。タバコ1日5-10本、アルコール10 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)6本弱)

既往歴：特記なし(medical or psychiatric history)

家族歴：

生活歴：

・身体診断

意識：眠そうだが痛みに反応。頚部硬直：なし。頭髪：薄く斑状。体温38.5℃。リンパ節：たくさんの部位で触知。

心拍：104/分、整。血圧：164/102 mmHg。心血管系、呼吸器系、腹部：異常なし。

神経所見：focal anormalityなし(局所性異常)。乳頭浮腫：認めず。

・検査

(血液生化学)

上昇：erythrocyte sedimentation rate、urea、creatinine

低下：hemoglobin、white cell count、platelet

正常：mean corpuscular volume、sodium、potassium、glucose

(腰椎穿刺)

上昇：leukocytes、CSF protein

正常：CSF glucose

(尿検査)

蛋白：＋＋＋。血尿：＋＋＋。赤血球：＋＋。赤血球円柱：あり。

(その他)

胸部X線：異常なし。ECG：洞性頻脈。頭部 CT：正常。CSF グラム染色：陰性(光顕レベルで細菌なし)

■glossary

fall out　(毛髪などが)抜ける

night sweat 盗汗、寝汗

tonic-clonic generalized seizure 全般性強直間代発作

flit　vi (鳥・蝶など)すいすい/ひらひら飛ぶ、飛び回る、飛翔する。(人が)軽やかに通る、行き交う。(時が)(飛ぶように)すぎる。(幻想など)去来する、よぎる、(表情が)かすめる

drowsy　adj. 眠い。眠そうな。眠気を誘う。ものうい。眠ったような

stiffness　n. 堅いこと、堅ぐるしさ、がんこさ

delirium tremens 振戦譫妄

hypertensive encephalopathy 高血圧性脳症

alopecia　脱毛症

African-Caribbean アフリカ-カリブ系

fit n.　(病気の)発作。引きつけ、痙攣。(感情の)激発、一時的興奮、気まぐれ

chorea n. 舞踏病

recreational drug 耽溺性があり乱用される脱法薬物

urgent adj. (物・事が)急を要する、緊急の、背拍質(pressing)。(～を)緊急に必要とする(in)。(S is ～ (with O1) for [in] O2)(人が)(O1(人)に)O2(物・事)をしつこく求める。(人に/～するように)催促する(for/to do)。(要求などが)執拗な。

□てんかん発作

・新規発生したてんかん発作の原因(ICU.805-806)

・薬物中毒(テオフィリンなど)

・薬物からの離脱(アルコールなど)

・感染症(髄膜炎、膿瘍など)

・頭部外傷

・虚血障害(虚血あるいはびまん性)

・占拠性病変(腫瘍あるいは血腫)

・代謝性障害(肝性脳症、尿毒症性脳症、敗血症、低血糖、低ナトリウム血症、低カルシウム血症など)

・合併症(ICU.805-806)