Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/20 06:21:16」(JST)

wiki en

Bordetella is a genus of small (0.2 - 0.7 µm), Gram-negative coccobacilli of the phylum Proteobacteria. Bordetella species, with the exception of B. petrii, are obligate aerobes, as well as highly fastidious, or difficult to culture. Three species are human pathogens (B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptica); one of these (B. bronchiseptica) is also motile.^[1]

B. pertussis and occasionally B. parapertussis cause pertussis or whooping cough in humans, and some B. parapertussis strains can colonise sheep. B. bronchiseptica rarely infects healthy humans, though disease in immunocompromised patients has been reported.^[2] B. bronchiseptica causes several diseases in other mammals, including kennel cough and atrophic rhinitis in dogs and pigs, respectively. Other members of the genus cause similar diseases in other mammals, and in birds (B. hinzii, B. avium).

The Bordetella genus is named after Jules Bordet.

Pathogenesis

The most thoroughly studied of the Bordetella species are B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, and the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by these bacteria has been reviewed.^[3]^[4]^[5] Transmission occurs by direct contact, or via respiratory aerosol droplets, or fomites. Bacteria initially adhere to ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx, and this interaction with epithelial cells is mediated by a series of protein adhesins. These include filamentous haemaglutinin, pertactin, fimbriae, and pertussis toxin (though expression of pertussis toxin is unique to B. pertussis). As well as assisting in adherence to epithelial cells, some of these are also involved in attachment to immune effector cells.

The initial catarrhal phase of infection produces symptoms similar to those of the common cold, and during this period, large numbers of bacteria can be recovered from the pharynx. Thereafter, the bacteria proliferate and spread further into the respiratory tract, where the secretion of toxins causes ciliostasis and facilitates the entry of bacteria to tracheal/bronchial ciliated cells. One of the first toxins to be expressed is tracheal cytotoxin, which is a disaccharide-tetrapeptide derived from peptidoglycan. Unlike most other Bordetella toxins, tracheal cytotoxin is expressed constitutively, being a normal product of the breakdown of the bacterial cell wall. Other bacteria recycle this molecule back into the cytoplasm, but in Bordetella and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it is released into the environment. Tracheal cytotoxin itself is able to reproduce paralysis of the ciliary escalator, inhibition of DNA synthesis in epithelial cells and ultimately killing of the same. One of the most important of the regulated toxins is adenylate cyclase toxin, which aids in the evasion of innate immunity. The toxin is delivered to phagocytic immune cells upon contact.^[6] Immune cell functions are then inhibited in part by the resulting accumulation of cyclic AMP. Recently discovered activities of adenylate cyclase toxin, including transmembrane pore formation and stimulation of calcium influx, may also contribute to the intoxication of phagocytes.^[7]^[8]

Regulation of virulence factor expression

The expression of many Bordetella adhesins and toxins is controlled by the two-component regulatory system BvgAS.^[4]^[5] Much of what is known about this regulatory system is based on work with B. bronchiseptica, but BvgAS is present in B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica and is responsible for phase variation or phenotypic modulation.

BvgS is a plasma membrane-bound sensor kinase which responds to stimulation by phosphorylating a cytoplasmic helix-turn-helix-containing protein, BvgA. When phosphorylated, BvgA has increased affinity for specific binding sites in Bvg-activated promoter sequences and is able to promote transcription in in vitro assays.^[9]^[10]

Most of the toxins and adhesins under BvgAS control are expressed under Bvg⁺ conditions (high BvgA-P_i concentration). But there are also genes expressed solely in the Bvg⁻ state, most notably the flagellin gene flaA.^[11] The regulation of Bvg repressed genes is mediated by the product of a 624-bp open reading frame downstream of bvgA, the so-called Bvg-activated repressor protein, BvgR.^[12] BvgR binds to a consensus sequence present within the coding sequences of at least some Bvg-repressed genes. Binding of this protein to the consensus sequence represents gene expression by reducing transcription.^[13]

It is not known what the physiological signals for BvgS are, but in vitro BvgAS can be inactivated by millimolar concentrations of magnesium sulfate or nicotinic acid, or by reduction of the incubation temperature to ≤ 26°C.^[14]^[15]

The identification of a specific point mutation in the BvgS gene which locks B. bronchiseptica in an intermediate Bvg phase revealed a class of BvgAS-regulated genes that are exclusively transcribed under intermediate concentrations of BvgA-P_i. This intermediate (Bvg_i) phenotype can be reproduced in wild-type B. bronchiseptica by growth of the bacteria in a medium containing intermediate concentrations of the BvgAS modulator, nicotinic acid. In these conditions, some, but not all of the virulence factors associated with the Bvg⁺ phase are expressed, suggesting this two-component regulatory system can give rise to a continuum of phenotypic states in response to the environment.^[14]

References

^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Bauwens J, Spach D, Schacker T, Mustafa M, Bowden R (1992). "Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia and bacteremia following bone marrow transplantation". J Clin Microbiol 30 (9): 2474–5. PMC 265527. PMID 1401019.
^ Hewlett E (1997). "Pertussis: current concepts of pathogenesis and prevention". Pediatr Infect Dis J 16 (4 Suppl): S78–84. doi:10.1097/00006454-199704001-00002. PMID 9109161.
^ ^a ^b Cotter PA, Miller JF (2001). Bordetella in: Principles of Bacterial Pathogenesis (Groisman EA, ed.). Academic Press. pp. 619–674. ISBN 0-12-304220-8.
^ ^a ^b Mattoo S, Cherry J (2005). "Molecular Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Clinical Manifestations of Respiratory Infections Due to Bordetella pertussis and Other Bordetella Subspecies". Clin Microbiol Rev 18 (2): 326–82. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005. PMC 1082800. PMID 15831828.
^ Gray MC, Donato GM, Jones FR, Kim T, Hewlett EL (2004). "Newly secreted adenylate cyclase toxin is responsible for intoxication of target cells by Bordetella pertussis". Mol. Microbiol. 53 (6): 1709–19. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04227.x. PMID 15341649.
^ Hewlett EL, Donato GM, Gray MC (2006). "Macrophage cytotoxicity produced by adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis: more than just making cyclic AMP!". Mol. Microbiol. 59 (2): 447–59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04958.x. PMID 16390441.
^ Fiser R, Masín J, Basler M, Krusek J, Spuláková V, Konopásek I, Sebo P (2007). "Third activity of Bordetella adenylate cyclase (AC) toxin-hemolysin. Membrane translocation of AC domain polypeptide promotes calcium influx into CD11b+ monocytes independently of the catalytic and hemolytic activities". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (5): 2808–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.M609979200. PMID 17148436.
^ Uhl M, Miller J (1994). "Autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer in the Bordetella pertussis BvgAS signal transduction cascade". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (3): 1163–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.3.1163. PMC 521474. PMID 8302847.
^ Steffen P, Goyard S, Ullmann A (1996). "Phosphorylated BvgA is sufficient for transcriptional activation of virulence-regulated genes in Bordetella pertussis". EMBO J 15 (1): 102–9. PMC 449922. PMID 8598192.
^ Akerley B, Monack D, Falkow S, Miller J (1992). "The bvgAS locus negatively controls motility and synthesis of flagella in Bordetella bronchiseptica". J Bacteriol 174 (3): 980–90. PMC 206178. PMID 1370665.
^ Merkel T, Stibitz S (1995). "Identification of a locus required for the regulation of bvg-repressed genes in Bordetella pertussis". J Bacteriol 177 (10): 2727–36. PMC 176943. PMID 7751282.
^ Beattie D, Mahan M, Mekalanos J (1993). "Repressor binding to a regulatory site in the DNA coding sequence is sufficient to confer transcriptional regulation of the vir-repressed genes (vrg genes) in Bordetella pertussis". J Bacteriol 175 (2): 519–27. PMC 196167. PMID 8419298.
^ ^a ^b Cotter P, Miller J (1997). "A mutation in the Bordetella bronchiseptica bvgS gene results in reduced virulence and increased resistance to starvation, and identifies a new class of Bvg-regulated antigens". Mol Microbiol 24 (4): 671–85. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.3821741.x. PMID 9194696.
^ van den Akker W (1997). "Bordetella bronchiseptica has a BvgAS-controlled cytotoxic effect upon interaction with epithelial cells". FEMS Microbiol Lett 156 (2): 239–44. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(97)00431-X. PMID 9513272.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 思春期および成人における百日咳菌感染症：臨床症状および診断 bordetella pertussis infection in adolescents and adults clinical manifestations and diagnosis
2. 思春期および成人における百日咳菌感染症：治療および予防 bordetella pertussis infection in adolescents and adults treatment and prevention
3. 幼児および小児における百日咳菌感染症：治療および予防 bordetella pertussis infection in infants and children treatment and prevention
4. 百日咳菌感染症：疫学、微生物学、および病因 bordetella pertussis infection epidemiology microbiology and pathogenesis
5. 猫からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from cats

English Journal

Effects of polysaccharide on chicks co-infected with Bordetella avium and Avian leukosis virus.

Guo F1, Xue C1, Wu C1, Zhao X1, Qu T1, He X1, Guo Z1, Zhu R2.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2014 Aug 30;109:71-6. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.048. Epub 2014 Mar 28.
Chicks' co-infection with immunosuppressive virus and bacteria seriously threaten the development of the poultry industry. In this study, a model was established in which chicks were injected with either subgroup B ALV (ALV-B)+Bordetella avium (B. avium), or ALV-B+B. avium+Taishan Pinus massoniana p
PMID 24815403

Pertussis seroprevalence in adults, post-partum women and umbilical cord blood.

Fallo A1, Manonelles G1, Hozbor D2, Lara C3, Huespe M4, Mazzeo S4, Canle O5, Galas M3, López E1.
Archivos argentinos de pediatria.Arch Argent Pediatr.2014 Aug;112(4):315-322.
Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease that affects people of all ages. Young adults who have lost their immunity to pertussis are the major source of infection in infants. Given the steady increase of pertussis cases, new prevention strategies are required. Objective. To assess pertussis seropr
PMID 24955901

An engineered 3D human airway mucosa model based on an SIS scaffold.

Steinke M1, Gross R2, Walles H3, Gangnus R4, Schütze K4, Walles T5.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Aug;35(26):7355-62. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.031. Epub 2014 Jun 7.
To investigate interrelations of human obligate airway pathogens, such as Bordetella pertussis, and their hosts test systems with high in vitro/in vivo correlation are of urgent need. Using a tissue engineering approach, we generated a 3D test system of the airway mucosa with human tracheobronchia
PMID 24912816

Japanese Journal

小児・成人の百日咳の治療 (特集外来診療における正しい抗菌薬の使用)

尾内一信,田中孝明
日本医師会雑誌 141(5), 1004-1006, 2012-08
NAID 40019362501

Simple and specific detection of Bordetella holmesii by using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay

Otsuka Nao,Yoshino Shuji,Kawano Kimiko [他]
Microbiology and immunology 56(7), 486-489, 2012-07
NAID 40019336465

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細菌の鑑別」「ボルデテラ属」「Bordetella属」「ボルデテラ」
拡張検索	「Bordetella pertussis」「Bordetella bronchiseptica」「Bordetella感染症」「Bordetella infection」「Bordetella avium」

「細菌の鑑別」

Bordetella
	Flagellated B. bronchiseptica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Betaproteobacteria
Order:	Burkholderiales
Family:	Alcaligenaceae
Genus:	Bordetella; Moreno-López 1952
Species
	'B. ansorpii'; B. avium; B. bronchiseptica; B. hinzii; B. holmesii; B. parapertussis; B. pertussis; B. petrii; B. trematum

　　[★]

関: 細菌

グラム陽性菌の鑑別 LAB.994

菌種	形態	抗酸性	芽胞	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖分解	OF試験
Micrococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	D	O/－
Staphylococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Aerococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	W	W/－	－	＋	F
Streptococcus	C	－	－	＋/－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Pediococcus	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Gemella	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
嫌気性球菌*1	C	－	－	－	－	＋	－	－	＋/－	F/－
Kurthia	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	－	－
Corynebacterium	R	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋/－	F/－
Listeria	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Erysipelothnx	R		－	－	＋	＋			＋	F
Lactobacillus
Arachnia*2
Rothia	R	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	●	＋	F
Propiombacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	＋	.	＋	F
Achnomyces	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	●	＋	F
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	.	＋/－	F/－
Clostridium	R	－	<＋>	D	－	＋	－	●	D	F/－
Bacillus	R	－	<＋>	D	＋	D	＋	d	D	F/O/－
Nocardia	R	W	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Mycobacterium	R	＋	－	－	＋	.	＋	－	＋	O/NT
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌

グラム陰性菌の鑑別 LAB.995

(再編集の時に－*に注意)

菌種	形態	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖(酸)	OF試験
Bacteroides	R	－	－	＋	d	－	D	F/－
Veillonella	C	－	－	＋	D	・	－	－
Neissena	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Branhamella	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Acinetobacter	C/R	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Moraxella	R	－	＋		＋	＋	－
Brucella
Bordetella
Chromobacterium lividum	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Alcahsenes	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Flavobacterium	R	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Pseudomonas	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	O
Actinobacillus	R	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Pasteurella
Necromonas
Cardiobacterium	R	－	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	F
Chromobacterium violaceum
Beneckea	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Vibrio
Plesiomonas
Aeromonas
腸内細菌	R	D	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Haemophilus	R	－	＋	＋	D	－	D	NT
Eikenella	R	－	－*	＋	－	＋	－	－
Campylobacter	R	＋	－+1	－	D	＋	－	－
Streptobacillus+2	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
マイコプラズマ	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌・: 不明 *: 空気中では発育せず。空気CO2で発育。+1: 好気的または嫌気的には発育せず。5-6%O2中で発育。+2: あるいはShigella dysenteriae 1

「ボルデテラ属」

　　[★]

ラ: Bordetella
関

Bordetella pertussis 百日咳菌：百日咳

「Bordetella属」

　　[★]

ラ: Bordetella
関: ボルデテラ属、ボルデテラ

「ボルデテラ」

　　[★]

ラ: Bordetella
関: ボルデテラ属、Bordetella属

「Bordetella pertussis」

　　[★]

ラ: Bordetella pertussis
同: 百日咳菌、ボルデー・ジャングー菌 Bordet-Gengou bacillus
関: pertussis、細菌

概念

ボルデテラ属
グラム陰性桿菌(グラム陰性球桿菌)
好気性
百日咳の原因菌
伝染性が強い
不顕感染はまれ

毒素

百日咳毒素：リンパ球増加、低血糖、気管上皮への付着　←　リンパ球増多症
アデニルシクラーゼ毒素：白血球走化能の抑制
気管細胞毒素
皮膚壊死毒素
線維素性血球凝集素
リポポリサッカライド

感染症

百日咳

「Bordetella bronchiseptica」

　　[★]

ボルデテラ・ブロンキセプチカ、気管支敗血症菌

関: B. bronchiseptica

「Bordetella感染症」

　　[★]

英: Bordetella infection
関: ボルデテラ感染、ボルデテラ感染症

「Bordetella infection」

　　[★]

ボルデテラ感染症、ボルデテラ感染、Bordetella感染症

「Bordetella avium」

　　[★]

ボルデテラ・アビウム

[Sherris-1] Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[Bauwens_1992-2] Bauwens J, Spach D, Schacker T, Mustafa M, Bowden R (1992). "Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia and bacteremia following bone marrow transplantation". J Clin Microbiol 30 (9): 2474–5. PMC 265527. PMID 1401019.

[Hewlett_1997-3] Hewlett E (1997). "Pertussis: current concepts of pathogenesis and prevention". Pediatr Infect Dis J 16 (4 Suppl): S78–84. doi:10.1097/00006454-199704001-00002. PMID 9109161.

[Cotter_2001-4] Cotter PA, Miller JF (2001). Bordetella in: Principles of Bacterial Pathogenesis (Groisman EA, ed.). Academic Press. pp. 619–674. ISBN 0-12-304220-8.

[Mattoo_2005-5] Mattoo S, Cherry J (2005). "Molecular Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Clinical Manifestations of Respiratory Infections Due to Bordetella pertussis and Other Bordetella Subspecies". Clin Microbiol Rev 18 (2): 326–82. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005. PMC 1082800. PMID 15831828.

[Gray_2004-6] Gray MC, Donato GM, Jones FR, Kim T, Hewlett EL (2004). "Newly secreted adenylate cyclase toxin is responsible for intoxication of target cells by Bordetella pertussis". Mol. Microbiol. 53 (6): 1709–19. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04227.x. PMID 15341649.

[Hewlett_2006-7] Hewlett EL, Donato GM, Gray MC (2006). "Macrophage cytotoxicity produced by adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis: more than just making cyclic AMP!". Mol. Microbiol. 59 (2): 447–59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04958.x. PMID 16390441.

[Fiser_2007-8] Fiser R, Masín J, Basler M, Krusek J, Spuláková V, Konopásek I, Sebo P (2007). "Third activity of Bordetella adenylate cyclase (AC) toxin-hemolysin. Membrane translocation of AC domain polypeptide promotes calcium influx into CD11b+ monocytes independently of the catalytic and hemolytic activities". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (5): 2808–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.M609979200. PMID 17148436.

[Uhl_1994-9] Uhl M, Miller J (1994). "Autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer in the Bordetella pertussis BvgAS signal transduction cascade". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (3): 1163–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.3.1163. PMC 521474. PMID 8302847.

[Steffen_1996-10] Steffen P, Goyard S, Ullmann A (1996). "Phosphorylated BvgA is sufficient for transcriptional activation of virulence-regulated genes in Bordetella pertussis". EMBO J 15 (1): 102–9. PMC 449922. PMID 8598192.

[Akerley_1992-11] Akerley B, Monack D, Falkow S, Miller J (1992). "The bvgAS locus negatively controls motility and synthesis of flagella in Bordetella bronchiseptica". J Bacteriol 174 (3): 980–90. PMC 206178. PMID 1370665.

[Merkel_1995-12] Merkel T, Stibitz S (1995). "Identification of a locus required for the regulation of bvg-repressed genes in Bordetella pertussis". J Bacteriol 177 (10): 2727–36. PMC 176943. PMID 7751282.

[Beattie_1993-13] Beattie D, Mahan M, Mekalanos J (1993). "Repressor binding to a regulatory site in the DNA coding sequence is sufficient to confer transcriptional regulation of the vir-repressed genes (vrg genes) in Bordetella pertussis". J Bacteriol 175 (2): 519–27. PMC 196167. PMID 8419298.

[Cotter_1997-14] Cotter P, Miller J (1997). "A mutation in the Bordetella bronchiseptica bvgS gene results in reduced virulence and increased resistance to starvation, and identifies a new class of Bvg-regulated antigens". Mol Microbiol 24 (4): 671–85. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.3821741.x. PMID 9194696.

[van_den_Akker_1998-15] van den Akker W (1997). "Bordetella bronchiseptica has a BvgAS-controlled cytotoxic effect upon interaction with epithelial cells". FEMS Microbiol Lett 156 (2): 239–44. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(97)00431-X. PMID 9513272.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

Bordetella