WordNet

lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid (同)family Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacteriaceae, family Lactobacteriaceae
type genus of the family Lactobacillaceae
a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that produces lactic acid (especially in milk)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/29 20:16:51」(JST)

wiki en

Lactobacillus, also called Döderlein's bacillus, is a genus of Gram-positive facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic rod-shaped bacteria.^[1] They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group, named as such because most of its members convert lactose and other sugars to lactic acid. In humans they are present in the vagina^[2] and the gastrointestinal tract, where they make up a small portion of the gut flora.^[3] They are usually benign, except in the mouth where they have been associated with cavities and tooth decay (dental caries). Many species are prominent in decaying plant material. The production of lactic acid makes its environment acidic, which inhibits the growth of some harmful bacteria. Several members of the genus have had their genome sequenced.^[4]

Food production

Some Lactobacillus species are used for the production of yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine, cider, kimchi, cocoa, and other fermented foods, as well as animal feeds, such as silage. Sourdough bread is made using a "starter culture," which is a symbiotic culture of yeast and lactic acid bacteria growing in a water and flour medium. Lactobacilli, especially L. casei and L. brevis, are some of the most common beer spoilage organisms. The species operate by lowering the pH of the fermenting substance by creating the lactic acid, neutralising it to the desired extent.

Probiotics and biotherapeutics

Some strains of Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria may possess potential therapeutic properties including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities, as well as other features of interest. A study by researchers from the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and UCLA in 2009 demonstrated the protective effects of some strains of these bacteria for anti-tumor and anti-cancer effects in mice.^[5] Dietary administration alleviated the risks of certain types of cancers and suppressed colonic tumor incidence, volume and multiplicity induced by various carcinogens. For a few strains oral administration effectively reduced DNA adduct formation, ameliorated DNA damage and prevented putative preneoplastic lesions such as aberrant crypt foci induced by chemical carcinogens in the gastrointestinal tract. Reports also indicated that some cultures administered to animals inhibited liver, colon, bladder, and mammary tumors, highlighting potential systemic effects of probiotics with anti-neoplastic activities.^[4]

Lactobacilli can also be used to restore particular physiological balance such as in the vaginal eco-system.^[6]^[7]^[8] Their role is (1) to physically protect the vaginal epithelium by building a thick layer separating the epithelium from pathogens, (2) to physiologically keep the balance of the vaginal ecosystem in maintaining the pH at ~4.5, and (3) generating hydrogen peroxide against pathogens. Lactobacilli are highly tolerant to low pH and can easily maintain low pH and protect the vaginal eco-system from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Taxonomy

The genus Lactobacillus currently consists of over 180 species and encompasses a wide variety of organisms.^[9] The genus is polyphyletic, with the genus Pediococcus dividing the L. casei group, and the species L. acidophilus, L. salivarius, and L. reuteri being representatives of three distinct subclades. The genus Paralactobacillus falls within the L. salivarius group. In recent years, other members of the genus Lactobacillus (formerly known as the Leuconostoc branch of Lactobacillus) have been reclassified into the genera Atopobium, Carnobacterium, Weissella, Oenococcus, and Leuconostoc. More recently, the Pediococcus species P. dextrinicus has been reclassified as a Lactobacillus species (IJSEM, Paper in Press).

Dental caries

While streptococci family bacteria (e.g. Streptococcus mutans) are the main cause of tooth decay, other varieties of microbes can cause dental caries, but to a lesser extent. For example, although considered beneficial, some Lactobacillus species have been associated with dental caries. The Lactobacillus count in saliva has been used as a "caries test" for many years. This is one of the arguments used in support of the use of fluoride in toothpaste. Lactobacilli characteristically cause existing carious lesions to progress, especially those in coronal caries. The issue is, however, complex as recent studies show probiotics can allow beneficial Lactobacilli to populate sites on teeth, preventing streptococci pathogens from taking hold and inducing dental decay.[1]

Metabolism

Many lactobacilli are unusual in that they operate using homofermentative metabolism (that is, they produce only lactic acid from sugars in contrast to heterofermentative lactobacilli which can produce either alcohol or lactic acid from sugars) and are aerotolerant despite the complete absence of a respiratory chain^{[citation needed]}. This aerotolerance is manganese-dependent and has been explored (and explained) in Lactobacillus plantarum. Many lactobacilli do not require iron for growth and have an extremely high hydrogen peroxide tolerance.

According to metabolism, Lactobacillus species can be divided into three groups:

Obligately homofermentative (Group I) including:
- L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, L. helveticus, L. salivarius
Facultatively heterofermentative (Group II) including:
- L. casei, L. curvatus, L. plantarum, L. sakei
Obligately heterofermentative (Group III) including:
- L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. fermentum, L. reuteri

References

^ Makarova, K.; Slesarev, A.; Wolf, Y.; Sorokin, A.; Mirkin, B.; Koonin, E.; Pavlov, A.; Pavlova, N. et al. (Oct 2006). "Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (42): 15611–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607117103. PMC 1622870. PMID 17030793. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1622870/.
^ Dicks, LMT; M. Silvester, PA Lawson, MD Collins (2000). "Lactobacillus fornicalis sp. nov., isolated from the posterior fornix of the human vagina". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (Society for General Microbiology) 50 (3): 1253–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-3-1253. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 10843070. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/3/1253. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
^ "Lactobacillus". http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/790.html.
^ ^a ^b Ljungh, Åsa; Wadström, Torkel, eds. (2009). Lactobacillus Molecular Biology: From Genomics to Probiotics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-41-7
^ Chen, X.; Fruehauf, J.; Goldsmith, J. D.; Xu, H.; Katchar, K. K.; Koon, H. W.; Zhao, D.; Kokkotou, E. G. et al. (2009). "Saccharomyces boulardii Inhibits EGF Receptor Signaling and Intestinal Tumor Growth in Apcmin Mice". Gastroenterology 137 (3): 914–923. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.05.050. PMC 2777664. PMID 19482027. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777664/. edit
^ Reid, G.; Dols, J.; Miller, W. (2009). "Targeting the vaginal microbiota with probiotics as a means to counteract infections". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 12 (6): 583–587. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328331b611. PMID 19741517. edit
^ Osset, J.; Bartolomé, R. M.; García, E.; Andreu, A. N. (2001). "Assessment of the Capacity ofLactobacillusto Inhibit the Growth of Uropathogens and Block Their Adhesion to Vaginal Epithelial Cells". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 183 (3): 485–491. doi:10.1086/318070. PMID 11133381. edit
^ Pascual, L. M.; Daniele, M. B.; Ruiz, F.; Giordano, W.; Pájaro, C.; Barberis, L. (2008). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus L60, a potential probiotic isolated from the human vagina". The Journal of general and applied microbiology 54 (3): 141–148. PMID 18654035. edit
^ http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/l/lactobacillus.html

External links

Prakash, S. et al. “The Gut Microbiota and Human Health with an Emphasis on the Use of Microencapsulated Bacterial Cells”, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology (2011),
Data related to Lactobacillus at Wikispecies
List of species of the genus Lactobacillus

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 女性における再発性尿路感染症 recurrent urinary tract infection in women
2. 消化器疾患に対するプロバイオティクス probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases
3. 細菌性膣炎 bacterial vaginosis
4. クロストリジウム・ディフィシルとプロバイオティクス clostridium difficile and probiotics
5. 発熱性好中球減少症症候群の概要 overview of neutropenic fever syndromes

English Journal

Reverse transcription quantitative PCR revealed persistency of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria metabolic activity until the end of the ripening of Emmental cheese.

Falentin H, Henaff N, Le Bivic P, Deutsch SM, Parayre S, Richoux R, Sohier D, Thierry A, Lortal S, Postollec F.SourceINRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, F-35000, Rennes, France; AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, F-35000 Rennes, France.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2012 Feb;29(1):132-40. Epub 2011 Sep 29.
For Emmental manufacture two kinds of adjunct culture are added: (i) thermophilic lactic acid bacteria (starters) such as Lactobacillus helveticus (LH), and Streptococcus thermophilus (ST) growing the first day of the manufacture and (ii) ripening culture. ST and LH have a key role in curd acidifica
PMID 22029927

Resistance of two temperate Lactobacillus paracasei bacteriophages to high pressure homogenization, thermal treatments and chemical biocides of industrial application.

Mercanti DJ, Guglielmotti DM, Patrignani F, Reinheimer JA, Quiberoni A.SourceInstituto de Lactología Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2012 Feb;29(1):99-104. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
Temperate bacteriophages ф iLp84 and ф iLp1308, previously isolated from mitomycin C-induction of Lactobacillus paracasei strains 84 and CNRZ1308, respectively, were tested for their resistance to several physical and chemical treatments applied in dairy industry. Long-term survival at 4 °C, -2
PMID 22029923

Japanese Journal

Dramatic changes of the gut flora immediately after severe and sudden insults.

Hayakawa Mineji,Asahara Takashi,Henzan Naomi,Murakami Hiromoto,Yamamoto Hiroshi,Mukai Nobutaka,Minami Yousuke,Sugano Masahiro,Kubota Nobuhiko,Uegaki Shinji,Kamoshida Hisako,Sawamura Atsushi,Nomoto Koji,Gando Satoshi
Digestive diseases and sciences 56(8), 2361-2365, 2011-08
… Samples werealso collected from control subjects.Results On day 0, total bacterial counts were decreased toone-thousandth the number of the control subjects, inparticular, obligate anaerobes and Lactobacillus were significantlydecreased. …
NAID 120003370665

Inhibitory Effect of Fermented Grape Pomace on Degranulation in RBL-2H3 Cells and an Analysis of Its Active Ingredients

KONDO Koyuki,NAKAMURA Kazutoshi,HAMAUZU Yasunori,KAWAHARA Takeshi,SANSAWA Hiroshi,SUZUKI Mitsumasa,YASUI Hisako
Food science and technology research 17(3), 241-250, 2011-05-01
… FG showed greater inhibitory effect on degranulation than Lactobacillus plantarum NB strain (NB strain), which was used for fermentation, and grape pomace (G). …
NAID 10028259649

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細菌の鑑別」「齲蝕」「ラクトバチルス属」「乳酸桿菌属」「乳酸菌類」
拡張検索	「Lactobacillus fermentum」「Lactobacillus reuteri」「Lactobacillus casei」「Lactobacillus helveticus」「Lactobacillus brevis」

「細菌の鑑別」

Lactobacillus
	Lactobacillus near a squamous epithelial cell
Scientific classification
Phylum:	Firmicutes
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Lactobacillales
Family:	Lactobacillaceae
Genus:	Lactobacillus; Beijerinck 1901
Species
	L. acetotolerans; L. acidifarinae; L. acidipiscis; L. acidophilus; L. agilis; L. algidus; L. alimentarius; L. amylolyticus; L. amylophilus; L. amylotrophicus; L. amylovorus; L. animalis; L. antri; L. apodemi; L. aviarius; L. bifermentans; L. brevis; L. buchneri; L. camelliae; L. casei; L. catenaformis; L. ceti; L. coleohominis; L. collinoides; L. composti; L. concavus; L. coryniformis; L. crispatus; L. crustorum; L. curvatus; L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii; L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus; L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis; L. dextrinicus; L. diolivorans; L. equi; L. equigenerosi; L. farraginis; L. farciminis; L. fermentum; L. fornicalis; L. fructivorans; L. frumenti; L. fuchuensis; L. gallinarum; L. gasseri; L. gastricus; L. ghanensis; L. graminis; L. hammesii; L. hamsteri; L. harbinensis; L. hayakitensis; L. helveticus; L. hilgardii; L. homohiochii; L. iners; L. ingluviei; L. intestinalis; L. jensenii; L. johnsonii; L. kalixensis; L. kefiranofaciens; L. kefiri; L. kimchii; L. kitasatonis; L. kunkeei; L. leichmannii; L. lindneri; L. malefermentans; L. mali; L. manihotivorans; L. mindensis; L. mucosae; L. murinus; L. nagelii; L. namurensis; L. nantensis; L. oligofermentans; L. oris; L. panis; L. pantheris; L. parabrevis; L. parabuchneri; L. paracollinoides; L. parafarraginis; L. parakefiri; L. paralimentarius; L. paraplantarum; L. pentosus; L. perolens; L. plantarum; L. pontis; L. psittaci; L. rennini; L. reuteri; L. rhamnosus; L. rimae; L. rogosae; L. rossiae; L. ruminis; L. saerimneri; L. sakei; L. salivarius; L. sanfranciscensis; L. satsumensis; L. secaliphilus; L. sharpeae; L. siliginis; L. spicheri; L. suebicus; L. thailandensis; L. ultunensis; L. vaccinostercus; L. vaginalis; L. versmoldensis; L. vini; L. vitulinus; L. zeae; L. zymae

　　[★]

関: 細菌

グラム陽性菌の鑑別 LAB.994

菌種	形態	抗酸性	芽胞	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖分解	OF試験
Micrococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	D	O/－
Staphylococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Aerococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	W	W/－	－	＋	F
Streptococcus	C	－	－	＋/－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Pediococcus	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Gemella	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
嫌気性球菌*1	C	－	－	－	－	＋	－	－	＋/－	F/－
Kurthia	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	－	－
Corynebacterium	R	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋/－	F/－
Listeria	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Erysipelothnx	R		－	－	＋	＋			＋	F
Lactobacillus
Arachnia*2
Rothia	R	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	●	＋	F
Propiombacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	＋	.	＋	F
Achnomyces	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	●	＋	F
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	.	＋/－	F/－
Clostridium	R	－	<＋>	D	－	＋	－	●	D	F/－
Bacillus	R	－	<＋>	D	＋	D	＋	d	D	F/O/－
Nocardia	R	W	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Mycobacterium	R	＋	－	－	＋	.	＋	－	＋	O/NT
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌

グラム陰性菌の鑑別 LAB.995

(再編集の時に－*に注意)

菌種	形態	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖(酸)	OF試験
Bacteroides	R	－	－	＋	d	－	D	F/－
Veillonella	C	－	－	＋	D	・	－	－
Neissena	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Branhamella	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Acinetobacter	C/R	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Moraxella	R	－	＋		＋	＋	－
Brucella
Bordetella
Chromobacterium lividum	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Alcahsenes	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Flavobacterium	R	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Pseudomonas	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	O
Actinobacillus	R	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Pasteurella
Necromonas
Cardiobacterium	R	－	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	F
Chromobacterium violaceum
Beneckea	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Vibrio
Plesiomonas
Aeromonas
腸内細菌	R	D	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Haemophilus	R	－	＋	＋	D	－	D	NT
Eikenella	R	－	－*	＋	－	＋	－	－
Campylobacter	R	＋	－+1	－	D	＋	－	－
Streptobacillus+2	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
マイコプラズマ	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌・: 不明 *: 空気中では発育せず。空気CO2で発育。+1: 好気的または嫌気的には発育せず。5-6%O2中で発育。+2: あるいはShigella dysenteriae 1

「齲蝕」

　　[★]

英: caries, dental caries, dental decay

関: 齲歯

齲蝕に関与する細菌

グラム染色性	病原菌名
グラム陽性球菌	連鎖球菌	Streptococcus mutans
		Streptococcus salivarius
		Streptococcus sangius
		Streptococcus mitis
グラム陽性桿菌	放線菌	Actinomyces viscosus
グラム陰性桿菌	乳酸桿菌	Lactobacillus

「ラクトバチルス属」

　　[★]

ラ: Lactobacillus
同: 乳酸桿菌、乳酸桿菌属、ラクトバシラス属、乳酸菌類、ラクトバシラス、ラクトバチルス、Lactobacillus属
関: 乳酸菌

[show details]

ラクトバシラス属 : 約 2,850 件
ラクトバシラス : 約 13,500 件
ラクトバチルス属 : 約 143,000 件
ラクトバチルス : 約 124,000 件

[show details]

ラクトバチルス属 : 約 173,000 件
ラクトバチラス属 : 49 件

「乳酸桿菌属」

　　[★]

ラ: Lactobacillus
関: 乳酸桿菌、乳酸桿菌科、ラクトバシラス属、乳酸菌類、ラクトバシラス、ラクトバチルス、ラクトバチルス属、Lactobacillus属

「乳酸菌類」

　　[★]

ラ: Lactobacillus
関: 乳酸桿菌、乳酸桿菌属、ラクトバシラス属、ラクトバシラス、ラクトバチルス、ラクトバチルス属、Lactobacillus属

「Lactobacillus fermentum」

　　[★]

ファーメンタム菌、発酵乳酸桿菌、発酵乳酸杆菌、ラクトバチルス・ファーメンタム

「Lactobacillus reuteri」

　　[★]

ラクトバチルス・ロイテリ、ロイテリ菌

関: L. reuteri

「Lactobacillus casei」

　　[★]

ラクトバチルス・カゼイ、カゼイ菌

関: L. casei

「Lactobacillus helveticus」

　　[★]

ラクトバチルス・ヘルベティカス

「Lactobacillus brevis」

　　[★]

ラクトバチルス・ブレビス

[Makarova-2006-1] Makarova, K.; Slesarev, A.; Wolf, Y.; Sorokin, A.; Mirkin, B.; Koonin, E.; Pavlov, A.; Pavlova, N. et al. (Oct 2006). "Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (42): 15611–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607117103. PMC 1622870. PMID 17030793. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1622870/.

[2] Dicks, LMT; M. Silvester, PA Lawson, MD Collins (2000). "Lactobacillus fornicalis sp. nov., isolated from the posterior fornix of the human vagina". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (Society for General Microbiology) 50 (3): 1253–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-3-1253. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 10843070. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/3/1253. Retrieved February 14, 2010.

[3] "Lactobacillus". http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/790.html.

[LjunghWadstrom-4] Ljungh, Åsa; Wadström, Torkel, eds. (2009). Lactobacillus Molecular Biology: From Genomics to Probiotics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-41-7

[5] Chen, X.; Fruehauf, J.; Goldsmith, J. D.; Xu, H.; Katchar, K. K.; Koon, H. W.; Zhao, D.; Kokkotou, E. G. et al. (2009). "Saccharomyces boulardii Inhibits EGF Receptor Signaling and Intestinal Tumor Growth in Apcmin Mice". Gastroenterology 137 (3): 914–923. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.05.050. PMC 2777664. PMID 19482027. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777664/. edit

[6] Reid, G.; Dols, J.; Miller, W. (2009). "Targeting the vaginal microbiota with probiotics as a means to counteract infections". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 12 (6): 583–587. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328331b611. PMID 19741517. edit

[7] Osset, J.; Bartolomé, R. M.; García, E.; Andreu, A. N. (2001). "Assessment of the Capacity ofLactobacillusto Inhibit the Growth of Uropathogens and Block Their Adhesion to Vaginal Epithelial Cells". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 183 (3): 485–491. doi:10.1086/318070. PMID 11133381. edit

[8] Pascual, L. M.; Daniele, M. B.; Ruiz, F.; Giordano, W.; Pájaro, C.; Barberis, L. (2008). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus L60, a potential probiotic isolated from the human vagina". The Journal of general and applied microbiology 54 (3): 141–148. PMID 18654035. edit

[9] ttp://www.bacterio.cict.fr/l/lactobacillus.html

匿名

検索

案内

案内

Lactobacillus