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type genus of the family Micrococcaceae (同)genus Micrococcus

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/10 23:32:28」(JST)

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Micrococcus (mi’ krō kŏk’ Əs) is a genus of bacteria in the Micrococcaceae family. Micrococcus occurs in a wide range of environments, including water, dust, and soil. Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and typically appear in tetrads. They are catalase positive, oxidase positive, indole negative and citrate negative. Micrococcus has a substantial cell wall, which may comprise as much as 50% of the cell mass. The genome of Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine (GC), typically exhibiting 65 to 75% GC-content. Micrococci often carry plasmids (ranging from 1 to 100 MDa in size) that provide the organism with useful traits.

Species[edit]

Some species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus (yellow) and M. roseus (red) produce yellow or pink colonies when grown on mannitol salt agar. Isolates of M. luteus have been found to overproduce riboflavin when grown on toxic organic pollutants like pyridine.^[1] Hybridization studies indicate that species within the genus Micrococcus are not closely related, showing as little as 50% sequence similarity. This suggests that some Micrococcus species may, on the basis of ribosomal RNA analysis, eventually be re-classified into other microbial genera.

Environmental[edit]

Micrococci have been isolated from human skin, animal and dairy products, and beer. They are found in many other places in the environment, including water, dust, and soil. M. luteus on human skin transforms compounds in sweat into compounds with an unpleasant odor. Micrococci can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations. Most are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus (found in Antarctica) are psychrophiles.

Though not a spore former, Micrococcus cells can survive for an extended period of time: unprotected cultures of soil micrococci have been revived after storage in a refrigerator for 10 years.^{[citation needed]} Recent work by Greenblat et al. demonstrates that Micrococcus luteus has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years on the basis of 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer.^[2]

Pathogenesis[edit]

Micrococcus is generally thought to be a saprotrophic or commensal organism, though it can be an opportunistic pathogen, particularly in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as HIV patients.^[3] It can be difficult to identify Micrococcus as the cause of an infection, since the organism is a normally present in skin microflora, and the genus is seldom linked to disease. In rare cases, death of immunocompromised patients has occurred from pulmonary infections caused by Micrococcus. Micrococci may be involved in other infections, including recurrent bacteremia, septic shock, septic arthritis, endocarditis, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia (immunosuppressed patients).

Industrial uses[edit]

Micrococci, like many other representatives of the Actinobacteria, can be catabolically versatile, with the ability to utilize a wide range of unusual substrates, such as pyridine, herbicides, chlorinated biphenyls, and oil.^[4]^[5] They are likely involved in detoxification or biodegradation of many other environmental pollutants.^[6] Other Micrococcus isolates produce various useful products, such as long-chain (C21-C34) aliphatic hydrocarbons for lubricating oils.

Micrococcus mortus[edit]

The most recent strand of micrococci to be discovered is the "Micrococcus mortus". It has distinctive structure that differs from the most common strand of Micrococcus: with a larger/flatter face to each strand; the Micrococcus mortus holds a far larger surface area to volume ratio to normal strands. It is particularly prominent in HIV patients as it is a strain that is particularly difficult to provide effective antibiotic treatment for as it is a highly frequent mutator.

References[edit]

^ Sims GK, Sommers LE, Konopka A (1986). "Degradation of Pyridine by Micrococcus luteus Isolated from Soil". Appl Environ Microbiol 51 (5): 963–968. PMC 238995. PMID 16347070.
^ Greenblat, C.L., Baum, J., Klein, B.Y., Nachshon, S., Koltunov, V., Cano, R.J. (2004). "Micrococcus luteus – Survival in Amber". Microbial Ecology 48 (1): 120–127. doi:10.1007/s00248-003-2016-5. PMID 15164240.
^ Smith K, Neafie R, Yeager J, Skelton H (1999). "Micrococcus folliculitis in HIV-1 disease". Br J Dermatol 141 (3): 558–61. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03060.x. PMID 10583069.
^ Doddamani H, Ninnekar H (2001). "Biodegradation of carbaryl by a Micrococcus species". Curr Microbiol 43 (1): 69–73. doi:10.1007/s002840010262. PMID 11375667.
^ Sims GK, O'loughlin EJ (1992). "Riboflavin Production during Growth of Micrococcus luteus on Pyridine". Appl Environ Microbiol 58 (10): 3423–3425. PMC 183117. PMID 16348793.
^ Zhuang W, Tay J, Maszenan A, Krumholz L, Tay S (2003). "Importance of Gram-positive naphthalene-degrading bacteria in oil-contaminated tropical marine sediments". Lett Appl Microbiol 36 (4): 251–7. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01297.x. PMID 12641721.

Microbewiki at Kenyon College

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2. 腸球菌の微生物学 microbiology of enterococci
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4. 合併症リスクの低い成人癌患者における発熱性好中球減少症候群の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of neutropenic fever syndromes in adult cancer patients at low risk for complications
5. カテーテル関連血流感染症の治療のための抗菌薬ロック療法 antibiotic lock therapy for treatment of catheter related bloodstream infections

English Journal

Coaggregation occurs amongst bacteria within and between biofilms in domestic showerheads.

Vornhagen J, Stevens M, McCormick DW, Dowd SE, Eisenberg JN, Boles BR, Rickard AH.Sourcea Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
Biofouling.Biofouling.2013 Jan;29(1):53-68. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2012.744395.
Showerheads support the development of multi-species biofilms that can be unsightly, produce malodor, and may harbor pathogens. The outer-surface spray-plates of many showerheads support visible biofilms that likely contain a mixture of bacteria from freshwater and potentially from human users. Coag
PMID 23194413

Technological properties and probiotic potential of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from cow milk.

Banwo K, Sanni A, Tan H.SourceDepartment of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, P.M.B 1 Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Journal of applied microbiology.J Appl Microbiol.2013 Jan;114(1):229-41. doi: 10.1111/jam.12031. Epub 2012 Nov 7.
AIM: To identify enterococci from the fermentation of milk for the production of nono, an African fermented dairy product, to determine the technological properties for suitability as starter cultures and safety as probiotics.METHODS AND RESULTS: Enterococcus faecium CM4 and Enterococcus faecium 2CM
PMID 23035976

Japanese Journal

Comparison of the Bactericidal Effect of Slightly Acidic Hypochlorous Water with That of Conventional Sterilizers

Soli Kevin Webby,Motomatsu Ai,Yoshizumi Asako,Yamakawa Mami,Mishima Tomoko,Honjoh Ken'ichi,Miyamoto Takahisa,芳住あさこ,元松藍,山川真美,三島朋子,本城賢一,宮本敬久
Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 55(2), 275-280, 2010-10-29
… Likewise, Pseudomonas sp., and Flavobacterium or Xanthomonas sp., Kurthia sp., Micrococcus sp., and Corynebacterium or Microbacterium sp. …
NAID 120002697632

Bacterial Contamination and Microflora of Several Fresh Produce

Soli Kevin Webby,Yoshizumi Asako,Yamakawa Mami,Mishima Tomoko,Honjoh Ken'ichi,Miyamoto Takahisa,芳住あさこ,山川真美,三島朋子,本城賢一,宮本敬久
Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 55(2), 269-273, 2010-10-29
… On the contrary, parsley had 25% Kurthia or Bacillus, and 13% Micrococcus, both Gram-positive. …
NAID 120002697631

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細菌の鑑別」「ミクロコッカス科」「ミクロコッカス属」「micrococcal」

「細菌の鑑別」

Micrococcus
	Micrococcus mucilaginosis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria
Subclass:	Actinobacteridae
Order:	Actinomycetales
Suborder:	Micrococcineae
Family:	Micrococcaceae
Genus:	Micrococcus; Cohn 1872
Species
	Micrococcus antarcticus; Micrococcus flavus; Micrococcus luteus; Micrococcus lylae; Micrococcus mucilaginosis; Micrococcus roseus; Micrococcus mortus

　　[★]

関: 細菌

グラム陽性菌の鑑別 LAB.994

菌種	形態	抗酸性	芽胞	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖分解	OF試験
Micrococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	D	O/－
Staphylococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Aerococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	W	W/－	－	＋	F
Streptococcus	C	－	－	＋/－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Pediococcus	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Gemella	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
嫌気性球菌*1	C	－	－	－	－	＋	－	－	＋/－	F/－
Kurthia	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	－	－
Corynebacterium	R	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋/－	F/－
Listeria	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Erysipelothnx	R		－	－	＋	＋			＋	F
Lactobacillus
Arachnia*2
Rothia	R	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	●	＋	F
Propiombacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	＋	.	＋	F
Achnomyces	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	●	＋	F
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	.	＋/－	F/－
Clostridium	R	－	<＋>	D	－	＋	－	●	D	F/－
Bacillus	R	－	<＋>	D	＋	D	＋	d	D	F/O/－
Nocardia	R	W	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Mycobacterium	R	＋	－	－	＋	.	＋	－	＋	O/NT
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌

グラム陰性菌の鑑別 LAB.995

(再編集の時に－*に注意)

菌種	形態	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖(酸)	OF試験
Bacteroides	R	－	－	＋	d	－	D	F/－
Veillonella	C	－	－	＋	D	・	－	－
Neissena	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Branhamella	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Acinetobacter	C/R	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Moraxella	R	－	＋		＋	＋	－
Brucella
Bordetella
Chromobacterium lividum	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Alcahsenes	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Flavobacterium	R	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Pseudomonas	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	O
Actinobacillus	R	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Pasteurella
Necromonas
Cardiobacterium	R	－	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	F
Chromobacterium violaceum
Beneckea	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Vibrio
Plesiomonas
Aeromonas
腸内細菌	R	D	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Haemophilus	R	－	＋	＋	D	－	D	NT
Eikenella	R	－	－*	＋	－	＋	－	－
Campylobacter	R	＋	－+1	－	D	＋	－	－
Streptobacillus+2	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
マイコプラズマ	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌・: 不明 *: 空気中では発育せず。空気CO2で発育。+1: 好気的または嫌気的には発育せず。5-6%O2中で発育。+2: あるいはShigella dysenteriae 1

「ミクロコッカス科」

　　[★]

ラ: Micrococcaceae
関: 小球菌

好気性あるいは通性嫌気性で四連あるいは不規則な配列をするグラム陽性球菌。
属間でGC含量に差がある。
人や動物の皮膚を含め、自然界に広く分布
病原性を有するのはブドウ球菌属の一部のみ

ミクロコッカス科

ミクロコッカス属 Micrococcus
ストマトコッカス属 Stomatococcus
プラノコッカス属 Planococcus
スタフィロコッカス属ブドウ球菌属 Staphylococcus

「ミクロコッカス属」

　　[★]

ラ: Micrococcus
同: Micrococcus属
関: 小球菌、ミクロコッカス、ミクロコックス

「micrococcal」

　　[★]

adj.

小球菌の

関: micrococci、Micrococcus

[1] Sims GK, Sommers LE, Konopka A (1986). "Degradation of Pyridine by Micrococcus luteus Isolated from Soil". Appl Environ Microbiol 51 (5): 963–968. PMC 238995. PMID 16347070.

[2] Greenblat, C.L., Baum, J., Klein, B.Y., Nachshon, S., Koltunov, V., Cano, R.J. (2004). "Micrococcus luteus – Survival in Amber". Microbial Ecology 48 (1): 120–127. doi:10.1007/s00248-003-2016-5. PMID 15164240.

[Smith_1999-3] Smith K, Neafie R, Yeager J, Skelton H (1999). "Micrococcus folliculitis in HIV-1 disease". Br J Dermatol 141 (3): 558–61. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03060.x. PMID 10583069.

[Doddamani_2001-4] Doddamani H, Ninnekar H (2001). "Biodegradation of carbaryl by a Micrococcus species". Curr Microbiol 43 (1): 69–73. doi:10.1007/s002840010262. PMID 11375667.

[5] Sims GK, O'loughlin EJ (1992). "Riboflavin Production during Growth of Micrococcus luteus on Pyridine". Appl Environ Microbiol 58 (10): 3423–3425. PMC 183117. PMID 16348793.

[Zhuang_2003-6] Zhuang W, Tay J, Maszenan A, Krumholz L, Tay S (2003). "Importance of Gram-positive naphthalene-degrading bacteria in oil-contaminated tropical marine sediments". Lett Appl Microbiol 36 (4): 251–7. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01297.x. PMID 12641721.

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案内

Micrococcus