WordNet

an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus (同)reflex response, reflex action, instinctive reflex, innate reflex, inborn reflex, unconditioned_reflex, physiological reaction
show an image of; "her sunglasses reflected his image"
to throw or bend back (from a surface); "Sound is reflected well in this auditorium" (同)reverberate
be bright by reflecting or casting light; "Drive carefully--the wet road reflects" (同)shine
give evidence of a certain behavior; "His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him"
give evidence of the quality of; "The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student"
manifest or bring back; "This action reflects his true beliefs"
the phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface (同)reflexion
(mathematics) a transformation in which the direction of one axis is reversed
the image of something as reflected by a mirror (or other reflective material); "he studied his reflection in the mirror" (同)reflexion
the ability to reflect beams or rays (同)reflexion, reflectivity
devoted to matters of the mind; "the reflective type"
capable of physically reflecting light or sound; "a reflective surface"
(of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees

PrepTutorEJDIC

反射(刺激に対する無意識の反応) / 《複数形で》反射的な動き / (光などの)反射,反射光;映像 / 反射性の / (カメラが)レフ鋼の,反射型の
〈光・熱・音など〉‘を'『反射する』,はね返す / 〈鏡などが〉〈人・物の姿〉‘を'『映す』,反映する / …‘を'表す,示す / 〈行為・でき事が〉(人などに)〈名誉・不名誉など〉‘を'もたらす,招く《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 《『reflect』+『that』(『wh-節・句』)》…であると(…かどうか)よく考える,悟る / (…を)よく考える,熟考する《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈物事が〉(…に)非難をもたらす,(…の)不名誉となる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》
〈U〉(光・熱などの)『反射』,(音の)反響;反射光(熱),反響音《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(鏡・水面などに映った)『映像』;(親などの)生き写し《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(気持ち・性格などの)表れ,反映《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…についての)『熟考』,沈思《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》(熟考して得られた)(…についての)意見,考え《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…に対する)非難,小言;(…にとって)不名誉となるもの《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》
反射(反映,反響)する / 熟考する,思慮深い,内省的な

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/30 01:49:36」(JST)

A reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.^[1] ^[2] A reflex is made possible by neural pathways called reflex arcs which can act on an impulse before that impulse reaches the brain. The reflex is then an automatic response to a stimulus that does not receive or need conscious thought.^[3]

Human reflexes

Myotatic reflexes

The myotatic reflexes(also known as deep tendon reflexes), provide information on the integrity of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Generally, decreased reflexes indicate a peripheral problem, and lively or exaggerated reflexes a central one. A stretch reflex is the contraction of a muscle in response to its lengthwise stretch.^[4]

Biceps reflex (C5, C6)
Brachioradialis reflex (C5, C6, C7)
Extensor digitorum reflex (C6, C7)
Triceps reflex (C6, C7, C8)
Patellar reflex or knee-jerk reflex (L2, L3, L4)
Ankle jerk reflex (Achilles reflex) (S1, S2)

While the reflexes above are stimulated mechanically, the term H-reflex refers to the analogous reflex stimulated electrically, and Tonic vibration reflex for those stimulated to vibration.

Tendon reflex

A tendon reflex is the contraction of a muscle in response to striking its tendon.^[4] The Golgi tendon reflex is the inverse of a stretch reflex.

Reflexes involving cranial nerves

Name	Sensory	Motor
Pupillary light reflex	II	III
Accommodation reflex	II	III
Jaw jerk reflex	V	V
Corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex	V	VII
Glabellar reflex	V	VII
Vestibulo-ocular reflex	VIII	III, IV, VI +
Gag reflex	IX	X

Reflexes usually only observed in human infants

Grasp reflex

Newborn babies have a number of other reflexes which are not seen in adults, referred to as primitive reflexes.^[5] These automatic reactions to stimuli enable infants to respond to the environment before any learning has taken place. They include:

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
Palmomental reflex
Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex
Palmar grasp reflex
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)
Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)

Other reflexes

Other reflexes found in the central nervous system include:

Abdominal reflexes (T6-L1)
- Gastrocolic reflex
Anocutaneous reflex (S2-S4)
Baroreflex
Cough reflex
Cremasteric reflex (L1-L2)
Diving reflex
Muscular defense
Photic sneeze reflex
Scratch reflex
Sneeze
Startle reflex
Withdrawal reflex
- Crossed extensor reflex

Many of these reflexes are quite complex requiring a number of synapses in a number of different nuclei in the CNS (e.g., the escape reflex). Others of these involve just a couple of synapses to function (e.g., the withdrawal reflex). Processes such as breathing, digestion, and the maintenance of the heartbeat can also be regarded as reflex actions, according to some definitions of the term.

Grading

In medicine, reflexes are often used to assess the health of the nervous system. Doctors will typically grade the activity of a reflex on a scale from 0 to 4.^[6] While 2+ is considered normal, some healthy individuals are hypo-reflexive and register all reflexes at 1+, while others are hyper-reflexive and register all reflexes at 3+.

Grade	Description
0	Absent
1+ or +	Hypoactive
2+ or ++	"Normal"
3+ or +++	Hyperactive without clonus
4+ or ++++	Hyperactive with clonus

References

^ Purves (2004). Neuroscience: Third Edition. Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
^ "Definition of REFLEX". www.merriam-webster.com.
^ "tendon reflex". TheFreeDictionary.com.
^ ^a ^b "tendon reflex". TheFreeDictionary.com.
^ Neurologic Exam
^ University of Florida > Neurologic Examination Retrieved on May 9, 2009

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
2. 新生児の神経学的検査 neurologic examination of the newborn
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Blast-Induced tinnitus and spontaneous firing changes in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus.

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Gardiner JC1, Kirkup AJ2, Curry J3, Humphreys S4, O'Regan P5, Postlethwaite M6, Young KC7, Kitching L8, Ethell BT9, Winpenny D10, McMurray G11.
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Bai XY1, Zhang XQ, Zhang YH, Wu S, Hao LH, Liu R, Huang ZL, Zhang WK, Sun ZM, Du GH.
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