WordNet

type genus of Bacteroidaceae; genus of Gram-negative rodlike anaerobic bacteria producing no endospores and no pigment and living in the gut of man and animals (同)genus Bacteroides

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/20 14:45:50」(JST)

wiki en

Bacteroides is a genus of gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria. Bacteroides species are non-endospore-forming bacilli, and may be either motile or non-motile, depending on the species.^[1] The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer.

Bacteroides are normally mutualistic, making up the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora,^[2] where they play a fundamental role in processing of complex molecules to simpler ones in the host intestine.^[3]^[4]^[5] As many as 10¹⁰-10¹¹ cells per gram of human feces have been reported.^[6] They can use simple sugars when available; however, the main sources of energy for Bacteroides species in the gut are complex host-derived and plant glycans.^[7] Studies indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition - those who eat plenty of protein and animal fats have predominantly Bacteroides bacteria, while for those who consume more carbohydrates the Prevotella species dominate.^[8]

One of the most important clinically is Bacteroides fragilis.

Bacteroides melaninogenicus has recently been reclassified and split into Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia.^[9]

Pathogenesis

Bacteroides species also benefit their host by excluding potential pathogens from colonizing the gut. Some species (B. fragilis, for example) are opportunistic human pathogens, causing infections of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal surgery, and appendicitis via abscess formation, inhibiting phagocytosis, and inactivating beta-lactam antibiotics.^[10] Although Bacteroides species are anaerobic, they are transiently aerotolerant^[11] and thus can survive in the abdominal cavity.

In general, Bacteroides are resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics — β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and recently many species have acquired resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline. This high level of antibiotic resistance has prompted concerns that Bacteroides species may become a reservoir for resistance in other, more highly pathogenic bacterial strains.^[12]^[13]

Microbiological applications

An alternative fecal indicator organism, Bacteroides, has been suggested because they make up a significant portion of the fecal bacterial population,^[1] have a high degree of host specificity that reflects differences in the digestive system of the host animal,^[14] and have a small potential to grow in the environment.^[15] Over the past decade, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have been used to detect the presence of various microbial pathogens through the amplification of specific DNA sequences without culturing bacteria. One study has measured the amount of Bacteroides by using qPCR to quantify the host-specific 16S rRNA genetic marker.^[16] This technique allows quantification of genetic markers that are specific to the host of the bacteria and allow detection of recent contamination. A recent report found temperature plays a major role in the amount of time the bacteria will persist in the environment, the life span increases with colder temperatures (0-4 °C).^[17]

Human

There are data suggesting that members of Bacteroides affects the lean or obese phenotype in humans.^[18] In this article, one human twin is obese while the other is lean. Their fecal microbiota is transplanted into germ-free mouse and, interestingly, the phenotype in mouse-model corresponds to that in human.

References

^ ^a ^b Madigan M, Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-131-44329-1.
^ Dorland WAN (editor) (2003). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (30th ed.). W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-721-60146-4.
^ Wexler, H. M. (Oct 2007). "Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty" (Free full text). Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20 (4): 593–621. doi:10.1128/CMR.00008-07. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 2176045. PMID 17934076.
^ Xu, J. .; Gordon, I. . (Sep 2003). "Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (18): 10452–10459. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10010452X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1734063100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 193582. PMID 12923294.
^ Xu, J.; Mahowald, A.; Ley, E.; Lozupone, A.; Hamady, M.; Martens, C.; Henrissat, B.; Coutinho, M.; Minx, P.; Latreille, P.; Cordum, H.; Van Brunt, A.; Kim, K.; Fulton, R. S.; Fulton, L. A.; Clifton, S. W.; Wilson, R. K.; Knight, R. D.; Gordon, J. I. (Jul 2007). "Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine" (Free full text). PLoS Biology 5 (7): e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 1892571. PMID 17579514.
^ Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE (1983). Normal indigenous intestinal flora (pp. 3-31) in Human intestinal microflora in health and disease. Academic Press. ISBN 0-123-41280-3.
^ Martens EC, Chiang HC, Gordon JI (2008). "Mucosal Glycan Foraging Enhances Fitness and Transmission of a Saccharolytic Human Gut Bacterial Symbiont". Cell Host Microbe 13 (4): 447–57. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.09.007. PMC 2605320. PMID 18996345.
^ Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD (October 7, 2011). "Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes". Science 334 (6052): 105–8. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..105W. doi:10.1126/science.1208344. PMC 3368382. PMID 21885731.
^ "Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine". Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-838-58529-9.
^ Baughn, Anthony; Malamy, Michael (2004). "Molecular Basis for Aerotolerance of the Obligately Anaerobic Bacteroides Spp.". In Nakano, Michiko; Zuber, Peter. Strict and Facultative Anaerobes: Medical and Environmental Aspects. CRC Press. p. 161. ISBN 1-904933-03-3.
^ Salyers AA, Gupta A, Wang Y (2004). "Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes". Trends Microbiol 12 (9): 412–416. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004. PMID 15337162.
^ Löfmark, S.; Jernberg, C.; Jansson, K.; Edlund, C. (2006). "Clindamycin-induced enrichment and long-term persistence of resistant Bacteroides spp. and resistance genes". The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 58 (6): 1160–1167. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl420. PMID 17046967.
^ Bernhard AE, Field KG. A PCR assay To discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA (Oct 2000). "A PCR assay to discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (10): 4571–4574. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.10.4571-4574.2000. PMC 92346. PMID 11010920.
^ Kreader, CA (Oct 1998). "Persistence of PCR-detectable Bacteroides distasonis from human feces in river water" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (10): 4103–4105. PMC 106613. PMID 9758854.
^ Layton, A.; McKay, L; Williams, D; Garrett, V; Gentry, R; Sayler, G (2006). "Development of Bacteroides 16S rRNA Gene TaqMan-Based Real-Time PCR Assays for Estimation of Total, Human,and Bovine Fecal Pollution in Water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (6): 4214–4224. doi:10.1128/AEM.01036-05. PMC 1489674. PMID 16751534.
^ Bell A, Layton AC, McKay L, Williams D, Gentry R, Sayler GS (27 Apr 2009). "Factors influencing the persistence of fecal Bacteroides in stream water". J Environ Qual. 38 (3): 1224–1232. doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0258. PMID 19398520.
^ http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6150/1241214.abstract

External links

Bacteroides infections in E Medicine
Bacteroides in detail.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 嫌気性細菌感染 anaerobic bacterial infections
2. 嫌気菌：ヒトの正常細菌叢における歴史および役割 anaerobic bacteria history and role in normal human flora
3. 嫌気性感染症における病態生理、臨床的な手がかり、および微生物の回収方法 pathophysiology clinical clues and recovery of organisms in anaerobic infections
4. β-ラクタマーゼ阻害剤、カルバペネム系、およびモノバクタム系抗菌薬の併用 combination beta lactamase inhibitors carbapenems and monobactams
5. セフェム系 cephalosporins

English Journal

In vitro digestion and fermentation properties of linear sugar-beet arabinan and its oligosaccharides.

Moon JS1, Shin SY1, Choi HS2, Joo W1, Cho SK1, Li L1, Kang JH1, Kim TJ1, Han NS3.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2015 Oct 20;131:50-6. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.022. Epub 2015 May 19.
This study was conducted to investigate the prebiotic effects of linear arabino-oligosaccharides (LAOS) and debranched (linear) sugar beet arabinan (LAR) for the development of new prebiotics. LAOS were prepared from LAR by enzymatic hydrolysis with endo-arabinanase from Bacillus licheniformis, foll
PMID 26256159

Dps and DpsL Mediate Survival In Vitro and In Vivo during the Prolonged Oxidative Stress Response in Bacteroides fragilis.

Betteken MI1, Rocha ER1, Smith CJ2.
Journal of bacteriology.J Bacteriol.2015 Oct 15;197(20):3329-38. doi: 10.1128/JB.00342-15. Epub 2015 Aug 10.
Bacteroides fragilis is a Gram-negative anaerobe and member of the human intestinal tract microbiome, where it plays many beneficial roles. However, translocation of the organism to the peritoneal cavity can lead to peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess formation, bacteremia, and sepsis. During trans
PMID 26260459

Storm loads of culturable and molecular fecal indicators in an inland urban stream.

Liao H1, Krometis LA2, Cully Hession W2, Benitez R3, Sawyer R3, Schaberg E2, von Wagoner E2, Badgley BD3.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Oct 15;530-531:347-56. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.098. Epub 2015 Jun 5.
Elevated concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria in receiving waters during wet-weather flows are a considerable public health concern that is likely to be exacerbated by future climate change and urbanization. Knowledge of factors driving the fate and transport of fecal indicator bacteria in sto
PMID 26050960

Japanese Journal

Brewer's yeast cell wall affects microbiota composition and decreases Bacteroides fragilis populations in an anaerobic gut intestinal model

Nakashimada Yutaka,Michinaka Atsuko,Watanabe Kentaro [他]
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 111(2), 178-184, 2011-02
NAID 40018702839

結核性脊椎炎との鑑別に苦慮した Bacteroides による腰椎化膿性脊椎炎の1例

重留広輔,山田圭,永田見生,佐藤公昭,密川守,下山十喜子,横須賀公章,吉田龍弘
整形外科と災害外科 59(4), 855-859, 2010-09-25
NAID 10026702528

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細菌の鑑別」「嫌気性菌」「空洞性肺病変」「メトロニダゾール」「無芽胞嫌気性菌感染症」
拡張検索	「Bacteroides fragilis」「Bacteroides感染症」「Bacteroides infection」「Bacteroides melaninogenicus」「Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron」

「細菌の鑑別」

Bacteroides
	Bacteroides spp. anaerobically cultured in blood agar medium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Bacteroidetes
Class:	Bacteroidetes
Order:	Bacteroidales
Family:	Bacteroidaceae
Genus:	Bacteroides; Castellani & Chalmers 1919
Species
	B. acidifaciens; B. distasonis (reclassified as Parabacteroides distasonis); B. gracilis; B. fragilis; B. oris; B. ovatus; B. putredinis; B. pyogenes; B. stercoris; B. suis; B. tectus; B. thetaiotaomicron; B. vulgatus; etc.;

　　[★]

関: 細菌

グラム陽性菌の鑑別 LAB.994

菌種	形態	抗酸性	芽胞	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖分解	OF試験
Micrococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	D	O/－
Staphylococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Aerococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	W	W/－	－	＋	F
Streptococcus	C	－	－	＋/－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Pediococcus	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Gemella	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
嫌気性球菌*1	C	－	－	－	－	＋	－	－	＋/－	F/－
Kurthia	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	－	－
Corynebacterium	R	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋/－	F/－
Listeria	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Erysipelothnx	R		－	－	＋	＋			＋	F
Lactobacillus
Arachnia*2
Rothia	R	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	●	＋	F
Propiombacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	＋	.	＋	F
Achnomyces	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	●	＋	F
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	.	＋/－	F/－
Clostridium	R	－	<＋>	D	－	＋	－	●	D	F/－
Bacillus	R	－	<＋>	D	＋	D	＋	d	D	F/O/－
Nocardia	R	W	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Mycobacterium	R	＋	－	－	＋	.	＋	－	＋	O/NT
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌

グラム陰性菌の鑑別 LAB.995

(再編集の時に－*に注意)

菌種	形態	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖(酸)	OF試験
Bacteroides	R	－	－	＋	d	－	D	F/－
Veillonella	C	－	－	＋	D	・	－	－
Neissena	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Branhamella	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Acinetobacter	C/R	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Moraxella	R	－	＋		＋	＋	－
Brucella
Bordetella
Chromobacterium lividum	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Alcahsenes	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Flavobacterium	R	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Pseudomonas	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	O
Actinobacillus	R	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Pasteurella
Necromonas
Cardiobacterium	R	－	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	F
Chromobacterium violaceum
Beneckea	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Vibrio
Plesiomonas
Aeromonas
腸内細菌	R	D	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Haemophilus	R	－	＋	＋	D	－	D	NT
Eikenella	R	－	－*	＋	－	＋	－	－
Campylobacter	R	＋	－+1	－	D	＋	－	－
Streptobacillus+2	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
マイコプラズマ	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌・: 不明 *: 空気中では発育せず。空気CO2で発育。+1: 好気的または嫌気的には発育せず。5-6%O2中で発育。+2: あるいはShigella dysenteriae 1

「嫌気性菌」

　　[★]

英: anaerobic bacterium anaerobic bacteria, anaerobe anaerobes, anaerobic bacteria
ラ: anaerobie
関: 細菌、好気性菌。嫌気性培養法

概念

酸素の存在しないところで増殖する細菌。
酸素が存在していても酸化還元電位(Eh)が低い状態では増殖可能　→　還元的な環境(人体でいうと腸管、膿瘍などの閉鎖環境)
発酵によりエネルギーを得ている。
酸素、酸化物、および過酸化物をハンドリングする酵素を持たない：シトクロム系酵素、カタラーゼ、スーパーオキシドジスムターゼ

分類

通性嫌気性菌 facultative anaerobes：酸素があってもなくても増殖する
偏性嫌気性菌 obligate anaerobes　　：酸素がないと増殖できない

臨床

臨床上、重要な細菌としてBacteroides(特にBacteroides fragilis)がある。

嫌気性菌感染を考慮すべき病態、疾患

副鼻腔炎
扁桃腺炎、扁桃周囲膿瘍
縦隔炎
腹腔内感染
骨盤部内感染
膿瘍
皮膚軟部組織感染で瘻孔を形成している場合

嫌気性菌をカバーする抗菌薬

メトロニダゾール、クリンダマイシン、アンピシリン・スルバクタム、ピペラシリン・タゾバクタム、セフメタゾール、フロモキセフ、カルバペネム系抗菌薬、モキシフロキサシン

「空洞性肺病変」

　　[★]

関: 空洞形成、空洞

空洞性肺病変の鑑別

IRE.527

肺化膿症で実質の破壊が進展し膿が貯留して肺膿瘍を形成する。この場合にも空洞性肺病変を生じうる。

感染性

一般細菌：黄色ブドウ球菌、Streptococcus intermedius、肺炎球菌、Pasteurella multocida、肺炎桿菌、緑膿菌、Melioidosis、Rhodococcus equi、Legionella
嫌気性菌：Bacteroides、Prevotella intermedia、Prevotella melaninogenica、Prevotella、Veillonella、peptostreptococci
特殊な細菌：放線菌症、ノカルジア症、抗酸菌、結核菌、Fusobacterium necrophorum、
真菌：アスペルギルス症、クリプトコッカス症、ムコール症、Pneumocystis jiroveci、ヒストプラスマ症、ブラストミセス症、コクシジオイデス症、スポロトリコーシス
寄生虫
その他

非感染性

「メトロニダゾール」

　　[★]

英: metronidazole, MTZ
商: フラジール Flagyl, Metro-IV、アスゾール。ランピオンパック(ランソプラゾール、アモキシシリン、メトロニダゾール)
関: トリコモナス

first aid step1 2006 p.139,142,148,165,172,178,208,276,282

特徴

原虫(トリコモナスなど)による感染症に対して用いる

構造

作用機序 PPC. 641, 647

メトロニダゾールの活性化には嫌気性生物の発酵に関与する酵素 pyruvate-derredocin oxidoreductase,PFORが必要
pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductaseはferredoxinをreduced ferredoxinに変換するが、これに共役してメトロニダゾールがreduced metronidazole(活性型)に変換される。

PFORは宿主細胞(好気性生物)には存在しないので、原虫や嫌気性生物が特異的に障害を受ける

微生物の蛋白質、膜、DNAに傷害を与える

適応

USMLE (first aid step1 2006 p.172)

横隔膜より下の嫌気性菌に対して用いられる

原虫：Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas
嫌気性菌：Bacteroides, Clostridium
細菌：Clostridium difficile, Helicobacter pylori, Gardnerella vaginalis

H. pylori：bismuth + amoxicillin/tetracycline + metronidazole

副作用

disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol; headache,metallic taste (first aid step1 2006 p.172)

「無芽胞嫌気性菌感染症」

　　[★]

英: nonsporulating anaerobic infection, nonspore-forming anaerobic bacterial infection
関: バクテロイデス属

無芽胞嫌気性菌が関与する嫌気性菌感染症。
多くの細菌が関与するが、嫌気性のグラム陰性桿菌が多い。

嫌気性グラム陰性桿菌：Bacteroides、Prevotella、Fusobacterium、Porphyromonas、Bilophila
嫌気性グラム陽性球菌：Finegoldia、Micromonas、Peptostreptococcus
免疫不全状態時(嫌気性グラム陽性桿菌)：Eggerthella、Eubacterium、Propionibacterium

ヒトの常在菌でである(内因性感染となる)が、免疫力の低下や組織・器官の奇形が存在する場合、病変を形成しやすい。
好気性菌との複合感染をとる。
嫌気性グラム陰性桿菌は、カルバペネム、セファマイシンなど一部を除くほとんど全てのβ-ラクタム薬を分解するβ-ラクタマーゼを産生する。(嫌気性なので当然)Bacteroides fragilisにアミノグリコシド系抗菌薬は無効である。
治療：クリンダマイシン、リンコマイシン

「Bacteroides fragilis」

　　[★]

同: バクテロイデス・フラギリス、バクテロイデス・フラジリス
関: バクテロイデス属、細菌

「Bacteroides感染症」

　　[★]

英: Bacteroides infection
関: バクテロイデス感染症、バクテロイデス感染

「Bacteroides infection」

　　[★]

バクテロイデス感染症、バクテロイデス感染、Bacteroides感染症

「Bacteroides melaninogenicus」

　　[★]

バクテロイデス・メラニノゲニカス

関: Prevotella melaninogenica

「Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron」

　　[★]

バクテロイデス・テタイオタオミクロン

関: B. thetaiotaomicron

[Madigan_M.2C_Martinko_J_editors._2005-1] Madigan M, Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-131-44329-1.

[Dorland-2] Dorland WAN (editor) (2003). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (30th ed.). W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-721-60146-4.

[Wexler-3] Wexler, H. M. (Oct 2007). "Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty" (Free full text). Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20 (4): 593–621. doi:10.1128/CMR.00008-07. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 2176045. PMID 17934076.

[jianxu-4] Xu, J. .; Gordon, I. . (Sep 2003). "Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (18): 10452–10459. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10010452X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1734063100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 193582. PMID 12923294.

[jianxu2-5] Xu, J.; Mahowald, A.; Ley, E.; Lozupone, A.; Hamady, M.; Martens, C.; Henrissat, B.; Coutinho, M.; Minx, P.; Latreille, P.; Cordum, H.; Van Brunt, A.; Kim, K.; Fulton, R. S.; Fulton, L. A.; Clifton, S. W.; Wilson, R. K.; Knight, R. D.; Gordon, J. I. (Jul 2007). "Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine" (Free full text). PLoS Biology 5 (7): e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 1892571. PMID 17579514.

[6] Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE (1983). Normal indigenous intestinal flora (pp. 3-31) in Human intestinal microflora in health and disease. Academic Press. ISBN 0-123-41280-3.

[Martens_2008-7] Martens EC, Chiang HC, Gordon JI (2008). "Mucosal Glycan Foraging Enhances Fitness and Transmission of a Saccharolytic Human Gut Bacterial Symbiont". Cell Host Microbe 13 (4): 447–57. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.09.007. PMC 2605320. PMID 18996345.

[8] Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD (October 7, 2011). "Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes". Science 334 (6052): 105–8. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..105W. doi:10.1126/science.1208344. PMC 3368382. PMID 21885731.

[urlBacteroides_Infection:_Overview_-_eMedicine-9] "Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine". Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.

[Sherris-10] Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-838-58529-9.

[Baughn-11] Baughn, Anthony; Malamy, Michael (2004). "Molecular Basis for Aerotolerance of the Obligately Anaerobic Bacteroides Spp.". In Nakano, Michiko; Zuber, Peter. Strict and Facultative Anaerobes: Medical and Environmental Aspects. CRC Press. p. 161. ISBN 1-904933-03-3.

[Salyers_2004-12] Salyers AA, Gupta A, Wang Y (2004). "Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes". Trends Microbiol 12 (9): 412–416. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004. PMID 15337162.

[Lofmark-13] Löfmark, S.; Jernberg, C.; Jansson, K.; Edlund, C. (2006). "Clindamycin-induced enrichment and long-term persistence of resistant Bacteroides spp. and resistance genes". The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 58 (6): 1160–1167. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl420. PMID 17046967.

[14] Bernhard AE, Field KG. A PCR assay To discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA (Oct 2000). "A PCR assay to discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (10): 4571–4574. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.10.4571-4574.2000. PMC 92346. PMID 11010920.

[15] Kreader, CA (Oct 1998). "Persistence of PCR-detectable Bacteroides distasonis from human feces in river water" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (10): 4103–4105. PMC 106613. PMID 9758854.

[16] Layton, A.; McKay, L; Williams, D; Garrett, V; Gentry, R; Sayler, G (2006). "Development of Bacteroides 16S rRNA Gene TaqMan-Based Real-Time PCR Assays for Estimation of Total, Human,and Bovine Fecal Pollution in Water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (6): 4214–4224. doi:10.1128/AEM.01036-05. PMC 1489674. PMID 16751534.

[17] Bell A, Layton AC, McKay L, Williams D, Gentry R, Sayler GS (27 Apr 2009). "Factors influencing the persistence of fecal Bacteroides in stream water". J Environ Qual. 38 (3): 1224–1232. doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0258. PMID 19398520.

[18] ttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6150/1241214.abstract

Bacteroides

Bacteroides spp. anaerobically cultured in blood agar medium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Bacteroidetes
Class:	Bacteroidetes
Order:	Bacteroidales
Family:	Bacteroidaceae
Genus:	Bacteroides Castellani & Chalmers 1919
Species
B. acidifaciens B. distasonis (reclassified as Parabacteroides distasonis) B. gracilis B. fragilis B. oris B. ovatus B. putredinis B. pyogenes B. stercoris B. suis B. tectus B. thetaiotaomicron B. vulgatus etc.

匿名

検索

案内

Bacteroides