出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/02/28 20:06:55」(JST)
アシネトバクター | ||||||||||||||||||
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Acinetobacter baumannii
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分類 | ||||||||||||||||||
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学名 | ||||||||||||||||||
Acinetobacter Brisou and Prévot 1954 | ||||||||||||||||||
種 | ||||||||||||||||||
他22種(2012年8月現在) |
アシネトバクター(Acinetobacter)はグラム陰性桿菌の真正細菌の1属である。土壌など湿潤環境を好み、自然環境中に広く分布する。健康な人の皮膚にも存在することがあり、動物の排泄物からも分離されることがある。
好気性、グラム陰性。短い棒状の形をしている。鞭毛を持たず、不動性である。オキシダーゼ陰性、ブドウ糖を醗酵しない。乾燥には比較的強い。通常は無害だが、A. baumanniiなど日和見感染症の原因菌もいる。他のDNA断片を取り込み自身のDNAに組み込む機構を持つ事から、変異を起こしやすい菌と言える。
当該属の菌は1950年代から60年代までは、Moraxella lwoffiやMicrococcus calcoaceticusと呼ばれていた。Acinetobacter属という名称は1954年にMoraxella lwoffiの属名変更により新設されたものである。現在のタイプ種であるAcinetobacter calcoaceticusも1968年にAcinetobacterに移され、その後の種の分割や新設により、2010年8月現在、アシネトバクター属には少なくとも22の種名と11の遺伝型が確認されている。1980年代に病原性を示す種としてA. baumannii が認知されるようになった。
Acinetobacterとは、ラテン語化されたギリシア語で、動くことができない(α[否定]+κινέω[動く])細菌(βακτήρ[原義は棒])という意味を持つ。ラテン語読みだとアキネトバクテールになる。
主な菌は、
感染部位は呼吸器系に多く見られ、気管切開創に定着し易いが、全ての臓器で化膿性感染症を引き起こす可能性がある。肺炎や尿路感染症、静脈カテーテル留置による蜂巣炎などを起こすが局所的な治療や抗生物質の投与で治癒するが多く、創傷箇所等に存在していても何の症状も起こさない事もある。しかし、日和見感染を起こす事があり、特に免疫力の低下した患者では、髄膜炎や菌血症および敗血症を起こし重篤な状態に陥る事も多い。
ただし、アシネトバクターによる感染によって死亡するような患者は、もともと、重篤な疾患を抱えていて死期が近く、いずれにせよ近いうちに何らかの原因で死亡するような患者である。こうした患者がアシネトバクターの感染によって、若干でも死期が早まれば「アシネトバクターによる死亡」として報告されるが、医学的には必ずしも重要な問題というわけではないのである。実際問題として、多くの一般病院では、アシネトバクターに感染するような例があっても、検査態勢の不備のために、そのことが発見すらされていない可能性が高いが、それを問題にする主張は見られない。検査態勢の充実した大学病院だからこそ発見される感染症と言うこともできる。こうした特質から、アシネトバクターは「殺し屋ではなく、葬儀屋」とたとえられることもある[1]。
後述の様に、他のDNA断片を取り込んで自分の染色体DNAに取り込む能力があり、幾つかの抗菌薬に対する耐性を獲得した菌株が確認されている。日本感染症学会では、ニューキノロン系のシプロフロキサシン、カルバペネム系のイミペネム、アミノグリコシド系のアミカシンの全てに耐性を示す菌株を、多剤耐性アシネトバクター( MDRA )と定義している[2]。
アメリカ合衆国では、イランやアフガニスタンからの帰還兵から多く報告されている。日本では2008-9年福岡大学病院、2010年藤田保健衛生大学病院、2009-10年帝京大学病院といった、感染症の検査態勢が整った大学病院において、アシネトバクターの集団感染が発見され注目を浴びつつある。問題はほとんどの抗生物質が効かない(多剤耐性)もの(MRABまたはMDRAB)が出現してきていることと、通常の滅菌処理が有効ではないことである。
厚生労働省は、2011年1月から感染症法5類感染症として定点観測の対象にすることにした[4][5]。
感染が問題になるのは基礎疾患(持病、入院の理由である病気)が重症である場合だけで、普通の人間には無関係であり、病院での行動に注意をする必要すらない。ただし、重症患者については、最近、超多剤耐性菌(有効な抗菌剤や抗生物質が0-2種類しかない)による感染や死亡が目立っており、特にニューデリー・メタロベータラクタマーゼ(NDM)を持った菌が脚光をあびている。WHOは2010年8月20日の声明で、耐性菌のまん延に対する懸念を示し、2011年のWHO総会でのテーマになるだろうと述べた。
乾燥に強い。また他のDNA断片を取り込んで自分の染色体DNAに取り込むことが出来、例えばカルパベネム耐性遺伝子(OXA-23-likeやOXA-58-like)を持ったり、キノロン耐性決定領域(QRDR)のアミノ酸残基の置換を引き起こす遺伝子変異を導入したりしている。
この項目「アシネトバクター」は、真正細菌(バクテリア)に関連した書きかけの項目です。加筆・訂正などをして下さる協力者を求めています。(Portal:生き物と自然/ウィキプロジェクト 生物) |
この項目は、医学に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています(プロジェクト:医学/Portal:医学と医療)。 |
Acinetobacter | |
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Acinetobacter baumannii | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
Order: | Pseudomonadales |
Family: | Moraxellaceae |
Genus: | Acinetobacter Brisou & Prévot 1954 |
Species | |
Acinetobacter baumannii |
Acinetobacter (ah-see-netto-BAK-ter) is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the wider class of Gammaproteobacteria. Acinetobacter species are non-motile and oxidase-negative, and occur in pairs under magnification.
They are important soil organisms, where they contribute to the mineralization of, for example, aromatic compounds. Acinetobacter are a key source of infection in debilitated patients in the hospital, in particular the species Acinetobacter baumannii.
Acinetobacter is a compound word from scientific Greek [α + κίνητο + βακτηρ(ία)], meaning 'non-motile-rod'. The first element acineto- is a somewhat baroque render of the Greek morpheme ακίνητο-; the more common transliteration in English is akineto-, as in akinetic.
Species of the genus Acinetobacter are strictly aerobic nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli. They show preponderantly a coccobacillary morphology on nonselective agar. Rods predominate in fluid media, especially during early growth.
The morphology of Acinetobacter sp. can be quite variable in gram-stained human clinical specimens, and cannot be used to differentiate Acinetobacter from other common causes of infection.
Most strains of Acinetobacter, except some of the A. lwoffii strain, grow well on MacConkey agar (without salt). Although officially classified as non lactose-fermenting, they are often partially lactose-fermenting when grown on MacConkey agar. They are oxidase-negative, nonmotile, and usually nitrate negative.
Bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter are known to form intracellular inclusions of polyhydroxyalkanoates under certain environmental conditions (e.g. lack of elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, or oxygen combined with an excessive supply of carbon sources).
The genus Acinetobacter comprises 27 validly named and 11 unnamed (genomic) species.[1]
However, because routine identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory is not (yet) possible, they are divided and grouped into three main complexes:
with the upcoming of new method in taxonomy such as 16S rDNA sequencing, MALDI and whole genome sequencing the identification is more clear for Acinetobacter genus.Dr. Mayiraj at IMTECH chandigarh, India with his graduate student Nitin kumar singh has been working on this problem since 2010. Core idea of their research is to come up with more viable solution for the Acinetobacter species identification which can be used in medical diagnosis.
Different species of bacteria in this genus can be identified using Fluorescence-Lactose-Denitrification (FLN) to find the amount of acid produced by metabolism of glucose.
The other reliable identification test at genus level is chromosomal DNA transformation assay (CTA): In this assay, a naturally competent tryptophan auxotrophic mutant of Acinetobacter baylyi (BD4 trpE27) is transformed with the total DNA of a putative Acinetobacter isolate and the transformation mixture plated on a brain heart infusion agar (BHI). The growth is then harvested after incubation for 24 h at 30°C, plating on an Acinetobacter minimal agar (AMM), and incubating at 30°C for 108 h. Growth on the minimal agar medium indicates a positive transformation assay and confirmes the isolate as a member of the genus Acinetobacter. E. coli HB101 and A. calcoaceticus MTCC1921T can be used as the negative and positive controls, respectively.[2]
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) |
Acinetobacter are widely distributed in nature, and commonly occur in soil. They can survive on moist and dry surfaces, including in a hospital environment. Some strains have been isolated from foodstuffs. In drinking water, they have been shown to aggregate bacteria that otherwise do not form aggregates.
In healthy individuals Acinetobacter colonizes on the skin correlate with low incidence of allergies;[3] Acinetobacter is thought to be allergy-protective.[4]
The species A. baumannii is the second-most-commonly-isolated nonfermenting bacterium in humans.[citation needed]
In immunocompromised individuals, several Acinetobacter can cause life-threatening infections. Such species also exhibit a relatively broad degree of antibiotic resistance.
Acinetobacter is frequently isolated in nosocomial infections, and is especially prevalent in intensive care units, where both sporadic cases as well as epidemic and endemic occurrence is common. A. baumannii is a frequent cause of nosocomial pneumonia, especially of late-onset ventilator associated pneumonia. It can cause various other infections including skin and wound infections, bacteremia, and meningitis, but A. lwoffi is mostly responsible for the latter. A. baumannii can survive on the human skin or dry surfaces for weeks.
Epidemiologic evidence indicates that Acinetobacter biofilms play a role in infectious diseases such as periodontitis, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections, because of the bacteria's ability to colonize indwelling medical devices (such as catheters). Antibiotic resistance markers are often plasmid-borne, and plasmids present in Acinetobacter strains can be transferred to other pathogenic bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The ability of Acinetobacter species to adhere to surfaces, to form biofilms, and to display antibiotic resistance and gene transfer motivates research into the factors responsible for their spread.[5]
Since the start of the Iraq War, more than 700 U.S. soldiers have been infected with A. baumannii. Four civilians undergoing treatment for serious illnesses at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. contracted A. baumannii infections and died. At Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, a U.S. military hospital in Germany, another civilian under treatment, a 63-year-old German woman, contracted the same strain of A. baumannii infecting troops in the facility and also died. These infections appear to have been hospital-acquired. Based on genotyping of A. baumannii cultured from patients prior to the start of the Iraq War, one can presume that it is likely the soldiers contracted the infections while hospitalized for treatment in Europe.
Acinetobacter species are innately resistant to many classes of antibiotics, including penicillin, chloramphenicol, and often aminoglycosides. Resistance to fluoroquinolones has been reported during therapy, which has also resulted in increased resistance to other drug classes mediated through active drug efflux. A dramatic increase in antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter strains has been reported by the CDC and the carbapenems are recognised as the gold-standard and treatment of last resort.[6] Acinetobacter species are unusual in that they are sensitive to sulbactam; sulbactam is most commonly used to inhibit bacterial beta-lactamase, but this is an example of the antibacterial property of sulbactam itself.[7]
In November, 2004, the CDC reported an increasing number of A. baumannii bloodstream infections in patients at military medical facilities in which service members injured in the Iraq/Kuwait region during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) were treated.[8] Most of these were multidrug-resistant. Among one set of isolates from Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 13 (35%) were susceptible to imipenem only, and two (4%) were resistant to all drugs tested. One antimicrobial agent, colistin (polymyxin E), has been used to treat infections with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii; however, antimicrobial susceptibility testing for colistin was not performed on isolates described in this report. Because A. baumannii can survive on dry surfaces for up to 20 days, they pose a high risk of spread and contamination in hospitals, potentially putting immune-compromised and other patients at risk for drug-resistant infections that are often fatal and, in general, expensive to treat.
Reports suggest that this bacteria is susceptible to phage therapy.[9]
Gene-Silencing antisense oligomers in a form called PPMOs (peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers) have also been reported to inhibit growth in tests carried out in animals infected with antibiotic-resistant A. baumanii.[10][11]
Bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient bacterium through the intervening liquid medium. Recipient bacteria must first enter a special physiological state termed competence to receive donor DNA (see Natural competence). Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is induced to become competent for natural transformation by dilution of a stationary culture into fresh nutrient medium.[12] Competence is gradually lost during prolonged exponential growth and for a period after entrance into the stationary state. The DNA taken up may be used to repair DNA damage or as a means to exchange genetic information by horizontal gene transfer.[12] Natural transformation in A. calcoaceticus may protect against exposure to DNA damaging conditions in the natural environment of these bacteria, as appears to be the case for other bacterial species capable of transformation.[13]
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リンク元 | 「細菌の鑑別」「アシネトバクター属」「SPACE」 |
拡張検索 | 「Acinetobacter baumannii」「Acinetobacter感染症」「Acinetobacter infection」 |
菌種 | 形態 | 抗酸性 | 芽胞 | 運動性 | 空気中での発育 | 嫌気条件下での発育 | カタラーゼ | オキシダーゼ | ブドウ糖分解 | OF試験 |
Micrococcus | C | - | - | - | + | - | + | - | D | O/- |
Staphylococcus | C | - | - | - | + | + | + | - | + | F |
Aerococcus | C | - | - | - | + | W | W/- | - | + | F |
Streptococcus | C | - | - | +/- | + | + | - | - | + | F |
Pediococcus | C. | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | + | F |
Gemella | ||||||||||
嫌気性球菌*1 | C | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | +/- | F/- |
Kurthia | R | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | - | - |
Corynebacterium | R | - | - | - | + | + | + | - | +/- | F/- |
Listeria | R | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | F |
Erysipelothnx | R | - | - | + | + | + | F | |||
Lactobacillus | ||||||||||
Arachnia*2 | ||||||||||
Rothia | R | - | - | - | + | - | + | ● | + | F |
Propiombacterium | R | - | - | - | - | + | + | . | + | F |
Achnomyces | R | - | - | - | - | + | - | ● | + | F |
Bifidobacterium | ||||||||||
Eubacterium | R | - | - | - | - | + | - | . | +/- | F/- |
Clostridium | R | - | <+> | D | - | + | - | ● | D | F/- |
Bacillus | R | - | <+> | D | + | D | + | d | D | F/O/- |
Nocardia | R | W | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | O |
Mycobacterium | R | + | - | - | + | . | + | - | + | O/NT |
*1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) *2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。 d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応 ・:不明 NT:テストできない <+>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌 |
菌種 | 形態 | 運動性 | 空気中での発育 | 嫌気条件下での発育 | カタラーゼ | オキシダーゼ | ブドウ糖(酸) | OF試験 |
Bacteroides | R | - | - | + | d | - | D | F/- |
Veillonella | C | - | - | + | D | ・ | - | - |
Neissena | C | - | + | - | + | + | + | O |
Branhamella | C | - | + | - | + | + | - | - |
Acinetobacter | C/R | - | + | - | + | - | + | O |
Moraxella | R | - | + | + | + | - | ||
Brucella | ||||||||
Bordetella | ||||||||
Chromobacterium lividum | R | + | + | - | + | + | + | O |
Alcahsenes | R | + | + | - | + | + | - | - |
Flavobacterium | R | - | + | - | + | + | + | O |
Pseudomonas | R | + | + | + | + | + | + | O |
Actinobacillus | R | - | + | + | + | + | + | F |
Pasteurella | ||||||||
Necromonas | ||||||||
Cardiobacterium | R | - | + | + | - | + | + | F |
Chromobacterium violaceum | ||||||||
Beneckea | R | + | + | + | + | + | + | F |
Vibrio | ||||||||
Plesiomonas | ||||||||
Aeromonas | ||||||||
腸内細菌 | R | D | + | + | + | - | + | F |
Haemophilus | R | - | + | + | D | - | D | NT |
Eikenella | R | - | -* | + | - | + | - | - |
Campylobacter | R | + | -+1 | - | D | + | - | - |
Streptobacillus+2 | R | - | + | + | - | - | + | F |
マイコプラズマ | ||||||||
*1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) *2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。 d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応 ・:不明 NT:テストできない <+>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌 ・: 不明 *: 空気中では発育せず。空気CO2で発育。+1: 好気的または嫌気的には発育せず。5-6%O2中で発育。+2: あるいはShigella dysenteriae 1 |
[★] (日和見感染病原体)アシネトバクター・バウマニ、アシネトバクター・バウマンニ
アシネトバクター・バウマニ : 約 3,670 件 アシネトバクター・バウマンニ : 61 件
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