adj.

溶血性の、溶血の

関: haemolysis、haemolytic、hemolysis、hemolyze

WordNet

relating to or involving or causing hemolysis; "hemolytic anemia" (同)haemolytic
lysis of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin (同)haemolysis, hematolysis, haematolysis

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/14 20:07:56」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Hemolysis or haemolysis (from the Greek αἷμα (aima, haema, hemo-) meaning "blood" and λύσις (lusis, lysis, -lysis) meaning a "loosing", "setting free" or "releasing"^[1]), is the rupturing of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma). Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro (inside or outside the body).

1 Inside the body
- 1.1 Streptococcus
- 1.2 Enterococcus
- 1.3 Staphylococcus
- 1.4 Parasitic hemolysis
- 1.5 HELLP, pre-eclampsia, or eclampsia
- 1.6 Hemolytic disease of the newborn
- 1.7 Hemolytic anemia
- 1.8 Hemolytic crisis
2 Outside the body
- 2.1 From specimen collection
- 2.2 From mechanical blood processing during surgery
- 2.3 From bacteria culture
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Inside the body

Hemolysis inside the body can be caused by a large number of medical conditions, including many Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus), some parasites (e.g., Plasmodium), some autoimmune disorders (e.g., drug-induced hemolytic anemia), some genetic disorders (e.g., Sickle-cell disease or G6PD deficiency), or blood with too low a solute concentration (hypotonic to cells).

Streptococcus

Many species of the genus Streptococcus cause hemolysis. Streptococcal bacteria species are classified according to their hemolytic properties. Note that these hemolytic properties do not necessarily present in vivo.

Alpha-hemolytic species, including S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus mitis, S. mutans, and S. salivarius, oxidize the iron in the hemoglobin (turning it dark green in culture).
Beta-hemolytic species, including S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae, completely rupture the red blood cells (visible as a halo in culture).
Gamma-hemolytic, or non-hemolytic, species do not cause hemolysis and rarely cause illness.

Enterococcus

The genus Enterococcus includes lactic acid bacteria formerly classified as gamma-hemolytic Group D in the genus streptococcus (see above), including E. faecilis (S. faecalis), E. faecium (S. faecium), E. durans (S. durans), and E. avium (S. avium).

Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus is another Gram-positive cocci. S. aureus, the most common cause of "staph" infections, is frequently hemolytic on blood agar.^[2]

Parasitic hemolysis

Because the feeding process of the Plasmodium parasites damages red blood cells, malaria is sometimes called "parasitic hemolysis" in medical literature.

HELLP, pre-eclampsia, or eclampsia

See HELLP syndrome , Pre-eclampsia, and Eclampsia

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an autoimmune disease resulting from the mother's antibodies crossing the placenta to the fetus.

Hemolytic anemia

Because in vivo hemolysis destroys the red blood cells, in uncontrolled chronic or severe cases it can lead to hemolytic anemia.

Hemolytic crisis

A hemolytic crisis, or hyperhemolytic crisis, is characterized by an accelerated rate of red blood cell destruction leading to anemia, jaundice, and reticulocytosis.^[3] Hemolytic crises are a major concern with sickle-cell disease and G6PD deficiency.

Outside the body

Hemolysis of blood samples. Red blood cells without (left and middle) and with (right) hemolysis. If as little as 0.5% of the red blood cells are hemolyzed, the released hemoglobin will cause the serum or plasma to appear pale red or cherry red in color.^[4] Note that the hemolyzed sample is transparent, because there are no cells to scatter light.

In vitro hemolysis can be caused by improper technique during collection of blood specimens, by the effects of mechanical processing of blood, or by bacterial action in cultured blood specimens.

From specimen collection

Most causes of in vitro hemolysis are related to specimen collection. Difficult collections, unsecure line connections, contamination, and incorrect needle size, as well as improper tube mixing and incorrectly filled tubes are all frequent causes of hemolysis. Excessive suction can cause the red blood cells to be smashed on their way through the hypodermic needle owing to turbulence and physical forces. Such hemolysis is more likely to occur when a patient's veins are difficult to find or when they collapse when blood is removed by a syringe or a modern vacuum tube. Experience and proper technique are key for any phlebotomist or nurse to prevent hemolysis.

In vitro hemolysis during specimen collection can cause inaccurate laboratory test results by contaminating the surrounding plasma with the contents of hemolyzed red blood cells. For example, the concentration of potassium inside red blood cells is much higher than in the plasma and so an elevated potassium level is usually found in biochemistry tests of hemolyzed blood.

In vitro hemolysis can also occur in a blood sample because of prolonged storage or storage in incorrect conditions (i.e., too hot or too cold).

From mechanical blood processing during surgery

In some surgical procedures (especially some heart operations) where substantial blood loss is expected, machinery is used for intraoperative blood salvage. A centrifuge process takes blood from the patient, washes the red blood cells with normal saline, and returns them to the patient's blood circulation. Hemolysis may occur if the centrifuge rotates too quickly (generally greater than 500 rpm)—essentially this is hemolysis occurring outside of the body. Unfortunately, increased hemolysis occurs with massive amounts of sudden blood loss, because the process of returning a patient's cells must be done at a correspondingly higher speed to prevent hypotension, pH imbalance, and a number of other hemodynamic and blood level factors.

From bacteria culture

Hemolysis from streptococcus. Examples of the blood culture patterns created by (from left) alpha-, beta- and gamma-hemolytic streptococci.

Visualizing the physical appearance of hemolysis in cultured blood samples may be used as a tool to determine the species of various Gram-positive bacteria infections (e.g., Streptococcus).

References

^ An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon Founded Upon The Seventh Edition Of Liddell And Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford University Press.
^ MicrobeLibrary.org, American Society for Microbiology Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Innvista
^ Capital Health

External links

Effects of Hemolysis on Clinical Specimens
Hemolysis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における溶血性貧血の診断へのアプローチ approach to the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia in the adult
2. 成人における血栓性血小板減少性紫斑病-溶血性尿毒症症候群の診断 diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura hemolytic uremic syndrome in adults
3. 自己免疫性溶血性貧血の治療：温暖凝集素 treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia warm agglutinins
4. 小児における自己免疫性溶血性貧血 autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children
5. 新生児における同種免疫性溶血性疾患の出生後診断および管理 postnatal diagnosis and management of alloimmune hemolytic disease of the newborn

English Journal

Cis-AB, the Blood Group of Many Faces, Is a Conundrum to the Novice Eye.

Chun S#1, Choi S#2, Yu H3, Cho D3,4.
Annals of laboratory medicine.Ann Lab Med.2019 Mar;39(2):115-120. doi: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.2.115.
PMID 30430772

Safety assessment of Piper cernuum Vell. (Piperaceae) leaves extract: Acute, sub-acute toxicity and genotoxicity studies.

Wolff FR1, Broering MF1, Jurcevic JD1, Zermiani T1, Bramorski A2, de Carvalho Vitorino J2, Malheiros A3, Santin JR4.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2019 Feb 10;230:109-116. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.035. Epub 2018 Oct 28.
PMID 30381238

Linolenic acid-modified methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-oligochitosan conjugate micelles for encapsulation of amphotericin B.

Song Z1, Wen Y1, Deng P1, Teng F1, Zhou F1, Xu H1, Feng S2, Zhu L1, Feng R3.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2019 Feb 1;205:571-580. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.086. Epub 2018 Oct 29.
PMID 30446143

Japanese Journal

臨床研究・症例報告非典型溶血性尿毒症症候群の治療中に総胆管結石を生じた1男児例

浦山耕太郎,大田敏之,古江健樹 [他]
小児科臨床 68(5), 1015-1018, 2015-05
NAID 40020429561

日本産海藻の赤血球に対する溶血作用と保護作用(2)

柴田潔,長谷川和清,荒井千明
日本歯科大学紀要. 一般教育系 44, 37-41, 2015-03
NAID 120005602068

Eculizumab導入後に全身麻酔下での整形外科手術を安全に施行できた発作性夜間ヘモグロビン尿症

筒井深雪,後藤明彦,安田肇,小野英里子,田中勝,小松則夫
臨床血液 56(4), 423-427, 2015
発作性夜間ヘモグロビン尿症(paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, PNH)は造血幹細胞の異常により溶血，血栓症，造血不全を呈する希な疾患である。PNHでは感染，妊娠などのストレスを契機として溶血発作を生じることが知られているが，外科手術も強い補体活性化を引き起こし，溶血発作の重要なリスク因子である。また，術後血栓症のリスクも高い。ヒト化抗C5抗体eculizum …
NAID 130005069849

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 34」「hemolyze」「haemolysis」「溶血性」「haemolytic」
拡張検索	「hereditary hemolytic anemia」「autoimmune hemolytic anemia」「hyperlipemic hemolytic icteric syndrome」「autoimmune hemolytic anemias」

「100Cases 34」

Hemolysis
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Pathology
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

☆case34　てんかん発作

■症例

23歳　アフリカ-カリブ系　女性　銀行の店員

主訴：てんかん発作

現病歴：強直間代発作を2回起こしたところを母親が目撃していた。娘の行動は次第におかしくなり、また娘は自分のことを話している声が聞こえていた(幻聴)。最近、頭痛を訴えていた。体重が減少し、脱毛があった。盗汗と主に足と手の小関節に及ぶflitting 関節痛を訴えていた。服用薬なし。タバコ1日5-10本、アルコール10 unit/week(缶ビール(350ml)6本弱)

既往歴：特記なし(medical or psychiatric history)

家族歴：

生活歴：

・身体診断

意識：眠そうだが痛みに反応。頚部硬直：なし。頭髪：薄く斑状。体温38.5℃。リンパ節：たくさんの部位で触知。

心拍：104/分、整。血圧：164/102 mmHg。心血管系、呼吸器系、腹部：異常なし。

神経所見：focal anormalityなし(局所性異常)。乳頭浮腫：認めず。

・検査

(血液生化学)

上昇：erythrocyte sedimentation rate、urea、creatinine

低下：hemoglobin、white cell count、platelet

正常：mean corpuscular volume、sodium、potassium、glucose

(腰椎穿刺)

上昇：leukocytes、CSF protein

正常：CSF glucose

(尿検査)

蛋白：＋＋＋。血尿：＋＋＋。赤血球：＋＋。赤血球円柱：あり。

(その他)

胸部X線：異常なし。ECG：洞性頻脈。頭部 CT：正常。CSF グラム染色：陰性(光顕レベルで細菌なし)

■glossary

fall out　(毛髪などが)抜ける

night sweat 盗汗、寝汗

tonic-clonic generalized seizure 全般性強直間代発作

flit　vi (鳥・蝶など)すいすい/ひらひら飛ぶ、飛び回る、飛翔する。(人が)軽やかに通る、行き交う。(時が)(飛ぶように)すぎる。(幻想など)去来する、よぎる、(表情が)かすめる

drowsy　adj. 眠い。眠そうな。眠気を誘う。ものうい。眠ったような

stiffness　n. 堅いこと、堅ぐるしさ、がんこさ

delirium tremens 振戦譫妄

hypertensive encephalopathy 高血圧性脳症

alopecia　脱毛症

African-Caribbean アフリカ-カリブ系

fit n.　(病気の)発作。引きつけ、痙攣。(感情の)激発、一時的興奮、気まぐれ

chorea n. 舞踏病

recreational drug 耽溺性があり乱用される脱法薬物

urgent adj. (物・事が)急を要する、緊急の、背拍質(pressing)。(～を)緊急に必要とする(in)。(S is ～ (with O1) for [in] O2)(人が)(O1(人)に)O2(物・事)をしつこく求める。(人に/～するように)催促する(for/to do)。(要求などが)執拗な。

□てんかん発作

・新規発生したてんかん発作の原因(ICU.805-806)

・薬物中毒(テオフィリンなど)

・薬物からの離脱(アルコールなど)

・感染症(髄膜炎、膿瘍など)

・頭部外傷

・虚血障害(虚血あるいはびまん性)

・占拠性病変(腫瘍あるいは血腫)

・代謝性障害(肝性脳症、尿毒症性脳症、敗血症、低血糖、低ナトリウム血症、低カルシウム血症など)

・合併症(ICU.805-806)