夜

WordNet

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside (同)nighttime, dark
a period of ignorance or backwardness or gloom
a shortening of nightfall; "they worked from morning to night"
darkness; "it vanished into the night"
the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit; "three nights later he collapsed"
the period spent sleeping; "I had a restless night"
the time between sunset and midnight; "he watched television every night"
during the night of the present day; "drop by tonight" (同)this evening, this night
the present or immediately coming night
garments designed to be worn in bed (同)sleepwear, nightclothes
a knight who spends his time in luxury and idleness (knighted on the carpet at court rather than on the field of battle)
an evening when members of a club or college can bring their friends as guests

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『夜』,晩,夜間 / 〈U〉(夜の)暗やみ,夜蔭 / 〈U〉《文》(精神的に)まっ暗な状態(時),やみ / 〈C〉(特定の行事・目的に当てられる)晩,夜 / 『夜の』,夜間[用]の;夜勤の;夜行[性]の
『今晩』,今夜 / 『今夜[は]』
寝巻
近くの(near) / 近くに(で) / ほとんど / …の近く(そば)に
夜な夜な,毎晩

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/18 21:21:43」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The Nile River Delta at night

Night or nighttime (sp. night-time or night time) is the period of time between the sunset and the sunrise when the Sun is below the horizon.

This occurs after dusk. The opposite of night is day (or "daytime" to distinguish it from "day" as used for a 24-hour period). The start and end points of time of a night vary based on factors such as season, latitude, longitude and timezone.

At any given time, one side of the planet Earth is bathed in light from the Sun (the daytime) and the other side of the Earth is in the shadow caused by the Earth blocking the light of the sun. This shadow is called the umbra. Natural illumination is still provided by a combination of moonlight, planetary light, starlight, diffuse zodiacal light, gegenschein, and airglow. In some circumstances, bioluminescence, aurorae, and lightning can provide some illumination. The glow provided by artificial illumination is sometimes referred to as light pollution because it can interfere with observational astronomy and ecosystems.

Duration and geography

Nights are shorter than days on average due to two factors. Firstly, the sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 arc minutes. Secondly, the atmosphere refracts sunlight so that some of it reaches the ground when the sun is below the horizon by about 34 arc minutes. The combination of these two factors means that light reaches the ground when the center of the sun is below the horizon by about 50 arc minutes. Without these effects, day and night would be the same length at the autumnal (autumn/fall) and vernal (spring) equinoxes, the moments when the sun passes over the equator. In reality, around the equinoxes the day is almost 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator, and even more towards the poles. The summer and winter solstices mark the shortest and the longest night, respectively. The closer a location is to either the North Pole or the South Pole, the larger the range of variation in the night's length. Although equinoxes occur with a day and night close to equal length, before and after an equinox the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly in high latitude locations than in low latitude locations. In the Northern Hemisphere, Denmark has shorter nights in June than India has. In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctica has longer nights in June than Chile has. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the world experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer).

Between the pole and the polar circle, the variation in daylight hours is so extreme that for a portion of the summer, there is no longer an intervening night between consecutive days and in the winter there is a period that there is no intervening day between consecutive nights.

On other celestial bodies

Waning moon

Nótt, the personification of night in Norse mythology, rides her horse in this 19th-century painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo.

The phenomenon of day and night is due to the rotation of a celestial body about its axis, creating an illusion of the sun rising and setting. Different bodies spin at very different rates, however. Some may spin much faster than Earth, while others spin extremely slowly, leading to very long days and nights. The planet Venus rotates once every 224.7 days – by far the slowest rotation period of any of the major planets. In contrast, the gas giant Jupiter's sidereal day is only 9 hours and 56 minutes.^[1] However, it is not just the sidereal rotation period which determines the length of a planet's day-night cycle but the length of its orbital period as well - Venus has a rotation period of 224.7 days, but a day-night cycle just 116.75 days long due. Mercury has the longest day-night cycle as a result of its 3:2 resonance between its orbital period and rotation period - this resonance gives it a day-night cycle 176 days long. A planet may experience large temperature variations between day and night, such as Mercury, the planet closest to the sun. This is one consideration in terms of planetary habitability or the possibility of extraterrestrial life.

Impact on life

The disappearance of sunlight, the primary energy source for life on Earth, has dramatic impacts on the morphology, physiology and behavior of almost every organism. Some animals sleep during the night, whilst other nocturnal animals including moths and crickets are active during this time. The effects of day and night are not seen in the animal kingdom alone; plants have also evolved adaptations to cope best with the lack of sunlight during this time. For example, crassulacean acid metabolism is a unique type of carbon fixation which allows photosynthetic plants to store carbon dioxide in their tissues as organic acids during the night, which can then be used during the day to synthesize carbohydrates. This allows them to keep their stomata closed during the daytime, preventing transpiration of precious water.

As artificial lighting has improved, especially after the Industrial Revolution, night time activity has increased and become a significant part of the economy in most places. Many establishments, such as nightclubs, bars, convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, gas stations, distribution facilities, and police stations now operate 24 hours a day or stay open as late as 1 or 2 a. m. Even without artificial light, moonlight sometimes makes it possible to travel or work outdoors at night.

Cultural aspects

Night is often associated with danger and evil, because of the psychological connection of night's all-encompassing darkness to the fear of the unknown and darkness's obstruction of a major sensory system (the sense of sight). Nighttime is naturally associated with vulnerability and danger for human physical survival. Criminals, animals, and other potential dangers can be concealed by darkness. Midnight has a particular importance in human imagination and culture.

The belief in magic often includes the idea that magic and magicians are more powerful at night. Seances of spiritualism are usually conducted closer to midnight. Similarly, mythical and folkloric creatures as vampires and werewolves are described as being more active at night. Ghosts are believed to wander around almost exclusively during night-time. In almost all cultures, there exist stories and legends warning of the dangers of night-time. In fact, the Saxons called the darkness of night the 'death mist'.^{[citation needed]}

In literature, night and the lack of light are often color-associated with blackness which is historically symbolic in many cultures for villainy, non-existence, or a lack of knowledge (with the knowledge usually symbolized by light or illumination).

The cultural significance of the night in Islam is completely opposite of night in Western culture. The Koran was revealed during the Night of Power, the most significant night according to Islam. Muhammad made his famous journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and then to heaven in the night. Another prophet, Abraham came to a realization of the supreme being in charge of the universe at night. There are many references in the Koran about the benefits of the night for contemplation and spiritual development.

References

^ Seidelmann, P. K.; Abalakin, V. K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M. E. et al. (2001). "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000". HNSKY Planetarium Program. Retrieved 2007-02-02.

External links

Quotations related to Night at Wikiquote
The dictionary definition of night at Wiktionary

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 寝汗がみられる患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with night sweats
2. Sleep-wake disturbances in shift workers
3. Insomnia in patients with a substance use disorder
4. Fox-Fordyce disease (apocrine miliaria)
5. Disorders of arousal from non-rapid eye movement sleep in adults

English Journal

Measurement of spatial and temporal variation in volatile hazardous air pollutants in Tacoma, Washington, using a mobile membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) system.

Davey NG1, Fitzpatrick CT, Etzkorn JM, Martinsen M, Crampton RS, Onstad GD, Larson TV, Yost MG, Krogh ET, Gilroy M, Himes KH, Saganić ET, Simpson CD, Gill CG.
Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng.2014 Sep 19;49(11):1199-208. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2014.910014.
The objective of this study was to use membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS), implemented on a mobile platform, in order to provide real-time, fine-scale, temporally and spatially resolved measurements of several hazardous air pollutants. This work is important because there is now substant
PMID 24967552

Configuring retroreflective markings to enhance the night-time conspicuity of road workers.

Wood JM1, Marszalek R2, Lacherez P2, Tyrrell RA3.
Accident; analysis and prevention.Accid Anal Prev.2014 Sep;70:209-14. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.03.018. Epub 2014 May 9.
This study investigated whether the night-time conspicuity of road workers can be enhanced by positioning retroreflective strips on the moveable joints in patterns that convey varying degrees of biological motion. Participants were 24 visually normal adults (12 young M=26.8 years; 12 older M=72.9 ye
PMID 24816151

Are drivers aware of sleepiness and increasing crash risk while driving?

Williamson A1, Friswell R2, Olivier J3, Grzebieta R2.
Accident; analysis and prevention.Accid Anal Prev.2014 Sep;70:225-34. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.04.007. Epub 2014 May 4.
Drivers are advised to take breaks when they feel too tired to drive, but there is question over whether they are able to detect increasing fatigue and sleepiness sufficiently to decide when to take a break. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which drivers have access to cognitiv
PMID 24803170

Lag time for germination of Penicillium chrysogenum conidia is induced by temperature shifts.

Kalai S1, Bensoussan M1, Dantigny P2.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2014 Sep;42:149-53. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.03.016. Epub 2014 Apr 2.
In the environment, fungal conidia are subject to transient conditions. In particular, temperature is varying according to day/night periods. All predictive models for germination assume that fungal spores can adapt instantaneously to changes of temperature. The only study that supports this assumpt
PMID 24929731

Japanese Journal

ローラ・エイミー・シュリッツ『ナイトフェアリー』

荒川祥子
東京女子大学言語文化研究 23, 82-92, 20150301-00-00
NAID 120005601966

モバイル空間統計を活用した都市拠点地区の人口特性分析に係る研究 : 昼夜間を通じて都市の実態人口分布を捉える新たな統計手法

清家剛,三牧浩也,森田祥子
日本建築学会計画系論文集 80(713), 1625-1633, 2015-07
NAID 40020510146

衛星画像地球の新夜景

ミラー S. D.
日経サイエンス 45(7), 88-91, 2015-07
NAID 40020484904

寝具・寝装品(3)寝具寝装品の今とこれから(3)

吉兼令晴,藤田貢
繊維製品消費科学 = Journal of the Japan Research Association for Textile End-uses 56(6), 548-554, 2015-06
NAID 40020516731

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 34」
拡張検索	「black nightshade」「nighttime」

「100Cases 34」

　　[★]

☆case34　てんかん発作

■症例

23歳　アフリカ-カリブ系　女性　銀行の店員

主訴：てんかん発作

現病歴：強直間代発作を2回起こしたところを母親が目撃していた。娘の行動は次第におかしくなり、また娘は自分のことを話している声が聞こえていた(幻聴)。最近、頭痛を訴えていた。体重が減少し、脱毛があった。盗汗と主に足と手の小関節に及ぶflitting 関節痛を訴えていた。服用薬なし。タバコ1日5-10本、アルコール10 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)6本弱)

既往歴：特記なし(medical or psychiatric history)

家族歴：

生活歴：

・身体診断

意識：眠そうだが痛みに反応。頚部硬直：なし。頭髪：薄く斑状。体温38.5℃。リンパ節：たくさんの部位で触知。

心拍：104/分、整。血圧：164/102 mmHg。心血管系、呼吸器系、腹部：異常なし。

神経所見：focal anormalityなし(局所性異常)。乳頭浮腫：認めず。

・検査

(血液生化学)

上昇：erythrocyte sedimentation rate、urea、creatinine

低下：hemoglobin、white cell count、platelet

正常：mean corpuscular volume、sodium、potassium、glucose

(腰椎穿刺)

上昇：leukocytes、CSF protein

正常：CSF glucose

(尿検査)

蛋白：＋＋＋。血尿：＋＋＋。赤血球：＋＋。赤血球円柱：あり。

(その他)

胸部X線：異常なし。ECG：洞性頻脈。頭部 CT：正常。CSF グラム染色：陰性(光顕レベルで細菌なし)

■glossary

fall out　(毛髪などが)抜ける

night sweat 盗汗、寝汗

tonic-clonic generalized seizure 全般性強直間代発作

flit　vi (鳥・蝶など)すいすい/ひらひら飛ぶ、飛び回る、飛翔する。(人が)軽やかに通る、行き交う。(時が)(飛ぶように)すぎる。(幻想など)去来する、よぎる、(表情が)かすめる

drowsy　adj. 眠い。眠そうな。眠気を誘う。ものうい。眠ったような

stiffness　n. 堅いこと、堅ぐるしさ、がんこさ

delirium tremens 振戦譫妄

hypertensive encephalopathy 高血圧性脳症

alopecia　脱毛症

African-Caribbean アフリカ-カリブ系

fit n.　(病気の)発作。引きつけ、痙攣。(感情の)激発、一時的興奮、気まぐれ

chorea n. 舞踏病

recreational drug 耽溺性があり乱用される脱法薬物

urgent adj. (物・事が)急を要する、緊急の、背拍質(pressing)。(～を)緊急に必要とする(in)。(S is ～ (with O1) for [in] O2)(人が)(O1(人)に)O2(物・事)をしつこく求める。(人に/～するように)催促する(for/to do)。(要求などが)執拗な。

□てんかん発作

・新規発生したてんかん発作の原因(ICU.805-806)

・薬物中毒(テオフィリンなど)

・薬物からの離脱(アルコールなど)

・感染症(髄膜炎、膿瘍など)

・頭部外傷

・虚血障害(虚血あるいはびまん性)

・占拠性病変(腫瘍あるいは血腫)

・代謝性障害(肝性脳症、尿毒症性脳症、敗血症、低血糖、低ナトリウム血症、低カルシウム血症など)

・合併症(ICU.805-806)

・全身性てんかん発作の場合：高血圧、乳酸アシドーシス、高体温、呼吸障害、誤嚥、肺水腫、横紋筋融解、自傷、不可逆性の神経学的障害(30分間以上てんかん発作が持続した場合)

■可能性の高い診断

　全身性エリテマトーデス systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)

■鑑別診断のポイント

　自己免疫疾患は多彩な症状を示す。そのため、個々の症状に着目して鑑別診断をあげるのではなく、症状や検査値の異常を総合的に見て判断する必要がある。

■解答

　(第1パラグラフ)SLEの病態

精神症状：(SLEは脳で血管炎を呈することで生じる)うつ(depression)、統合失調症様の精神病、痙攣(fits)、舞踏病(chorea)、脳梗塞/脊髄梗塞

脳脊髄液：白血球増多(leukopenia)、蛋白増加

血液：自己免疫性溶血貧血(Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia)がありうる。白血球減少と血小板減少症は普通にみられる。

腎症状：ループス腎炎は普通に見られ、顕微鏡的血尿・タンパク尿、ネフローゼ、あるいは腎不全が現れるかもしれない。

関節症状：変形を伴わない関節痛(PIP 関節(近位指節間関節)、MP 関節(中手指節関節)、手関節)

　(第2パラグラフ)SLEの確定診断のための検査・治療

　・すぐにすべきことは降圧薬、抗痙攣薬の投与

　・確定診断のために次の検査を行っていく(もっとも、症例の提示された所見で(日本の？)SLEの診断基準を満たすけど)

　　・検疫血清検査：抗DNA 抗体、C3、C4

　　・腎生検：ループス腎炎の程度を把握

　・治療：活動性の感染がないことを確認　←　薬物療法ではステロイドや免疫抑制薬を使うため

　　・ステロイド静脈内投与、あるいはシクロホスファミドなどの細胞毒性薬(cytotoxic agents)の投与

　　・重症、治療抵抗性だったら血漿交換を行う。

■鑑別診断　頭痛/精神病的様態(psychiatric features)/痙攣

・髄膜炎、脳炎

・レクリエーショナルドラッグの中毒(例えばコカイン)

・脳腫瘍

・急性のアルコール禁断症状：振戦譫妄

・高血圧脳症

■KEYPOINT

・SLEは特に若いアフリカ系-カリブ系に普通に一般的

・SLEでは主に神経症状と精神症状をを伴って現れることがある

・白血球低下と血小板の低下はしばしばSLEを示唆する

□tonic-clonic seizure 強直間代発作

　意識消失とともに全身の随意筋に強直痙攣が生じ(強直痙攣期tonic convulsion)、次いで全身の筋の強直と弛緩とが律動的に繰り返される時期(間代痙攣期clonic convulsion)を経て、発作後もうろう状態を呈する一連の発作。

□350ml アルコール5%

350x0.05/10=1.75 unit

□細胞毒性薬

　免疫抑制薬や抗腫瘍薬として用いられる。

antimetabolites

アザチオプリン azathioprine

メトトレキセート methotrexate

ミコフェノール酸 mycophenolic acid, ミコフェノール酸モフェチル mycophenolate mofetil

レフルノミド leflunomide

alkylating agents

シクロホスファミド cyclophosphamide

「black nightshade」

　　[★]

イヌホオズキ

関: nightshade、Solanum nigrum

「nighttime」

　　[★]

夜間

関: nocturnal、nocturnally

[1] Seidelmann, P. K.; Abalakin, V. K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M. E. et al. (2001). "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000". HNSKY Planetarium Program. Retrieved 2007-02-02.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

night