出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/06/17 08:33:27」(JST)
MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class II molecules are a family of molecules normally found only on antigen-presenting cells and B cell lymphocytes.
The antigens presented by class II peptides are derived from extracellular proteins (not cytosolic as in class I); hence, the MHC class II-dependent pathway of antigen presentation is called the endocytic or exogenous pathway.
Loading of an MHC class II molecule occurs by phagocytosis; extracellular proteins are endocytosed, digested in lysosomes, and the resulting epitopic peptide fragments are loaded onto MHC class II molecules prior to their migration to the cell surface.
Like MHC class I molecules, class II molecules are also heterodimers, but in this case consist of two homogenous peptides, an α and β chain, both of which are encoded in the MHC.[1] The subdesignation α1, α2, etc. refers to separate domains within the HLA gene; each domain is usually encoded by a different exon within the gene, and some genes have further domains that encode leader sequences, transmembrane sequences, etc.
Because the antigen-binding groove of MHC class II molecules is open at both ends while the corresponding groove on class I molecules is closed at each end, the antigens presented by MHC class II molecules are longer, generally between 15 and 24 amino acid residues long.
These molecules are constitutively expressed in professional, immune antigen presenting cells, but may also be induced on other cells by interferon γ.[2]
MHC class II is also expressed on group 3 innate lymphoid cells.
Because class II MHC is loaded with extracellular proteins, it is mainly concerned with presentation of extracellular pathogens (for example, bacteria that might be infecting a wound or the blood). Class II molecules interact exclusively with CD4+ ("helper") T cells. The helper T cells then help to trigger an appropriate immune response which may include localized inflammation and swelling due to recruitment of phagocytes or may lead to a full-force antibody immune response due to activation of B cells.
During synthesis of class II MHC in the endoplasmic reticulum, the α and β chains are produced and complexed with a special polypeptide known as the invariant chain. The nascent MHC class II protein in the rough ER has its peptide-binding cleft blocked by the invariant chain (Ii; a trimer) to prevent it from binding cellular peptides or peptides from the endogenous pathway (such as those that would be loaded onto class I MHC).
The invariant chain also facilitates the export of class II MHC from the ER to the golgi, followed by fusion with a late endosome containing endocytosed, degraded proteins. The invariant chain is then broken down in stages by proteases called cathepsins, leaving only a small fragment known as CLIP which maintains blockage of the peptide binding cleft on the MHC molecule. An MHC class II-like structure, HLA-DM, facilitates CLIP removal and allows the binding of peptides with higher affinities. The stable class II MHC is then presented on the cell surface.
Alpha | Beta | |
HLA-DM | HLA-DMA | HLA-DMB |
HLA-DO | HLA-DOA | HLA-DOB |
HLA-DP | HLA-DPA1 | HLA-DPB1 |
HLA-DQ | HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQA2 | HLA-DQB1, HLA-DQB2 |
HLA-DR | HLA-DRA | HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DRB4, HLA-DRB5 |
Several molecules are involved in this pathway.[3]
- PIK3R2[4] and PIP5K1A[5] are two kinases that create substrates for PSD4.
- PSD4[6][7] (Pleckstrin and Sec7 Domain containing 4) is a GEF (Guanine Exchange Factor) that loads ARL14/ARF7 with GTP.
- ARL14/ARF7[8] is a Small GTPase protein that is selectively expressed in immune cells. This protein is localized within MCH-II compartments in immature Dendritic Cells.
- ARF7EP[9] is an effector of ARL14/ARF7 that interacts with MYO1E.
- MYO1E[10] is a protein that controls MHC-II compartments with an actin-based mechanism.
PIK3R2 and PIP5K1A are two Kinases that phosphorylates Phosphatidylinositol (PIP) providing PSD4 with substrates for its GTP loading ability. PSD4 as a Guanine Exchange Factor, loads ARL14/ARF7 with GTP. Subsequently, ARF7EP interacts with MYO1E which binds itself to Actin myofibers. Altogether, this complex contributes to maintain MHC-II loaded vesicles within the Immature Dendritic Cell, impeding its translocation to Cell Membrane.
Cross-presentation
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リンク元 | 「主要組織適合複合体」「インターフェロン」「ヘルパーT細胞」「IV型アレルギー」「B細胞」 |
拡張検索 | 「MHC class II gene」 |
関連記事 | 「class」「II」「I」「MHC class」「MH」 |
MHC class I | *MHC class II | |
MHC発現組織 | 全ての有核細胞(×赤血球) | CD4陽性T細胞 |
CD8陽性T細胞 | ||
抗原提示細胞(マクロファージ、樹状細胞、 | ||
抗原認識するリンパ球 | Tc細胞 | Th細胞 |
ドメイン構造 | α鎖(α1,2,3を持つ分子)とβ2-microgloblin | α鎖(α1,α2を持つ分子)とβ鎖(β1,β2を持つ分子) |
遺伝子座 | HLA-A,B,C, | HLA-DP,DQ,DR |
提示されるペプチド | 内在抗原 | 外来抗原 |
抗原ペプチドの長さ | 9残基 | 12-30残基 |
抗原ペプチドとMHCとの相互作用部位 | 2残基 | 3(免疫学授業プリント)
4(IMM.131) |
MHC class I | MHC class II | ||
リンパ組織 | T細胞 | +++ | + |
B細胞 | +++ | +++ | |
マクロファージ | +++ | ++ | |
樹状細胞 | +++ | +++ | |
胸腺上皮細胞 | + | +++ | |
有核細胞 | 好中球 | +++ | - |
肝細胞 | + | - | |
腎臓 | + | - | |
脳 | + | - | |
無核細胞 | 赤血球 | - | - |
主要組織適合遺伝子複合体 移植抗原として発見された抗原系 応答免疫(抗原提示)に関与する ヒト(HLA complex) human leucocyte antigen HLA ドメイン構造 クラスI A B C クラスII DP DQ DR 多型性がある 12種類のHLAを発現(父由来、母由来) マウス(H2 complex) Histcompatibility-2 ドメイン構造 クラスI K D クラスII A E MHCの歴史 G.Snell マウスH2が移植の正否を左右する J.Dausset HLAが抗原 B.Benaceraf MHC遺伝子を明らかにし、MHCが免疫応答に関与していることを証明
クラスI H鎖 β2-microglobulin クラスII α鎖 β鎖 細胞外領域 膜貫通領域 細胞内領域 ドメイン Igスーパーファミリー クリスタログラフィー crystallography
抗原処理 抗原提示 クラスI (proteasome TAP) クラスI抗原提示(内在性抗原) ①ほとんどの細胞が提示 ただし赤血球には発現していない ②細胞内:内在抗原をプロテアソーム(LMP複合体)が分子切断→ERに移動 ③ERI TAPトランスポーターによりER内に移動 クラスI+ペプチド複合体形成 ④細胞表面に移動 ⑤Tc(CD8+ T細胞)細胞が認識:標的細胞を障害 クラスII (Ii=invariant chain, HLA-DM) クラスII抗原提示(外来抗原) ①抗原提示細胞:貪食、飲食による取り込み ②ファゴリソゾーム:ペプチドに分解 ③小胞体(ER):(MHC class II + Ii鎖)複合 ④ファゴリソゾーム:HLA-DMがIi鎖を解離 ペプチドを提示→(MHC class II + ペプチド)複合体 ⑤細胞表面に移動 ⑥Th(CD4+T)細胞が認識
最近、E,F,Gが発見された→E,FはT細胞、Gは胎盤トロホブラストが発現(妊娠免疫に重要)
サイトカイン:TNPet,C, 酵素:21-hydroxylase クラス(領域 亜領域) 遺伝的多塑性 polymorphism 対立遺伝子頻度
-MHC
産生細胞 | 種類 | 誘発因子 | 作用 | ||
I型インターフェロン | IFN-α | 好中球、マクロファージなど | 14種類以上 | ウイルス、細菌内毒素 | 抗ウイルス効果、抗腫瘍効果 |
IFN-β | 線維芽細胞、上皮細胞など | 1種類 | ウイルス、2本鎖RNA | 抗ウイルス効果、抗腫瘍効果 | |
II型インターフェロン | IFN-γ | T細胞、NK細胞など | 1種類 | 抗原刺激、サイトカイン | 免疫細胞の活性化、免疫系の制御 |
発熱 | ほぼ必発 |
甲状腺機能異常 | 約10% |
間質性肺炎 | 非常に稀 |
精神症状 | 約10% |
白血球減少 | ほぼ必発 |
血小板減少 | ほぼ必発 |
蛋白尿 | 約10% |
糖尿病 | 0.1-5% |
口腔内病変 | 約20% |
脱毛 | 約5% |
眼底出血 | 約20% |
Th0からの分化誘導 | 機能 | |
Th1 | IL-12 | 細胞性免疫、液性免疫 |
Th2 | IL-4 | 液性免疫 |
分化誘導 | サイトカイン | |
Th1細胞 | IL-12 | IL-2,IFN-γ、TNF-β |
Th2細胞 | IL-4 | IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-10,IL-13 |
機能 | Th1 | Th2 | |
サイトカインの産生 | INF-γ | + | - |
IL-2 | + | - | |
IL-3 | + | - | |
IL-4 | - | + | |
IL-5 | - | + | |
IL-6 | - | + | |
B細胞のヘルパー機能 | IgM,IgG,IgA | ± | ++ |
IgE | - | + | |
遅延性過敏反応発現能 | + | - | |
感染防御免疫反応能 | + | - |
.