WordNet

typically rod-shaped usually Gram-positive bacteria that produce endospores (同)family Bacillaceae
type genus of the Bacillaceae; includes many saprophytes important in decay of organic matter and a number of parasites
aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil (同)B

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バチルス桿菌(かんきん) / (一般に)細菌

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/03 17:19:56」(JST)

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バシラス属^[1]（ - ぞく、羅: Bacillusバキッルス、バキルルス、バチルス属^[2]）は、Firmicutes門に分類される真正細菌の属である。

概要

芽胞を形成する。偏性好気性（一部通性嫌気性）のグラム陽性桿菌である。カタラーゼに陽性。一部の菌種は窒素固定能を有する。この属にはグラム陽性桿菌のモデル生物として重要である枯草菌(B. subtilis)が含まれるほか、病原菌の炭疽菌(B. anthracis)やセレウス菌(B. cereus)、BT剤の殺虫成分生産菌である卒倒病菌(B. thuringiensis)などの種も含まれる。

水中や土壌に普遍的に存在する、非常に多くの種を含む属である。高pHや低温、高塩濃度、高圧といった様々な極限環境にも適応している種も多い。前述の枯草菌の亜種に納豆菌がある。種々の酵素（食品用、洗剤用、ほか多種多様な産業用酵素）の生産に用いられる等、枯草菌を筆頭として極めて有用性の高い種を含む。近年ではこの大きなバシラス属の一部が再分類され、Paenibacillus属、Geobacillus属、Oceanobacillus属などのいくつかの属がBacillaceae科の独立した属として提案されている。

この属の基準種(Type species)はBacillus subtilis（枯草菌）である。

歴史

1872年 - フェルディナント・コーンによってBacillus属が定義される。

脚注

^ 日本の細菌学界での慣例表記
^ 日本の農学界での慣例表記

Industrial significance

Many Bacillus species are able to secrete large quantities of enzymes. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is the source of a natural antibiotic protein barnase (a ribonuclease), alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the protease subtilisin used with detergents, and the BamH1 restriction enzyme used in DNA research.

A portion of the Bacillus thuringiensis genome was incorporated into corn (and cotton) crops. The resulting GMOs are therefore resistant to some insect pests.

Use as model organism

Bacillus subtilis is one of the best understood prokaryotes, in terms of molecular biology and cell biology. Its superb genetic amenability and relatively large size have provided the powerful tools required to investigate a bacterium from all possible aspects. Recent improvements in fluorescence microscopy techniques have provided novel and amazing insight into the dynamic structure of a single cell organism. Research on Bacillus subtilis has been at the forefront of bacterial molecular biology and cytology, and the organism is a model for differentiation, gene/protein regulation, and cell cycle events in bacteria.^[4]

Clinical significance

Two Bacillus species are considered medically significant: B. anthracis, which causes anthrax, and B. cereus, which causes food poisoning similar to that caused by Staphylococcus.^[5] A third species, B. thuringiensis, is an important insect pathogen, and is sometimes used to control insect pests. The type species is B. subtilis, an important model organism. It is also a notable food spoiler, causing ropiness in bread and related food. Some environmental and commercial strains of B. coagulans may play a role in food spoilage of highly acidic, tomato-based products.

An easy way to isolate Bacillus is by placing nonsterile soil in a test tube with water, shaking, placing in melted mannitol salt agar, and incubating at room temperature for at least a day. Colonies are usually large, spreading, and irregularly shaped. Under the microscope, the Bacillus cells appear as rods, and a substantial portion of the cells usually contain oval endospores at one end, making it bulge.

Cell wall

The cell wall of Bacillus is a structure on the outside of the cell that forms the second barrier between the bacterium and the environment, and at the same time maintains the rod shape and withstands the pressure generated by the cell's turgor. The cell wall is composed of teichoic and teichuronic acids. B. subtilis is the first bacterium for which the role of an actin-like cytoskeleton in cell shape determination and peptidoglycan synthesis was identified, and for which the entire set of peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzymes was localised. The role of the cytoskeleton in shape generation and maintenance is important

Phylogeny

The genus Bacillus was named in 1835 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, to contain rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria. He had seven years earlier named the genus Bacterium. Bacillus was later amended by Ferdinand Cohn to further describe them as spore-forming, Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria.^[1] Like other genera associated with the early history of microbiology, such as Pseudomonas and Vibrio, the 266 species of Bacillus are ubiquitous.^[6]The genus has a very large ribosomal 16S diversity and is environmentally diverse.

Several studies have tried to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus. The Bacillus-specific study with the most diversity covered is by Xu and Cote using 16S and the ITS regions, where they divide the genus into 10 groups, which includes the nested genera Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Marinibacillus and Virgibacillus.^[7] However, the tree [2] constructed by the living tree project, a collaboration between ARB-Silva and LPSN where a 16S (and 23S if available) tree of all validated species was constructed,^[8]^[9] the genus Bacillus contains a very large number of nested taxa and majorly in both 16S and 23S it is paraphyletic to Lactobacillales (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Listeria, etc.), due to Bacillus coahuilensis and others. A gene concatenation study found similar results to Xu and Cote, but with a much more limited number of species in terms of groups,^[10] but used Listeria as an outgroup, so in light of the ARB tree, it may be "inside-out".

One clade, formed by B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. thuringiensis, and B. weihenstephanensis under current classification standards, should be a single species (within 97% 16S identity), but due to medical reasons, they are considered separate species,^[11]^:34–35 an issue also present for four species of Shigella and Escherichia coli.^[12]

Bacillus phylogenetics

Root

"pathogenic"

	Bacillus weihenstephanensis

	Bacillus cereus/thuringiensis/anthracis

"soil"

Bacillus pumilus

	Bacillus subtilis

	Bacillus licheniformis

"benthic"

Geobacillus kaustophilus

"aquatic"

	Bacillus coahuilensis

	Bacillus sp. m3-13

Bacillus sp. NRRLB-14911

"benthic"

Oceanobacillus iheyensis

"halophiles"

	Bacillus halodurans

	Bacillus clausii

Phylogeny of the genus Bacillus according to ^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b (German) Cohn F.: Untersuchungen über Bakterien. Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen Heft 2, 1872, 1, 127-224.
^ Turnbull PCB (1996). Bacillus. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2.
^ Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
^ Graumann P (editor). (2012). Bacillus: Cellular and Molecular Biology (2nd ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-97-4. [1].
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Bacillus entry in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9103655. ]
^ Xu, D.; Cote, J. -C. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships between Bacillus species and related genera inferred from comparison of 3' end 16S rDNA and 5' end 16S-23S ITS nucleotide sequences". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 (3): 695–704. doi:10.1099/Ijs.0.02346-0. edit
^ Yarza, P.; Richter, M.; Peplies, J. R.; Euzeby, J.; Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Ludwig, W.; Glöckner, F. O.; Rosselló-Móra, R. (2008). "The All-Species Living Tree project: A 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree of all sequenced type strains". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 31 (4): 241–250. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.07.001. PMID 18692976. edit
^ Yarza, P.; Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Glöckner, F. O.; Rosselló-Móra, R. (2010). "Update of the All-Species Living Tree Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analyses". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 33 (6): 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001. PMID 20817437. edit
^ ^a ^b Alcaraz, L.; Moreno-Hagelsieb, G.; Eguiarte, L. E.; Souza, V.; Herrera-Estrella, L.; Olmedo, G. (2010). "Understanding the evolutionary relationships and major traits of Bacillus through comparative genomics". BMC Genomics 11: 332. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-332. PMC 2890564. PMID 20504335. 1471216411332. edit
^ Ole Andreas Økstad and Anne-Brit Kolstø Chapter 2: Genomics of Bacillus Species in M. Wiedmann, W. Zhang (eds.), Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 29 Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_2
^ BRENNER (D.J.): Family I. Enterobacteriaceae Rahn 1937, Nom. fam. cons. Opin. 15, Jud. Com. 1958, 73; Ewing, Farmer, and Brenner 1980, 674; Judicial Commission 1981, 104. In: N.R. KRIEG and J.G. HOLT (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1984, pp. 408-420

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bacillus.

Bacillus genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID

UpToDate Contents

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1. セレウス菌およびその他の非炭疽菌バシラス属 bacillus cereus and other non anthracis bacillus species
2. 癌免疫療法の原則 principles of cancer immunotherapy
3. 微生物による食中毒疾患の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of microbial foodborne disease
4. 膀胱内BCG免疫療法の合併症 complications of intravesical bcg immunotherapy
5. 細菌検査室におけるグラム染色および培養結果に対するアプローチ approach to gram stain and culture results in the microbiology laboratory

English Journal

High production of cellulose degrading endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase using bagasse as a substrate from Bacillus subtilis KIBGE HAS.

Bano S, Qader SA, Aman A, Syed MN, Durrani K.SourcePharmaceutical Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories complex, Karachi, Pakistan.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2013 Jan 2;91(1):300-4. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.022. Epub 2012 Aug 14.
Sugarcane bagasse is a cheap carbon source for endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase production as it is easily available as by-product from sugar industries. Fermentation conditions for endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase production by Bacillus subtilis KIBGE HAS were optimized by using un-treated sugarcane bagasse for indu
PMID 23044136

Facile and durable antimicrobial finishing of cotton textiles using a silver salt and UV light.

Kozicki M, Sąsiadek E, Kołodziejczyk M, Komasa J, Adamus A, Maniukiewicz W, Pawlaczyk A, Szynkowska M, Rogowski J, Rybicki E.SourceDepartment of Man-Made Fibres, Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; European Centre of Bio- and Nanotechnology (ECBNT), Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland. Electronic address: mkozicki@mitr.p.lodz.pl.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2013 Jan 2;91(1):115-27. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.015. Epub 2012 Aug 10.
In this study, we present facile antimicrobial finishing of cotton textiles. Screen printing was used for surface-finishing of cotton using a printing paste containing silver nitrate. UVC irradiation was applied to convert silver nitrate into a color product, thus also changing the color of the text
PMID 23044112

Japanese Journal

中耳滲出液と真菌

村上敦史
Dokkyo journal of medical sciences 38(1), 79-85, 2011-03-25
<目的>滲出性中耳炎の中耳滲出液中にしばしばエンドトキシンが検出される事から,グラム陰性菌の感染の既往が疑われている.一方,好酸球性中耳炎は既往歴に喘息,好酸球の関与は間違いないが,直接の病因はまだ明らかにされていない.近年,慢性副鼻腔炎の起炎微生物として真菌が注目されている.中耳における真菌の関与について検討することとした.<方法>好酸球性 (8 例) 及び,非好酸球性滲 …
NAID 110008439131

A novel L-isoleucine metabolism in Bacillus thuringiensis generating (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, a potential insulinotropic and anti-obesity amino acid.

Ogawa Jun,Kodera Tomohiro,Smirnov Sergey V,Hibi Makoto,Samsonova Natalia N,Koyama Ryoukichi,Yamanaka Hiroyuki,Mano Junichi,Kawashima Takashi,Yokozeki Kenzo,Shimizu Sakayu
Applied microbiology and biotechnology 89(6), 1929-1938, 2011-03
… Here, we show that the newly isolated strain Bacillus thuringiensis 2e2 and the closely related strain B. … The metabolic pathway functions as an effective bypass pathway that compensates for the incomplete tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in Bacillus species and also explains how AMKP, a vitamin B(12) antimetabolite with antibiotic activity, is synthesized. …
NAID 120003001354

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細菌の鑑別」「バシラス属」「芽胞」「bacillary」「Bacillaceae」
拡張検索	「Bacillus stearothermophilus」「Bacillus megaterium」「Bacillus thuringiensis」「Bacillus Calmette-Guerin」

「細菌の鑑別」

Bacillus
	Bacillus subtilis, Gram stained
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Division:	Firmicutes
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Bacillales
Family:	Bacillaceae
Genus:	Bacillus; Cohn, 1872
Species
	Numerous, including:; B. acidocaldarius; B. alcalophilus; B. aminovorans; B. amyloliquefaciens; B. aneurinolyticus; B. anthracis; B. aquaemaris; B. atrophaeus; B. azotoformans; B. badius; B. boroniphilus; B. caldolyticus; B. centrosporus; B. cereus; B. circulans; B. coagulans; B. fastidious; B. firmus; B. flavothermus; B. fusiformis; B. galliciensis; B. globigii; B. globisporus; B. infernus; B. insolitus; B. larvae; B. laterosporus; B. lentimorbus; B. lentus; B. licheniformis; B. macerans; B. macquariensis; B. marinus; B. megaterium; B. mesentericus; B. mucilaginosus; B. mycoides; B. natto; B. pantothenticus; B. pasteurii; B. polymyxa; B. popilliae; B. pseudoanthracis; B. pumilus; B. safensis; B. schlegelii; B. sphaericus; B. sporothermodurans; B. stearothermophilus; B. subtilis; B. thermoglucosidasius; B. thuringiensis; B. vulgatis; B. weihenstephanensis

バシラス属
	Bacillus cereus
分類
学名
	Bacillus; Bacillus Cohn 1872
種
	Bacillus subtilis; Bacillus anthracis; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus coagulans; Bacillus licheniformis; Bacillus megaterium; Bacillus thuringiensis; 他多数

　　[★]

関: 細菌

グラム陽性菌の鑑別 LAB.994

菌種	形態	抗酸性	芽胞	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖分解	OF試験
Micrococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	D	O/－
Staphylococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Aerococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	W	W/－	－	＋	F
Streptococcus	C	－	－	＋/－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Pediococcus	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Gemella	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
嫌気性球菌*1	C	－	－	－	－	＋	－	－	＋/－	F/－
Kurthia	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	－	－
Corynebacterium	R	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋/－	F/－
Listeria	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Erysipelothnx	R		－	－	＋	＋			＋	F
Lactobacillus
Arachnia*2
Rothia	R	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	●	＋	F
Propiombacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	＋	.	＋	F
Achnomyces	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	●	＋	F
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	.	＋/－	F/－
Clostridium	R	－	<＋>	D	－	＋	－	●	D	F/－
Bacillus	R	－	<＋>	D	＋	D	＋	d	D	F/O/－
Nocardia	R	W	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Mycobacterium	R	＋	－	－	＋	.	＋	－	＋	O/NT
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌

グラム陰性菌の鑑別 LAB.995

(再編集の時に－*に注意)

菌種	形態	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖(酸)	OF試験
Bacteroides	R	－	－	＋	d	－	D	F/－
Veillonella	C	－	－	＋	D	・	－	－
Neissena	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Branhamella	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Acinetobacter	C/R	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Moraxella	R	－	＋		＋	＋	－
Brucella
Bordetella
Chromobacterium lividum	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Alcahsenes	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Flavobacterium	R	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Pseudomonas	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	O
Actinobacillus	R	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Pasteurella
Necromonas
Cardiobacterium	R	－	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	F
Chromobacterium violaceum
Beneckea	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Vibrio
Plesiomonas
Aeromonas
腸内細菌	R	D	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Haemophilus	R	－	＋	＋	D	－	D	NT
Eikenella	R	－	－*	＋	－	＋	－	－
Campylobacter	R	＋	－+1	－	D	＋	－	－
Streptobacillus+2	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
マイコプラズマ	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌・: 不明 *: 空気中では発育せず。空気CO2で発育。+1: 好気的または嫌気的には発育せず。5-6%O2中で発育。+2: あるいはShigella dysenteriae 1

「バシラス属」

　　[★]

ラ: Bacillus
同: Bacillus属、バチルス属(これを使うのは農学だけらしい)、桿菌？、バシラス？、桿菌属、バチラス
関: 細菌

微生物学

グラム陽性桿菌
芽胞を形成
偏性好気性菌・通性嫌気性菌からなる

バシラス属

炭疽菌 Bacillus anthracis 炭疽好気性菌、有芽胞菌、莢膜
セレウス菌 Bacillus cereus 細菌性食中毒、日和見感染好気性菌、有芽胞

病原菌となりえにくい菌

枯草菌 Bacillus subtilis

納豆菌 Bacillus subtilis var. natto

「芽胞」

　　[★]

英: spore
同: 胞子、エンドスポア endospore
関

Bacillus属、Clostridium属の菌が菌体内に作る (SMB.71)
- Bacillus属

炭疽菌、セレウス菌など

Clostridium属

破傷風菌、ボツリヌス菌、ガス壊疽菌群など

物理的・化学的に安定

加熱滅菌：121℃,15分で死滅
多くの消毒剤に抵抗性。煮沸消毒無効(100℃,15分以上)

「bacillary」

　　[★]

adj.

桿菌性の、桿菌の

関: bacillar、bacilli、Bacillus

「Bacillaceae」

　　[★]

バチルス科

チルス科、バシラス科

関: Bacillus

「Bacillus stearothermophilus」

　　[★]

バチルス・ステアロサーモフィルス、バシラス・ステアロサーモフィラス

「Bacillus megaterium」

　　[★]

バチルス・メガテリウム、巨大菌

関: B. megaterium

「Bacillus thuringiensis」

　　[★]

バチルス・チューリンゲンシス

関: B. thuringiensis

「Bacillus Calmette-Guerin」

　　[★] カルメット・ゲラン桿菌

[1] 日本の細菌学界での慣例表記

[2] 日本の農学界での慣例表記

[Cohn_1872-1] (German) Cohn F.: Untersuchungen über Bakterien. Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen Heft 2, 1872, 1, 127-224.

[Baron-2] Turnbull PCB (1996). Bacillus. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2.

[Brock-3] Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.

[Graumann-4] Graumann P (editor). (2012). Bacillus: Cellular and Molecular Biology (2nd ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-97-4. [1].

[Sherris-5] Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[6] Bacillus entry in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9103655. ]

[7] Xu, D.; Cote, J. -C. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships between Bacillus species and related genera inferred from comparison of 3' end 16S rDNA and 5' end 16S-23S ITS nucleotide sequences". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 (3): 695–704. doi:10.1099/Ijs.0.02346-0. edit

[8] Yarza, P.; Richter, M.; Peplies, J. R.; Euzeby, J.; Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Ludwig, W.; Glöckner, F. O.; Rosselló-Móra, R. (2008). "The All-Species Living Tree project: A 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree of all sequenced type strains". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 31 (4): 241–250. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.07.001. PMID 18692976. edit

[9] Yarza, P.; Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Glöckner, F. O.; Rosselló-Móra, R. (2010). "Update of the All-Species Living Tree Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analyses". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 33 (6): 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001. PMID 20817437. edit

[Alcaraz2010-10] Alcaraz, L.; Moreno-Hagelsieb, G.; Eguiarte, L. E.; Souza, V.; Herrera-Estrella, L.; Olmedo, G. (2010). "Understanding the evolutionary relationships and major traits of Bacillus through comparative genomics". BMC Genomics 11: 332. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-332. PMC 2890564. PMID 20504335. 1471216411332. edit

[11] Ole Andreas Økstad and Anne-Brit Kolstø Chapter 2: Genomics of Bacillus Species in M. Wiedmann, W. Zhang (eds.), Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 29 Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_2

[12] BRENNER (D.J.): Family I. Enterobacteriaceae Rahn 1937, Nom. fam. cons. Opin. 15, Jud. Com. 1958, 73; Ewing, Farmer, and Brenner 1980, 674; Judicial Commission 1981, 104. In: N.R. KRIEG and J.G. HOLT (eds), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, first edition, vol. 1, The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1984, pp. 408-420

Bacillus

Bacillus subtilis, Gram stained
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Division:	Firmicutes
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Bacillales
Family:	Bacillaceae
Genus:	Bacillus Cohn, 1872^[1]
Species
Numerous, including: B. acidocaldarius B. alcalophilus B. aminovorans B. amyloliquefaciens B. aneurinolyticus B. anthracis B. aquaemaris B. atrophaeus B. azotoformans B. badius B. boroniphilus B. caldolyticus B. centrosporus B. cereus B. circulans B. coagulans B. fastidious B. firmus B. flavothermus B. fusiformis B. galliciensis B. globigii B. globisporus B. infernus B. insolitus B. larvae B. laterosporus B. lentimorbus B. lentus B. licheniformis B. macerans B. macquariensis B. marinus B. megaterium B. mesentericus B. mucilaginosus B. mycoides B. natto B. pantothenticus B. pasteurii B. polymyxa B. popilliae B. pseudoanthracis B. pumilus B. safensis B. schlegelii B. sphaericus B. sporothermodurans B. stearothermophilus B. subtilis B. thermoglucosidasius B. thuringiensis B. vulgatis B. weihenstephanensis

匿名

検索

案内

Bacillus