adj.

眠い。眠そうな。眠気を誘う。ものうい。眠ったような

WordNet

showing lack of attention or boredom; "the yawning congregation" (同)oscitant, yawning
half asleep; "made drowsy by the long ride"; "it seemed a pity to disturb the drowsing (or dozing) professor"; "a tired dozy child"; "the nodding (or napping) grandmother in her rocking chair" (同)drowsing, dozy

PrepTutorEJDIC

『眠い』,うとうとしている / 眠けを誘う / 眠ったような,活気のない
居眠り,うとうとすること

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/11 05:52:56」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Somnolence (alternatively "sleepiness" or "drowsiness") is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (cf. hypersomnia). It has two distinct meanings, referring both to the usual state preceding falling asleep,^[1] and the chronic condition referring to being in that state independent of a circadian rhythm. "Somnolence" is derived from the Latin "somnus" meaning "sleep."

Hazards

Sleepiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle. When a person is sufficiently fatigued, microsleeps may be experienced.^{[citation needed]}

Illness

Sleepiness can be a response to infection.^[2] A well known example of infection-induced sleep is African trypanosomiasis. Such somnolence is one of several sickness behaviors or reactions to infection that some theorize evolved to promote recovery by conserving energy while the body fights the infection using fever and other means.^[3]^[4]

Diagnosis

A number of diagnostic tests, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, are available to help ascertain the seriousness and likely causes of abnormal somnolence.^{[citation needed]}

Associated conditions

Alice in Wonderland syndrome
brain edema
cerebral hypoxia
chronic fatigue syndrome
circadian rhythm sleep disorders
- advanced sleep phase disorder
- delayed sleep phase disorder
- non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder aka hypernychthemeral disorder aka free running disorder (FRD)
clinical depression, including seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
dehydration
diabetes – ketoacidosis as an example, but not balanced diabetes mellitus
encephalitis – (viral, bacterial or other agents)
epilepsy – after seizure
fibromyalgia
hydrocephalus
hyperparathyroidism
hypothermia
hypothyroidism
idiopathic hypersomnia
infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
intracranial hemorrhage such as due to ruptured aneurysms
increased intracranial pressure; for example, due to brain tumors
lyme disease (borreliosis)
medications
- analgesics – mostly prescribed or illicit opiates such as OxyContin or heroin
- anticonvulsants / antiepileptics – such as phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), Lyrica (pregbalin), Gabapentin
- antidepressants – for instance sedating tricyclic antidepressants,^[5] and mirtazapine. Somnolence is less common with SSRIs^[6] and SNRIs as well as MAOIs.
- antihistamines – for instance, diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Nytol) and doxylamine (Unisom-2)
- antipsychotics – for example, thioridazine, quetiapine (Seroquel), olanzapine (Zyprexa), risperidone, and ziprasidone (Geodon) but not haloperidol
- dopamine agonists used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease – e.g. pergolide, ropinirole and pramipexole.
- HIV medications – such as efavirenz
- hypertension medications – such as amlodipine
- tranquilizers / hypnotics – such as zopiclone (Zimovane), or the benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) or nitrazepam (Mogadon) and the barbiturates, such as amobarbital (Amytal) or secobarbital (Seconal)
- other agents impacting the central nervous system in sufficient or toxic doses
narcolepsy
sickness behavior
sleep apnea
sleep deprivation
starvation
stroke
traumatic brain injury
African trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness")

References

^ Bereshpolova, Y.; Stoelzel, C. R.; Zhuang, J.; Amitai, Y.; Alonso, J.-M.; Swadlow, H. A. (2011). "Getting Drowsy? Alert/Nonalert Transitions and Visual Thalamocortical Network Dynamics". Journal of Neuroscience 31 (48): 17480–7. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2262-11.2011. PMID 22131409.
^ Mullington, Janet; Korth, Carsten; Hermann, Dirk M.; Orth, Armin; Galanos, Chris; Holsboer, Florian; Pollmächer, Thomas (2000). "Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on human sleep". American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278 (4): R947–55. PMID 10749783.
^ Hart, Benjamin L. (1988). "Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 12 (2): 123–37. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80004-6. PMID 3050629.
^ Kelley, Keith W.; Bluthé, Rose-Marie; Dantzer, Robert; Zhou, Jian-Hua; Shen, Wen-Hong; Johnson, Rodney W.; Broussard, Suzanne R. (2003). "Cytokine-induced sickness behavior". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 17 (1): 112–118. doi:10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6. PMID 12615196.
^ Zimmermann, C.; Pfeiffer, H. (2007). "Schlafstörungen bei Depression". Der Nervenarzt 78 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1007/s00115-006-2111-1. PMID 16832696.
^ Watanabe, Norio; Omori, Ichiro M; Nakagawa, Atsuo; Cipriani, Andrea; Barbui, Corrado; Churchill, Rachel; Furukawa, Toshi A (2011). "Mirtazapine versus other antidepressive agents for depression". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD006528. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006528.pub2. PMC 4158430. PMID 22161405.

UpToDate Contents

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1. せん妄および錯乱状態の診断 diagnosis of delirium and confusional states
2. Sleep-wake disturbances in shift workers
3. 睡眠不足および睡眠障害のパフォーマンスおよび安全性リスク performance and safety risks of sleep deprivation and sleep disorders
4. くも膜下出血の重症度分類 subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales
5. 小児における睡眠行動障害 behavioral sleep problems in children

English Journal

Heterogeneity of arousals in human sleep: A stereo-electroencephalographic study.

Peter-Derex L1, Magnin M2, Bastuji H3.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2015 Dec;123:229-44. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.057. Epub 2015 Jul 26.
Wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are characterized by specific brain activities. However, recent experimental findings as well as various clinical conditions (parasomnia, sleep inertia) have revealed the presence of transitional states. Brief intrusions
PMID 26220744

Sleep-disordered breathing in children with chronic kidney disease.

Amin R1,2,3, Sharma N4,5, Al-Mokali K6, Sayal P4, Al-Saleh S4,5,7, Narang I5,7, Harvey E5,8.
Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany).Pediatr Nephrol.2015 Dec;30(12):2135-43. doi: 10.1007/s00467-015-3155-x. Epub 2015 Jul 9.
BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to ascertain the prevalence and type of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in paediatric patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) based on the results of polysomnograms (PSGs).METHODS: Overnight PSGs were conducted on children with CKD stages 3-5 (dialysis
PMID 26156709

Symptoms and Symptom Clusters Identified by Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer Using a Symptom Heuristics App.

Ameringer S1, Erickson JM2, Macpherson CF3, Stegenga K4, Linder LA5.
Research in nursing & health.Res Nurs Health.2015 Dec;38(6):436-48. doi: 10.1002/nur.21697. Epub 2015 Oct 12.
Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer experience multiple distressing symptoms during treatment. Because the typical approach to symptom assessment does not easily reflect the symptom experience of individuals, alternative approaches to enhancing communication between the patient and provi
PMID 26455729

Striatal-cerebellar networks mediate consolidation in a motor sequence learning task: An fMRI study using dynamic causal modelling.

Tzvi E1, Stoldt A2, Witt K2, Krämer UM3.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2015 Nov 15;122:52-64. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.077. Epub 2015 Aug 2.
The fast and slow learning stages of motor sequence learning are suggested to be realized through plasticity in a distributed cortico-striato-cerebellar network. To better understand the causal interactions within this network in the different phases of motor sequence learning, we investigated the e
PMID 26244275

Japanese Journal

短時間の休憩による運転者の覚醒水準回復効果について (ITS研究会通信,計測,ITS関連一般)

陳宇,松木裕二,盧存偉 [他]
電気学会研究会資料. ITS 2014(1-6・8-20), 37-42, 2014-03-13
NAID 40020057970

短時間の休憩による運転者の覚醒水準回復効果について (ITS)

陳宇,松木裕二,盧存偉 [他]
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 113(491), 37-42, 2014-03-13
NAID 40020044661

Delayed Leukoencephalopathy after Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Presenting as Subacute Dementia

Mizuno Yu,Sakurai Yasuhisa,Sugimoto Izumi,Ichinose Keiko,Ishihara Shoichiro,Sanjo Nobuo,Mizusawa Hidehiro,Mannen Toru
Internal Medicine 53(13), 1441-1445, 2014
… however, within one month, she became drowsy and poorly responsive, with limb chorea and urinary incontinence. …
NAID 130004466376

歯性上顎洞炎から硬膜下膿瘍を発症した1例

大竹史浩,中林基,田村隆行,谷尾和彦
日本口腔診断学会雑誌 27(1), 74-78, 2014
… However, he became drowsy, and paralysis on the left side of the body arose. …
NAID 130003398165

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 34」「drowsiness」

「100Cases 34」

Somnolence
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Sleep medicine
ICD-10	R40.0
ICD-9-CM	780.09
DiseasesDB	16940
MedlinePlus	003208

　　[★]

☆case34　てんかん発作

■症例

23歳　アフリカ-カリブ系　女性　銀行の店員

主訴：てんかん発作

現病歴：強直間代発作を2回起こしたところを母親が目撃していた。娘の行動は次第におかしくなり、また娘は自分のことを話している声が聞こえていた(幻聴)。最近、頭痛を訴えていた。体重が減少し、脱毛があった。盗汗と主に足と手の小関節に及ぶflitting 関節痛を訴えていた。服用薬なし。タバコ1日5-10本、アルコール10 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)6本弱)

既往歴：特記なし(medical or psychiatric history)

家族歴：

生活歴：

・身体診断

意識：眠そうだが痛みに反応。頚部硬直：なし。頭髪：薄く斑状。体温38.5℃。リンパ節：たくさんの部位で触知。

心拍：104/分、整。血圧：164/102 mmHg。心血管系、呼吸器系、腹部：異常なし。

神経所見：focal anormalityなし(局所性異常)。乳頭浮腫：認めず。

・検査

(血液生化学)

上昇：erythrocyte sedimentation rate、urea、creatinine

低下：hemoglobin、white cell count、platelet

正常：mean corpuscular volume、sodium、potassium、glucose

(腰椎穿刺)

上昇：leukocytes、CSF protein

正常：CSF glucose

(尿検査)

蛋白：＋＋＋。血尿：＋＋＋。赤血球：＋＋。赤血球円柱：あり。

(その他)

胸部X線：異常なし。ECG：洞性頻脈。頭部 CT：正常。CSF グラム染色：陰性(光顕レベルで細菌なし)

■glossary

fall out　(毛髪などが)抜ける

night sweat 盗汗、寝汗

tonic-clonic generalized seizure 全般性強直間代発作

flit　vi (鳥・蝶など)すいすい/ひらひら飛ぶ、飛び回る、飛翔する。(人が)軽やかに通る、行き交う。(時が)(飛ぶように)すぎる。(幻想など)去来する、よぎる、(表情が)かすめる

drowsy　adj. 眠い。眠そうな。眠気を誘う。ものうい。眠ったような

stiffness　n. 堅いこと、堅ぐるしさ、がんこさ

delirium tremens 振戦譫妄

hypertensive encephalopathy 高血圧性脳症

alopecia　脱毛症

African-Caribbean アフリカ-カリブ系

fit n.　(病気の)発作。引きつけ、痙攣。(感情の)激発、一時的興奮、気まぐれ

chorea n. 舞踏病

recreational drug 耽溺性があり乱用される脱法薬物

urgent adj. (物・事が)急を要する、緊急の、背拍質(pressing)。(～を)緊急に必要とする(in)。(S is ～ (with O1) for [in] O2)(人が)(O1(人)に)O2(物・事)をしつこく求める。(人に/～するように)催促する(for/to do)。(要求などが)執拗な。

□てんかん発作

・新規発生したてんかん発作の原因(ICU.805-806)

・薬物中毒(テオフィリンなど)

・薬物からの離脱(アルコールなど)

・感染症(髄膜炎、膿瘍など)

・頭部外傷

・虚血障害(虚血あるいはびまん性)

・占拠性病変(腫瘍あるいは血腫)

・代謝性障害(肝性脳症、尿毒症性脳症、敗血症、低血糖、低ナトリウム血症、低カルシウム血症など)

・合併症(ICU.805-806)