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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/14 13:32:21」(JST)

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Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, non-motile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous, endosymbiotic inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina^[1]^[2] and mouth (B. dentium) of mammals, including humans. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera of bacteria that make up the colon flora in mammals. Some bifidobacteria are used as probiotics.

Before the 1960s, Bifidobacterium species were collectively referred to as "Lactobacillus bifidus".

History

Some of the Bifidobacterium animalis bacteria found in a sample of Activia yogurt. The numbered ticks on the scale are 11 micrometres apart.

In 1899, Henry Tissier, a French pediatrician at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, isolated a bacterium characterised by a Y-shaped morphology ("bifid") in the intestinal flora of breast-fed infants and named it "bifidus".^[3] The scientist observed that these bifidobacteria were dominant in the gut flora of healthy babies.^[4] He thus noticed that when the bacteria were present in an infant's intestinal flora, the baby suffered less from gastrointestinal disorders. He therefore recommended treating infants suffering from diarrhea with the bacteria.^[5]

In 1907, Elie Metchnikoff, deputy director at the Pasteur Institute, propounded the theory that lactic acid bacteria are beneficial to human health.^[3] He observed that the longevity of Bulgarian peasants was the result of their consumption of fermented milk products.^[6] Elie Metchnikoff also suggested that “oral administration of cultures of fermentative bacteria would implant the beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract”.^[7]

Probiotics

Some Bifidobacterium strains are considered as important probiotics and used in the food industry. Different species and/or strains of bifidobacteria may exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.^[2] Bifidobacterium improve the gut mucosal barrier and lowers levels of lipopolysaccharide in the intestine.^[8]

Bifidobacterium spp. are known to discourage the growth of gram-negative pathogens in infants.^{[citation needed]}

Mother's milk contains high concentrations of lactose and lower quantities of phosphate (pH buffer). Therefore, when mother's milk is fermented by lactic acid bacteria (incl. bifidobacteria) in the infant's gastrointestinal tract, the pH may be reduced, making it more difficult for gram-negative bacteria to grow.

Metabolism

The genus Bifidobacterium possesses a unique fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase pathway employed to ferment carbohydrates.

Much metabolic research on bifidobacteria has focused on oligosaccharide metabolism as these carbohydrates are available in their otherwise nutrient-limited habitats. Interestingly, infant-associated bifidobacterial phylotypes appear to have evolved the ability to ferment milk oligosaccharides, whereas adult-associated species utilize plant oligosaccharides, consistent with what they encounter in their respective environments. As breast-fed infants often harbor bifidobacteria dominated gut consortia, there have been numerous applications to mimic the bifidogenic properties of milk oligosaccharides. These are broadly classified as plant-derived fructo-oligosaccharides or dairy-derived galacto-oligosaccharides, which are differentially metabolized and distinct from milk oligosaccharide catabolism.^[2]

Response to oxygen

The sensitivity of members of the genus Bifidobacterium to O₂ generally limits probiotic activity to anaerobic habitats. Recent research has reported that some Bifidobacterium strains exhibit various types of oxic growth. Low concentrations of O₂ and CO₂ can have a stimulatory effect on the growth of these Bifidobacterium strains. Based on the growth profiles under different O₂ concentrations, the Bifidobacterium species were classified into four classes: O₂-hypersensitive, O₂-sensitive, O₂-tolerant, and microaerophilic. The primary factor responsible for aerobic growth inhibition is proposed to be the production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the growth medium. A H₂O₂-forming NADH oxidase was purified from O₂-sensitive Bifidobacterium bifidum and was identified as a b-type dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. The kinetic parameters suggested that the enzyme could be involved in H₂O₂ production in highly aerated environments.^[9]

References

^ Schell, Mark A.; Karmirantzou, Maria; Snel, Berend; Vilanova, David; Berger, Bernard; Pessi, Gabriella; Zwahlen, Marie-Camille; Desiere, Frank et al. (2002). "The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (22): 14422–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.212527599. PMC 137899. PMID 12381787.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mayo, Baltasar; van Sinderen, Douwe, eds. (2010). Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-68-4. ^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b "Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system". African Journal of Biotechnology. February 2005.
^ "Probiotics History". News Medical. 24 January 2013.
^ "Probiotics and prebiotics". World Gastroenterology Organisation. May 2008.
^ "Probiotics: 100 years (1907–2007) after Elie Metchnikoff’s Observation". Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology. February 2007.
^ "Pioneers of Probiotics". European Probiotic Association. February 2012.
^ Pinzone, MR.; Celesia, BM.; Di Rosa, M.; Cacopardo, B.; Nunnari, G. (2012). "Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases". Int J Microbiol 2012: 694629. doi:10.1155/2012/694629. PMID 22848224.
^ Sonomoto, Kenji; Yokota, Atsushi, eds. (2011). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria: Current Progress in Advanced Research. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-82-0. ^{[page needed]}

External links

Bifidobacterium at Microbe Wiki
Genomes Online Database contains many Bifidobacterium genome projects
Comparative Analysis of Bifidobacterium Genomes (at DOE's IMG system)

Wikispecies has information related to: Bifidobacterium

UpToDate Contents

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1. 消化器疾患に対するプロバイオティクス probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases
2. 嚢炎：マネージメント pouchitis management
3. クロストリジウム・ディフィシルとプロバイオティクス clostridium difficile and probiotics

English Journal

Effects of Bifidobacterium supplementation on intestinal microbiota composition and the immune response in healthy infants.

Wu BB1, Yang Y1, Xu X2, Wang WP3.
World journal of pediatrics : WJP.World J Pediatr.2016 May;12(2):177-82. doi: 10.1007/s12519-015-0025-3. Epub 2015 Apr 6.
BACKGROUND: Intestinal microbiotas are thought to be the most important source of maturational stimuli to the development of the immune system. However, few studies have focused on the development of T helper (Th) 1 immune response and antibody response to vaccinations in healthy infants, especially
PMID 25846071

Miscanthus×giganteus xylooligosaccharides: Purification and fermentation.

Chen MH1, Bowman MJ2, Cotta MA2, Dien BS2, Iten LB2, Whitehead TR2, Rausch KD1, Tumbleson ME1, Singh V3.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2016 Apr 20;140:96-103. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.052. Epub 2015 Dec 23.
A procedure was developed to recover xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from Miscanthus×giganteus (M×G) hydrolyzate. M×G hydrolyzate was prepared using autohydrolysis, and XOS rich fractions were acquired using activated carbon adsorption and stepwise ethanol elution. The combined XOS fractions were puri
PMID 26876832

Characterization, antioxidative and bifidogenic effects of polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii after heat treatments.

Li S1, Shah NP2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 15;197(Pt A):240-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.113. Epub 2015 Nov 11.
Polysaccharides were extracted from freeze-dried-, oven-dried- and boiling-treated Pleurotus eryngii (FDPEPS, ODPEPS and BTPEPS). Yield of FDPEPS and its total carbohydrates, total polysaccharides, reducing sugars, phenolics and protein content were higher than ODPEPS and BTPEPS. High performance li
PMID 26616946

Japanese Journal

透析患者に対する腸溶性カプセル化ビフィズス菌製剤摂取による便秘改善効果と心理変化によるQOLの向上

辻義弘,吉岡健太郎,河野麻実子 [他]
日本透析医学会雑誌 48(7), 413-422, 2015-07
NAID 40020549211

第80回東京女子医科大学学会総会シンポジウム「東京女子医大小児医療の最前線!-"なおらない"から"なおる"へ-」Part 1 (6)腸内細菌とこどもの病気

永田智
東京女子医科大学雑誌 85(2), 55-62, 2015-04-25
… LactbacillusやBifidobacteriumのように、腸内細菌のバランスを改善することにより、宿主に有益な作用をもたらす生きた微生物をプロバイオティクスとよぶ。 …
NAID 110009900093

腸内細菌とこどもの病気 (第80回東京女子医科大学学会総会シンポジウム「東京女子医大小児医療の最前線! : "なおらない"から"なおる!"へ」(Part 1))

永田智
東京女子医科大学雑誌 = Journal of Tokyo Women's Medical University 85(2), 55-62, 2015-04
NAID 40020465724

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細菌の鑑別」「ビフィズス菌」「bifidobacteria」
拡張検索	「Bifidobacterium属」「Bifidobacterium bifidum」

「細菌の鑑別」

Bifidobacterium
	Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria
Subclass:	Actinobacteridae
Order:	Bifidobacteriales
Family:	Bifidobacteriaceae
Genus:	Bifidobacterium; Orla-Jensen 1924
Species
	B. adolescentis; B. angulatum; B. animalis; B. asteroides; B. bifidum; B. boum; B. breve; B. catenulatum; B. choerinum; B. coryneforme; B. cuniculi; B. denticolens; B. dentium; B. gallicum; B. gallinarum; B. indicum; B. inopinatum; B. infantis; (For B. lactis see B. animalis); B. longum; B. magnum; B. merycicum; B. minimum; B. pseudocatenulatum; B. pseudolongum; B. pullorum; B. ruminantium; B. saeculare; B. subtile; B. thermacidophilum; B. thermophilum

　　[★]

関: 細菌

グラム陽性菌の鑑別 LAB.994

菌種	形態	抗酸性	芽胞	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖分解	OF試験
Micrococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	D	O/－
Staphylococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Aerococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	W	W/－	－	＋	F
Streptococcus	C	－	－	＋/－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Pediococcus	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Gemella	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
嫌気性球菌*1	C	－	－	－	－	＋	－	－	＋/－	F/－
Kurthia	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	－	－
Corynebacterium	R	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋/－	F/－
Listeria	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Erysipelothnx	R		－	－	＋	＋			＋	F
Lactobacillus
Arachnia*2
Rothia	R	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	●	＋	F
Propiombacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	＋	.	＋	F
Achnomyces	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	●	＋	F
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	.	＋/－	F/－
Clostridium	R	－	<＋>	D	－	＋	－	●	D	F/－
Bacillus	R	－	<＋>	D	＋	D	＋	d	D	F/O/－
Nocardia	R	W	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Mycobacterium	R	＋	－	－	＋	.	＋	－	＋	O/NT
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌

グラム陰性菌の鑑別 LAB.995

(再編集の時に－*に注意)

菌種	形態	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖(酸)	OF試験
Bacteroides	R	－	－	＋	d	－	D	F/－
Veillonella	C	－	－	＋	D	・	－	－
Neissena	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Branhamella	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Acinetobacter	C/R	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Moraxella	R	－	＋		＋	＋	－
Brucella
Bordetella
Chromobacterium lividum	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Alcahsenes	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Flavobacterium	R	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Pseudomonas	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	O
Actinobacillus	R	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Pasteurella
Necromonas
Cardiobacterium	R	－	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	F
Chromobacterium violaceum
Beneckea	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Vibrio
Plesiomonas
Aeromonas
腸内細菌	R	D	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Haemophilus	R	－	＋	＋	D	－	D	NT
Eikenella	R	－	－*	＋	－	＋	－	－
Campylobacter	R	＋	－+1	－	D	＋	－	－
Streptobacillus+2	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
マイコプラズマ	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌・: 不明 *: 空気中では発育せず。空気CO2で発育。+1: 好気的または嫌気的には発育せず。5-6%O2中で発育。+2: あるいはShigella dysenteriae 1

「ビフィズス菌」

　　[★]

英: Lactobacillus bifidus
ラ: Bifidobacterium bifidum、bifidobacteria
同: ビフィドバクテリウム属, Bifidobacterium属, Bifidobacterium、ビフィズス乳酸桿菌、ビフィドバクテリウム
商: ビオスミン、ビオフェルミン、ビフィスゲン、ビフィダー、ラックビー、レベニン

「bifidobacteria」

　　[★]

ビフィドバクテリウム属、ビフィズス菌

関: Bifidobacterium、Bifidobacterium bifidum

「Bifidobacterium属」

　　[★]

ラ: Bifidobacterium
関: ビフィズス菌、ビフィドバクテリウム属

「Bifidobacterium bifidum」

　　[★]

ビフィズス菌

関: bifidobacteria、Bifidobacterium

[pmid12381787-1] Schell, Mark A.; Karmirantzou, Maria; Snel, Berend; Vilanova, David; Berger, Bernard; Pessi, Gabriella; Zwahlen, Marie-Camille; Desiere, Frank et al. (2002). "The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (22): 14422–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.212527599. PMC 137899. PMID 12381787.

[MayoB-2] Mayo, Baltasar; van Sinderen, Douwe, eds. (2010). Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-68-4. ^{[page needed]}

[tspace.library.utoronto.ca-3] "Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system". African Journal of Biotechnology. February 2005.

[4] "Probiotics History". News Medical. 24 January 2013.

[5] "Probiotics and prebiotics". World Gastroenterology Organisation. May 2008.

[6] "Probiotics: 100 years (1907–2007) after Elie Metchnikoff’s Observation". Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology. February 2007.

[7] "Pioneers of Probiotics". European Probiotic Association. February 2012.

[Pinzone-2012-8] Pinzone, MR.; Celesia, BM.; Di Rosa, M.; Cacopardo, B.; Nunnari, G. (2012). "Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases". Int J Microbiol 2012: 694629. doi:10.1155/2012/694629. PMID 22848224.

[SonomotoKYokotaA-9] Sonomoto, Kenji; Yokota, Atsushi, eds. (2011). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria: Current Progress in Advanced Research. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-82-0. ^{[page needed]}

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案内

案内

Bifidobacterium