WordNet

an aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis; can be used as a bioweapon
type genus of Burseraceae; tropical and subtropical American shrubs and trees some yielding timber and gum elemi (同)genus Bursera

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/26 22:24:47」(JST)

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Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria^[1]^[2] named after David Bruce (1855-1931). They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 µm), non-motile, non-encapsulated coccobacilli, which function as facultative intracellular parasites.

Brucella is the cause of brucellosis, which is a zoonosis. It is transmitted by ingesting contaminated food (such as unpasteurized milk products), direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols. Transmission from human to human, for example through sexual intercourse or from mother to child, is exceedingly rare, but possible.^[3] Minimum infectious exposure is between 10 - 100 organisms.

The different species of Brucella are genetically very similar although each has a slightly different host specificity (see below). Hence the NCBI taxonomy includes most Brucella species under Brucella melitensis.

Human brucellosis[edit]

Sir David Bruce isolated B. melitensis from British soldiers who died from Malta fever in Malta. After exposure to Brucella, humans generally have a two- to four-week latency period before exhibiting symptoms. Symptoms include acute undulating fever (>90% of all cases), headache, arthralgia (>50%), night sweats, fatigue and anorexia.^[4] Later complications may include arthritis or epididymoorchitis, spondylitis, neurobrucellosis, liver abscess formation, and endocarditis, the latter potentially fatal.^[5]

Human brucellosis is usually not transmitted from human to human; people become infected by contact with fluids from infected animals (sheep, cattle or pigs) or derived food products like unpasteurized milk and cheese. Brucellosis is also considered an occupational disease because of a higher incidence in people working with animals (slaughterhouse cases). People may also be infected by inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols. Human and animal brucellosis share the persistence of the bacteria in tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Brucella can also target the male reproductive tract.^[4]

Globally, there are an estimated 500,000 cases of brucellosis each year.^[4]

Diagnosis[edit]

Brucella is isolated from a blood culture on Castaneda medium. Prolonged incubation (up to 6 weeks) may be required as they are slow-growing, but on modern automated machines the cultures often show positive results within seven days. On Gram stain they appear as dense clumps of Gram-negative coccobacilli and are exceedingly difficult to see. In recent years molecular diagnostic techniques based on the genetic component of the pathogen have become more popular.^[2]

It is crucial to be able to differentiate Brucella from Salmonella which could also be isolated from blood cultures and are Gram-negative. Testing for urease would successfully accomplish the task; it is positive for Brucella and negative for Salmonella.

Brucella can also be seen in bone marrow biopsies.

Laboratory acquired brucellosis is common.^[6] This most often happens when the disease is not thought of until cultures become positive, by which time the specimens have already been handled by a number of laboratory staff. The idea of preventive treatment is to stop people who have been exposed to Brucella from becoming ill with the disease.

Treatment[edit]

There are no clinical trials to be relied on as a guide for optimal treatment, but a three week course of rifampicin and doxycycline twice daily is the combination most often used, and appears to be efficacious;^[6]^[7] the advantage of this regimen is that it is oral medication and there are no injections; however, a high rate of side effects (nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite) has also been reported.^[7]

Host specificity and animal brucellosis[edit]

Brucella species have been found primarily in mammals:^[4]

Species	Host
B. melitensis	goats and sheep
B. abortus	cattle
B. canis	dogs
B. suis	pigs
B. ovis	sheep
B. neotomae	desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida)
B. pinnipedialis	seal
B. ceti	dolphin, porpoise, whale
B. microti	common vole (Microtus arvalis)
B. inopinata	unknown
Brucella sp. NVSL 07-0026	baboon

Pathogenic Brucella can cause abortion in female animals by colonization of placental trophoblasts, and sterility in male animal.^[8]

Possible pathogens responsible for the plague in Thebes[edit]

According to a January 2012 article in Emerging Infectious Diseases, pathogens that fit the characteristics of the plague described in Oedipus Rex include Leishmania spp., Leptospira spp., Brucella abortus, Orthopoxviridae, and Francisella tularensis. While the authors note that the disease progression of brucellosis in modern times may make it seem unlikely, they posit that it may have been an agent impacting the livestock, while humans might have been infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi or another pathogen or that the ancestral versions of Brucella may have been more lethal.^[9]

Genomics[edit]

The genomes of most Brucella species have been sequenced ^[10] and typically encode 3,200 to 3,500 open reading frames (ORFs). Examples include

Brucella abortus A13334, 3,401 ORFs
Brucella canis ATCC 23365, 3,408 ORFs
Brucella melitensis 16M, 3,279 ORFs
Brucella microti CCM 4915, 3,346 ORFs
Brucella ovis ATCC 25840, 3,193 ORFs
Brucella pinnipedialis B2/94, 3,505 ORFs
Brucella suis 1330, 3,408 ORFs

Genome data for these and other Brucella strains is available in the GOLD^[10] and PATRIC^[11] databases.

Effect of blue light[edit]

Infection of macrophages by B. abortus is stimulated by blue light in the wild type but is limited in photochemically inactive and null mutants, indicating that a flavin-containing histidine kinase functions as a photoreceptor regulating B. abortus virulence. Conversely, depriving Brucella of the blue wavelengths dropped its reproductive rate by 90%.^[12]^[13]

References[edit]

^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ ^a ^b Lopez-Goni, I; O'Callaghan, D (editor) (2012). Brucella: Molecular Microbiology and Genomics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-93-6.
^ "Diagnosis and Management of Acute Brucellosis in Primary Care". Brucella Subgroup of the Northern Ireland Regional Zoonoses Group. August 2004.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Atluri, V. L.; Xavier, M. N.; De Jong, M. F.; Den Hartigh, A. B.; Tsolis, R. E. M. (2011). "Interactions of the Human PathogenicBrucellaSpecies with Their Hosts". Annual Review of Microbiology 65: 523–541. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102905. PMID 21939378. edit
^ Gorvel, J. P. (2008). "Brucella: A Mr "Hide" converted into Dr Jekyll". Microbes and Infection 10 (9): 1010–1013. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.007. PMID 18664389. edit
^ ^a ^b Robichaud S, Libman M, Behr M, Rubin E (2004). "Prevention of laboratory-acquired brucellosis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 38 (12): e119–22. doi:10.1086/421024. PMID 15227634.
^ ^a ^b Maley MW, Kociuba K, Chan RC (2006). "Prevention of laboratory-acquired brucellosis: significant side effects of prophylaxis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 42 (3): 433–4. doi:10.1086/499112. PMID 16392095.
^ M.J. Corbel (1997) Brucellosis: an overview, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3: 213-221.
^ Kousoulis AA, Economopoulos KP, Poulakou-Rebelakou E, Androutsos G, Tsiodras S. The plague of Thebes, a historical epidemic in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012 Jan. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.AD1801
^ ^a ^b "GOLD Database". Retrieved 1 October 2012.
^ "Brucella genomes in PATRIC". PATRIC. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
^ "Deadly in the Daylight" August 23, 2007 in ScienceNOW Daily News. Accessed September 8, 2007.
^ "Blue-Light-Activated Histidine Kinases: Two-Component Sensors in Bacteria", August 24, 2007, Science Vol. 317:5841, pp. 1090 - 1093 Accessed September 8, 2007.

External links[edit]

Microbiology of Brucella | Medchrome
Brucella genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
Brucella Genome Projects (from Genomes OnLine Database)
Comparative Analysis of Brucella Genomes (at DOE's IMG system)
Brucella Bioinformatics Portal

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ブルセラ症の臨床症状、診断、および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis
2. ブルセラ菌の微生物学、疫学、および病因 microbiology epidemiology and pathogenesis of brucella
3. 寝汗がみられる患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with night sweats
4. 小児における急性肝不全：病因および評価 acute liver failure in children etiology and evaluation
5. 肝肉芽腫 hepatic granulomas

English Journal

Neglected tropical diseases of Namibia: Unsolved mysteries.

Noden BH, van der Colf BE.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Science, School of Health and Applied Science, Polytechnic of Namibia, Windhoek, Private Bag 13388, 13 Storch Street, Windhoek, Namibia. Electronic address: bnoden@polytechnic.edu.na.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2013 Jan;125(1):1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.007. Epub 2012 Sep 21.
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are diseases most commonly found in settings of poverty and are responsible for the morbidity and/or mortality of millions each year. As an upper-middle income country, Namibia is not normally considered to have many NTDs but published reports indicate the possible
PMID 23006744

Effect of exogenous erythritol on growth and survival of Brucella.

Jain N, Boyle SM, Sriranganathan N.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2012 Dec 7;160(3-4):513-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.014. Epub 2012 Jun 20.
Erythritol has been considered as an important factor for the pathogenesis of Brucella abortus 2308 and its ability to cause abortion in ruminants. There is a lack of laboratory models to study the Brucella-erythritol relationship, as commonly used murine models do not have erythritol. We tested the
PMID 22784921

Japanese Journal

犬の Brucella canis 感染に関する全国的疫学調査

橘理人,小林菜苗,猪熊壽,鈴木宏志,度会雅久
日本獣医師会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 64(7), 559-561, 2011-07-20
NAID 10029384292

Epidemiological Survey for Brucella in Wildlife and Stray Dogs, a Cat and Rodents Captured on Farms

TRUONG Lam Quang,KIM Jung Taek,YOON Byeong Il,HER Moon,JUNG Suk Chan,HAHN Tae-Wook
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 1108020592, 2011
… Brucella infections in wildlife originate either from contact with infected livestock or from a natural sustainable reservoir in wildlife populations. … As South Korea has set a goal of brucellosis eradication by 2013, it is necessary to determine the prevalence of Brucella in wildlife and wild rodents. …
NAID 130001032788

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細菌」「細菌の鑑別」「急性尿細管間質性腎炎」「ブルセラ属」「ブルセラ菌」
拡張検索	「Brucella abortus」「Brucella suis」「Brucellaceae」

「細菌」

Brucella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Alphaproteobacteria
Order:	Rhizobiales
Family:	Brucellaceae
Genus:	Brucella
Species
	B. abortus; B. canis; B. ceti; B. inopinata; B. melitensis; B. microti; B. neotomae; B. ovis; B. pinnipedialis; B. suis

　　[★]

英: bacterium,(pl.) bacteria
同: バクテリア
関: 特殊な細菌、細菌の鑑別、細菌の同定？、細菌の分類？

細菌の命名

ラテン語であり、イタリックで表す。
「属名 + 種名」で表現される。

グラム染色性と形状による分類と疾患

形状

球菌

Staphylococcus aureus

多様

ナイセリア属

淋菌

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

淋病

ストレプトコッカス属

化膿性連鎖球菌

Streptococcus pyogenes

多様

莢膜

髄膜炎菌

Neisseria meningitidis

多様

肺炎球菌

Streptococcus pneumoniae

ベイヨネラ属

Veillonella

エンテロコッカス属

(総称)腸球菌

Enterococcus faecalis

モラクセラ属/
ブランハメラ亜属

Moraxella catarrhalis

肺炎

Enterococcus faecium

桿菌

Bacillus anthracis

好気性菌、有芽胞菌、莢膜

肺炎、尿路感染

Bacillus cereus

好気性菌、有芽胞菌

Escherichia coli

通性嫌気性

Clostridium tetani

嫌気性菌、有芽胞菌

下痢、肺炎、尿路感染

Clostridium botulinum

ボツリヌス中毒

プロテウス属

尿路感染

ウェルシュ菌

Clostridium perfringens

多様

サルモネラ属

パラチフス菌

Sallmonella serovar Paratyphi

腸チフス

通性嫌気性

ディフィシル菌

Clostridium difficile

多様

チフス菌

Sallmonella serovar Typhi

通性嫌気性

ガス壊疸菌群

セラチア属

Serratia

日和見感染

通性嫌気性

マイコバクテリウム科

マイコバクテリウム属

結核菌

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

無芽胞菌

Shigella

通性嫌気性

Mycobacterium leprae

Yersinia pestis

通性嫌気性

コリネバクテリウム科

コリネバクテリウム属

ジフテリア菌

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

ジフテリア

Yersinia enterocolitica

多様

通性嫌気性

Vibrio cholerae

通性嫌気性

アクチノマイセス科

アクチノマイセス属(放線菌属)

(総称)放線菌

Actinomyces

腸炎ビブリオ

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

腸炎ビブリオ感染症

通性嫌気性

リステリア属

Listeria monocytogenes

リステリア症

嫌気性菌、無芽胞菌、人獣共通感染症、通性細胞内寄生菌

パスツレラ科

ヘモフィルス属

インフルエンザ菌

Haemophilis influenzae

多様

パスツレラ属

パスツレラ属菌

Pasteurella multocida

人獣共通感染症

ストレプトバシラス属

ストレプトバシラス属菌

Streptobacillus moniliformis

鼠咬症

シュードモナス属

緑膿菌

Psudomonas aeruginosa

緑膿菌感染症

好気性、院内感染症

ボルデテラ属

百日咳菌

Bordetela pertussis

好気性、短桿菌

Brucella

好気性、細胞内増殖菌、短桿菌

Francisella tularensis

野兎病

好気性、球桿菌

レジオネラ属

Legionella pneumophila

ポンティアック熱/レジオネラ肺炎

好気性

バクテロイデス属

Bacteroides fragilis

嫌気性感染症

偏性嫌気性菌

らせん菌

スピロヘータ科

トレポネーマ属

梅毒トレポネーマ

Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum

梅毒

ボレリア属

回帰熱ボレリア

Borrelia recurrentis

回帰熱

ライム病ボレリア

Borrelia burgdorferi

Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae

黄疸出血性レプトスピラ症(レプトスピラ症、ワイル病、黄疸性ワイル病)

？

？

カンピロバクター属菌

？

Helicobacter pylori

「細菌の鑑別」

　　[★]

関: 細菌

グラム陽性菌の鑑別 LAB.994

菌種	形態	抗酸性	芽胞	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖分解	OF試験
Micrococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	D	O/－
Staphylococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Aerococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	W	W/－	－	＋	F
Streptococcus	C	－	－	＋/－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Pediococcus	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Gemella	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
嫌気性球菌*1	C	－	－	－	－	＋	－	－	＋/－	F/－
Kurthia	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	－	－
Corynebacterium	R	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋/－	F/－
Listeria	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Erysipelothnx	R		－	－	＋	＋			＋	F
Lactobacillus
Arachnia*2
Rothia	R	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	●	＋	F
Propiombacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	＋	.	＋	F
Achnomyces	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	●	＋	F
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	.	＋/－	F/－
Clostridium	R	－	<＋>	D	－	＋	－	●	D	F/－
Bacillus	R	－	<＋>	D	＋	D	＋	d	D	F/O/－
Nocardia	R	W	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Mycobacterium	R	＋	－	－	＋	.	＋	－	＋	O/NT
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌

グラム陰性菌の鑑別 LAB.995

(再編集の時に－*に注意)

菌種	形態	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖(酸)	OF試験
Bacteroides	R	－	－	＋	d	－	D	F/－
Veillonella	C	－	－	＋	D	・	－	－
Neissena	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Branhamella	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Acinetobacter	C/R	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Moraxella	R	－	＋		＋	＋	－
Brucella
Bordetella
Chromobacterium lividum	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Alcahsenes	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Flavobacterium	R	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Pseudomonas	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	O
Actinobacillus	R	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Pasteurella
Necromonas
Cardiobacterium	R	－	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	F
Chromobacterium violaceum
Beneckea	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Vibrio
Plesiomonas
Aeromonas
腸内細菌	R	D	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Haemophilus	R	－	＋	＋	D	－	D	NT
Eikenella	R	－	－*	＋	－	＋	－	－
Campylobacter	R	＋	－+1	－	D	＋	－	－
Streptobacillus+2	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
マイコプラズマ	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌・: 不明 *: 空気中では発育せず。空気CO2で発育。+1: 好気的または嫌気的には発育せず。5-6%O2中で発育。+2: あるいはShigella dysenteriae 1