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any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems (同)CMV

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/17 23:13:58」(JST)

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Cytomegalovirus (from the Greek cyto-, "cell", and megalo-, "large") is a viral genus of the viral family known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as CMV.

The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV (HCMV) or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5), and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses.^[2] Within Herpesviridae, CMV belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which also includes the genera Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus (HHV-6 and HHV-7).^[3] It is related to other herpesviruses within the subfamilies of Alphaherpesvirinae that includes herpes simplex viruses (HSV)-1 and -2 and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily that includes Epstein–Barr virus.^[2]

All herpesviruses share a characteristic ability to remain latent within the body over long periods. Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals.^[3] Other CMV viruses are found in several mammal species, but species isolated from animals differ from HCMV in terms of genomic structure, and have not been reported to cause human disease.

Species

**Classified Cytomegaloviruses**
Scientific Name	Host	Common Name
Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5) Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5 (CeHV-5) Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8 (CeHV-8) Panine herpesvirus 2 (PoHV-2) Pongine herpesvirus 4 (PoHV-4) Aotine herpesvirus 1 (AoHV-1)—tentative classification Aotine herpesvirus 3 (AoHV-3)—tentative classification	Human African green monkey Rhesus monkey Chimpanzee Orangutan Night monkey "	Human CMV (HCMV) Simian CMV (SCCMV) Rhesus CMV (RhCMV) Chimpanzee CMV (CCMV) " Herpesvirus aotus 1 Herpesvirus aotus 3

Several species of Cytomegalovirus have been identified and classified for different mammals.^[3] The most studied is Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is also known as Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). Other primate CMV species include Chimpanzee cytomegalovirus (CCMV) that infects chimpanzees and orangutans, and Simian cytomegalovirus (SCCMV) and Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) that infect macaques; CCMV is known as both Panine herpesvirus 2 (PaHV-2) and Pongine herpesvirus-4 (PoHV-4). SCCMV is called Cercopithecine herpesvirus-5 (CeHV-5) and RhCMV, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8 (CeHV-8). A further two viruses found in the night monkey are tentatively placed in the Cytomegalovirus genus, and are called Herpesvirus aotus 1 and Herpesvirus aotus 3. Rodents also have viruses previously called cytomegaloviruses that are now reclassified under the genus Muromegalovirus; this genus contains Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is also known as Murid herpesvirus 1 (MuHV-1) and the closely related Murid herpesvirus 2 (MuHV-2) that is found in rats. In addition, there many other viral species with the name Cytomegalovirus identified in distinct mammals that are as yet not completely classified; these were predominantly isolated from primates and rodents.

HCMV

Human cytomegalovirus is a species of virus that belongs to the viral family known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as HCMV and is alternatively known as Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5).^[2] Within Herpesviridae, HCMV belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which also includes cytomegaloviruses from other mammals.^[3]

Although they may be found throughout the body, HCMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands.^[3] HCMV infection is typically unnoticed in healthy people, but can be life-threatening for the immunocompromised, such as HIV-infected persons, organ transplant recipients,^[4] or new born infants.^[2] It can cause hydrops fetalis in infants. After infection, HCMV has an ability to remain latent within the body over long periods. CMV persists in the host because the viral genome encodes multiple proteins that interfere with MHC class I presentation of viral antigens. One viral protein blocks translocation of peptides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, while two other viral proteins cause degradation of MHC class I proteins before they reach the cell surface.^[5] Hence, diagnosis is done histologically by looking for inclusion bodies in salivary glands. A prevention by hygienic measures is included in information given to pregnant women.^[6]

HCMV is found throughout all geographic locations and socioeconomic groups, and infects between 50% and 80% of adults in the United States (>90% worldwide^[7]) as indicated by the presence of antibodies in a majority of the general population.^[2] Seroprevalence is age-dependent: 58.9% of individuals aged 6 and older are infected with CMV while 90.8% of individuals aged 80 and older are positive for HCMV.^[8] HCMV infection during pregnancy results in transmission to a developing fetus. Between 0.2% and 2% of newborns are infected in studies that have been carried out worldwide. HCMV infection occurs earlier in life and is more widespread in developing countries and, in developed countries, in communities with lower socioeconomic status. HCMV represents the most significant infectious cause of birth defects in industrialized countries. Congenital HCMV "infection is the leading infectious cause of deafness, learning disabilities, and mental retardation in children."^[9] CMV infection may also "have a large impact on immune parameters in later life and may contribute to increased morbidity and eventual mortality."^[10]

Disease

Need for vaccine to protect pregnant women

A vaccine against HCMV is currently under investigation. As a member of the TORCH complex, cytomegalovirus can cause congenital infection and disease, primarily sensorineural hearing loss. HCMV is the primary infectious cause of hearing loss recognized at birth, which has focused development of a vaccine to protect pregnant women. Development of such a vaccine has been emphasized as a priority by the National Vaccine Program Office in the United States. A phase 2 study of a CMV vaccine published in 2009 indicated an efficacy of 50%, with limited durability. Thus the protection provided was limited and a number of subjects contracted CMV infection despite the vaccination. In one case also congenital CMV was encountered, although there were fewer transplacental transmissions in the vaccinated groups than in the control group.^[11]

References

^ Mattes FM, McLaughlin JE, Emery VC, Clark DA, Griffiths PD (August 2000). "Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7". J. Clin. Pathol. 53 (8): 612–4. doi:10.1136/jcp.53.8.612. PMC 1762915. PMID 11002765.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 556; 566–9. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Koichi Yamanishi; Arvin, Ann M.; Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume; Edward Mocarski; Moore, Patrick; Roizman, Bernard; Whitley, Richard (2007). Human herpesviruses: biology, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82714-0.
^ Gandhi MK, Khanna R (December 2004). "Human cytomegalovirus: clinical aspects, immune regulation, and emerging treatments". Lancet Infect Dis 4 (12): 725–38. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01202-2. PMID 15567122.
^ Emmanuel J.H.J Wiertz, Thomas R Jones, Lei Sun, Matthew Bogyo, Hans J Geuze and Hidde L Ploegh. (1996). "The Human Cytomegalovirus US11 Gene Product Dislocates MHC Class I Heavy Chains from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Cytosol" (PDF). Cell 84 (5): 769–779. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81054-5. PMID 8625414.
^ Guitton, Sébastien. "Information on congenital CMV".
^ Mocarski ES, Shenk T, Griffiths P, Pass RF (2013). Fields Virology (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1960–2014. ISBN 9780781736473.
^ Staras SA, Dollard SC, Radford KW, Flanders WD, Pass RF, Cannon MJ (November 2006). "Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the United States, 1988–1994". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (9): 1143–51. doi:10.1086/508173. PMID 17029132.
^ Elizabeth G. Damato and Caitlin W. Winnen (2006). "Cytomegalovirus infection: perinatal implications". J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 31 (1): 86–92. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2002.tb00026.x. PMID 11843023.
^ Caruso C, Buffa S, Candore G, et al. (2009). "Mechanisms of immunosenescence" (PDF). Immun Ageing 6: 10. doi:10.1186/1742-4933-6-10. PMC 2723084. PMID 19624841.
^ Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A, et al (2009). "Vaccine prevention of maternal cytomegalovirus infection". N Engl J Med 360 (12): 1191–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0804749. PMC 2753425. PMID 19297572.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 免疫正常宿主におけるサイトメガロウイルス感染の疫学、臨床症状、および治療 epidemiology clinical manifestations and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent hosts
2. サイトメガロウイルス感染の診断検査の概要 overview of diagnostic tests for cytomegalovirus infection
3. サイトメガロウイルス感染の診断へのアプローチ approach to the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection
4. 新生児、幼児、小児および思春期におけるサイトメガロウイルス感染および疾患 cytomegalovirus infection and disease in newborns infants children and adolescents
5. 妊娠中のサイトメガロウイルス感染 cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy

English Journal

Human cytomegalovirus inhibits apoptosis involving upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bag-1.

Li HP1, Yuan CL1, Zho YC1.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2015 Nov;87(11):1953-9. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24259.
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals and is recognized as a major viral cause of birth defects. HCMV has the ability to establish lifelong persistence and latent infection following primary exposure. Apoptosis is an innate cellular defe
PMID 26087710

Recovery of infectious type Asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus from suckling mice directly inoculated with an RNA polymerase I/II-driven unidirectional transcription plasmid.

Lian K1, Yang F1, Zhu Z1, Cao W1, Jin Y1, Li D1, Zhang K1, Guo J1, Zheng H2, Liu X1.
Virus research.Virus Res.2015 Oct 2;208:73-81. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 16.
We developed an RNA polymerase (pol) I- and II-driven plasmid-based reverse genetics system to rescue infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from cloned cDNA. In this plasmid-based transfection, the full-length viral cDNA was flanked by hammerhead ribozyme (HamRz) and hepatitis delta ribozym
PMID 26091821

Early detection of cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes against cytomegalovirus antigenemia in human leukocyte antigen haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Kato R1, Tamaki H, Ikegame K, Yoshihara S, Kaida K, Taniguchi K, Inoue T, Ishii S, Nakata J, Fujioka T, Eguchi R, Soma T, Okada M, Ogawa H.
Annals of hematology.Ann Hematol.2015 Oct;94(10):1707-15. doi: 10.1007/s00277-015-2446-4. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-SCT) is associated with a high incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, probably originating from the delayed reconstitution of CMV-specific T cell immunity. There have been few reports on the presence of CMV-specific
PMID 26193851

Japanese Journal

炎症性腸疾患以外を基礎疾患としたサイトメガロウイルス腸管感染症の内視鏡的検討

新井修
日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 67(1), 1-7, 2014
【目的】炎症性腸疾患以外を基礎疾患としたサイトメガロウイルス（CMV）腸管感染症の内視鏡像を明らかにする【方法】生検組織でCMV感染症と診断した15例を対象にi）臨床像，ii）内視鏡像，iii）治療反応性について検討した【成績】i）平均年齢64.1歳，男女比8：7，87％に消化器症状を認め，基礎疾患は造血器悪性腫瘍が47％と最多であった．ii）内視鏡像は発赤・アフタ性病変・びらん，潰瘍（不整形，打 …
NAID 130003385079

Effect of intensive granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in patients with ulcerative colitis positive for cytomegalovirus.

Fukuchi Takumi,Nakase Hiroshi,Matsuura Minoru,Yoshino Takuya,Toyonaga Takahiko,Ohmori Katsuyuki,Ubukata Satoshi,Ueda Aya,Eguchi Takaaki,Yamashita Hiroshi,Ito Dai,Ashida Kiyoshi
Journal of Crohn's & colitis 7(10), 803-811, 2013-11-01
… [Background and aim]Cytomegalovirus (CMV) exacerbates ulcerative colitis (UC) refractory to immunosuppressive therapies. …
NAID 120005341874

CLINICAL INVESTIGATION : Relationship between the number of cytomegalovirus in anterior chamber and severity of anterior segment inflammation

Kandori Michiko,Miyazaki Dai,Yakura Keiko [他]
Japanese journal of ophthalmology : the official international journal of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society 57(6), 497-502, 2013-11
NAID 40019872936

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「サイトメガロウイルス」「急性尿細管間質性腎炎」「周産期感染症」「ウイルス封入体」「CMV」
拡張検索	「rat cytomegalovirus」「human cytomegalovirus」「cytomegalovirus colitis」「cytomegalovirus meningitis」「maternal cytomegalovirus」

「サイトメガロウイルス」

Cytomegalovirus
	Typical "owl eye" inclusion indicating CMV infection of a lung pneumocyte
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Order:	Herpesvirales
Family:	Herpesviridae
Subfamily:	Betaherpesvirinae
Genus:	Cytomegalovirus
Type species
	Human cytomegalovirus;