n.

パターン、様式、型、種類

v.

パターン形成する

関: class、fashion、form、kind、manner、modal、modality、mode、pattern formation、patterning、sort、type、typed

WordNet

form a pattern; "These sentences pattern like the ones we studied before"
a model considered worthy of imitation; "the American constitution has provided a pattern for many republics"
develop into a distinctive entity; "our plans began to take shape" (同)take form, take shape, spring
assume a form or shape; "the water formed little beads"
the visual appearance of something or someone; "the delicate cast of his features" (同)shape, cast
a mold for setting concrete; "they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation"
a particular mode in which something is manifested; "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility"
a perceptual structure; "the composition presents problems for students of musical form"; "a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them" (同)shape, pattern
(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups; "a new strain of microorganisms" (同)variant, strain, var.
the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something; "the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached" (同)word form, signifier, descriptor
a printed document with spaces in which to write; "he filled out his tax form"
an ability to perform well; "he was at the top of his form"; "the team was off form last night"
an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse; "the essay was in the form of a dialogue"; "he first sketches the plot in outline form"
to compose or represent:"This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction" (同)constitute, make
create (as an entity); "social groups form everywhere"; "They formed a company" (同)organize, organise
elegance in dress or behavior; "she has a lot of class"
a collection of things sharing a common attribute; "there are two classes of detergents" (同)category, family
a league ranked by quality; "he played baseball in class D for two years"; "Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA" (同)division
a body of students who are taught together; "early morning classes are always sleepy" (同)form, grade, course
people having the same social, economic, or educational status; "the working class"; "an emerging professional class" (同)stratum, social_class, socio-economic class
a body of students who graduate together; "the class of 97"; "she was in my year at Hoehandle High" (同)year
(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
write by means of a keyboard with types; "type the acceptance letter, please" (同)typewrite
a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper; "he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up"
(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
a subdivision of a particular kind of thing; "what type of sculpture do you prefer?"
all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element contains five different types of character"
printed characters; "small type is hard to read"
identify as belonging to a certain type; "Such people can practically be typed" (同)typecast
an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion; "the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting" (同)sorting
an approximate definition or example; "she wore a sort of magenta dress"; "she served a creamy sort of dessert thing"
a person of a particular character or nature; "what sort of person is he?"; "hes a good sort"
make out of components (often in an improvising manner); "She fashioned a tent out of a sheet and a few sticks" (同)forge
characteristic or habitual practice
consumer goods (especially clothing) in the current mode
the latest and most admired style in clothes and cosmetics and behavior
make light, rapid and repeated sounds; "gently pattering rain" (同)pitter-patter
a quick succession of light rapid sounds; "the patter of mice"; "the patter of tiny feet"
having patterns (especially colorful patterns)

PrepTutorEJDIC

(壁紙・織物などの)『模様』,柄,デザイン / 『模範』,手本 / 『原型』,ひな型 / (行動・性資の)『型』,様式パターン / (…の型)・手本に従って)…‘を'型どる,作る,まねる《+『名』+『upon』(『on, after』)+『名』》 / …‘を'模様をつける
〈C〉〈U〉(色・材質に対して)『形』,形状,姿 / 〈C〉『人体』,体つき / 〈C〉〈U〉『外観』,格好,人影 / 〈C〉〈U〉(ものの現れる)『形態』,形式 / 〈C〉(生物などの)『種類』,品種 / 〈U〉(芸術作品の)表現形式 / 〈U〉(特にスポーツで)(競技者の)フォーム / 〈U〉(心身の)調子,元気 / 〈C〉(印刷された)書き込み用紙,ひな形 / 〈U〉《話》(ある集団などの)やり方,仕方,方式 / 〈C〉〈U〉しきたり,伝統的な儀式 / 〈C〉(英国の学校・米国のある学校で)学年,学級 / 〈U〉〈C〉(意味に対する)形態,形;語形 / 〈C〉(通例寄りかかりのない)長い木のいす / 〈素材〉‘に'形を与える,(…に)…‘を'形作る《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / (素材から)…‘を'形作る《+『名』+『out of』+『名』》 / …‘を'組織する,構成する / 〈考えなど〉‘を'まとめる,思い付く;〈計画など〉‘を'立てる / 〈習慣など〉‘を'身に付ける;〈交際など〉‘を'結ぶ / 〈文章など〉‘を'組み立てる;〈複数形など〉‘を'作る / (ある順序に)配列する,整列させる / 〈物が〉形を成す / 生じる,現れる / (…に)なる《+『into』+『名』》
〈C〉(何らかの類似性を持つ)(…の)『種類』,類(sort, kind)《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《集合的に》《単数扱い》『クラス』,学級,組 / 〈U〉〈C〉(クラス単位の)『授業』;授業時間 / 〈C〉《米》《集合的に》(主に高校・大学の)同期生 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》(同程度の教育・経済力・社会的地位などを持つ)『階級』,階層 / 〈C〉(交通機関などの)『等級』 / 〈C〉(英国の大学の)試験の合格等級 / 〈C〉綱(こう)(動植物の分類で門(phylum, division)と目(もく)(order)の間) / 〈U〉《話》(その人の社会的地位を高く見せる)風格 / …'を'(…の)部類に入れる《+『名』+『among』(『with』)+『名』》,(…として)…'を'分類する《+『名』+『as』+『名』》
〈C〉(…の)『型』,タイプ,類型,種類(kind)《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(その種類の特質を最もよく表している)『典型』,手本,模範《+of+名》 / 〈U〉《集合的に》活字;〈C〉(1個の)活字 / 〈U〉(印刷された)字体,活字 / 〈C〉(貨幣・メダルなどの)模様,図柄 / 〈C〉血液型(blood group) / …‘を'タイプに打つ / (…として)…‘を'分類する《+名+as+名(doing)》 / …‘の'型を決める / タイプライターを打つ
『種類』,部類(kind) / 性格,性質,タイプ / 《おもに英話》《単数形で》(ある)種類の人 / …‘を'分類する,区分けする;えり分ける,選び出す《+『名』+『out,』+『out』+『名』》
〈C〉〈U〉(…の)『流行』,はやり《+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(特に婦人服の)ファション / 《the~》人気のある人(もの) / 〈C〉〈U〉《文》(…の)『方法』,仕方《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)作り(make),様式(style),型(shape)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《古》《集合的に》上流会社[の人々] / (…から)…‘を'作る《+『名』+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》;…‘を'細工して(…を)作る《+『名』+『into』+『名』》
〈雨などが〉パラパラ降る / 〈子供・動物などが〉パタパタ走る / (…の)パラパラ(パタパタ)イウ音《+『of』+『名』》
《時にa~》早口ぺらぺらしゃべること…早口のせりふ / おしゃべり,むだ話 / (ある職業・階級の)仲間言葉,符ちょう / 早口に話す,ぺらぺらしゃべる / 〈祈り・詩など〉‘を'早口に唱える

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/26 10:35:30」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Pattern (disambiguation).

Tilings, such as these from Igreja de Campanhã, Porto, Portugal, are visual patterns used for decoration.

A pattern, apart from the term's use to mean "Template"^[a], is a discernible regularity in the world or in a manmade design. As such, the elements of a pattern repeat in a predictable manner.

Any of the five senses may directly observe patterns. Conversely, abstract patterns in science, mathematics, or language may be observable only by analysis. Direct observation in practice means seeing visual patterns, which are widespread in nature and in art. Visual patterns in nature are often chaotic, never exactly repeating, and often involve fractals. Natural patterns include spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tilings, cracks, and those created by symmetries of rotation and reflection. Patterns have an underlying mathematical structure;^[1] indeed, mathematics can be seen as the search for regularities, and the output of any function is a mathematical pattern. Similarly in the sciences, theories explain and predict regularities in the world.

In art and architecture, decorations or visual motifs may be combined and repeated to form patterns designed to have a chosen effect on the viewer. In computer science, a software design pattern is a known solution to a class of problems in programming. In fashion, the pattern is a template used to create any number of similar garments.

1 Nature
- 1.1 Symmetry
- 1.2 Spirals
- 1.3 Chaos, flow, meanders
- 1.4 Waves, dunes
- 1.5 Bubbles, foam
- 1.6 Cracks
- 1.7 Spots, stripes
2 Art and architecture
- 2.1 Tilings
- 2.2 In architecture
3 Science and mathematics
- 3.1 Fractals
4 Computer science
5 Fashion
6 See also
7 Bibliography
- 7.1 Patterns in nature
- 7.2 Patterns in art and architecture
- 7.3 Patterns in science and mathematics
- 7.4 Patterns in computing
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links

Nature[edit]

Main article: Patterns in nature

Nature provides examples of many kinds of pattern, including symmetries, trees and other structures with a fractal dimension, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tilings, cracks and stripes.^[2]

Symmetry[edit]

Snowflake sixfold symmetry

Symmetry is widespread in living things. Animals that move usually have bilateral or mirror symmetry as this favours movement.^[3] Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as do many flowers, as well as animals which are largely static as adults, such as sea anemones. Fivefold symmetry is found in the echinoderms, including starfish, sea urchins, and sea lilies.^[4]

Among non-living things, snowflakes have striking sixfold symmetry: each flake is unique, its structure recording the varying conditions during its crystallisation similarly on each of its six arms.^[5] Crystals have a highly specific set of possible crystal symmetries; they can be cubic or octahedral, but cannot have fivefold symmetry (unlike quasicrystals).^[6]

Spirals[edit]

Aloe polyphylla phyllotaxis

Spiral patterns are found in the body plans of animals including molluscs such as the nautilus, and in the phyllotaxis of many plants, both of leaves spiralling around stems, and in the multiple spirals found in flowerheads such as the sunflower and fruit structures like the pineapple.^[7]

Chaos, flow, meanders[edit]

Vortex street turbulence

Chaos theory predicts that while the laws of physics are deterministic, events and patterns in nature never exactly repeat because extremely small differences in starting conditions can lead to widely differing outcomes.^[8] Many natural patterns are shaped by this apparent randomness, including vortex streets^[9] and other effects of turbulent flow such as meanders in rivers.^[10]

Waves, dunes[edit]

Dune ripple

Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass by.^[11] Wind waves are surface waves that create the chaotic patterns of the sea. As they pass over sand, such waves create patterns of ripples; similarly, as the wind passes over sand, it creates patterns of dunes.^[12]

Bubbles, foam[edit]

Foam of soap bubbles

Foams obey Plateau's laws, which require films to be smooth and continuous, and to have a constant average curvature. Foam and bubble patterns occur widely in nature, for example in radiolarians, sponge spicules, and the skeletons of silicoflagellates and sea urchins.^[13]^[14]

Cracks[edit]

Shrinkage Cracks

Cracks form in materials to relieve stress: with 120 degree joints in elastic materials, but at 90 degrees in inelastic materials. Thus the pattern of cracks indicates whether the material is elastic or not. Cracking patterns are widespread in nature, for example in rocks, mud, tree bark and the glazes of old paintings and ceramics.^[15]

Spots, stripes[edit]

Giant pufferfish skin

Alan Turing,^[16] and later the mathematical biologist James Murray, described a mechanism that spontaneously creates spotted or striped patterns, for example in the skin of mammals or the plumage of birds: a reaction-diffusion system involving two counter-acting chemical mechanisms, one that activates and one that inhibits a development, such as of dark pigment in the skin.^[17] These patterns slowly drift, the animals' appearance changing imperceptibly as Turing predicted.

Art and architecture[edit]

Man-made pattern of 117 windows in a Commercial Mall in Lisbon, Portugal

Further information: Mathematics and art and Mathematics and architecture

Tilings[edit]

Elaborate ceramic tiles at Topkapi Palace

Further information: Tessellation and Tile

In visual art, pattern consists in regularity which in some way "organizes surfaces or structures in a consistent, regular manner." At its simplest, a pattern in art may be a repeating shape in a painting, drawing, tapestry, ceramic tiling or carpet, but a pattern need not necessarily repeat exactly as long as it provides some form or organizing "skeleton" in the artwork.^[18] In mathematics, a tessellation is the tiling of a plane using one or more geometric shapes (which mathematicians call tiles), with no overlaps and no gaps.^[19]

In architecture[edit]

Patterns in architecture: the Virupaksha temple at Hampi has a fractal-like structure where the parts resemble the whole.

In architecture, motifs are repeated in various ways to form patterns. Most simply, structures such as windows can be repeated horizontally and vertically (see leading picture). Architects can use and repeat decorative and structural elements such as columns, pediments, and lintels.^[20] Repetitions need not be identical; for example, temples in South India have a roughly pyramidal form, where elements of the pattern repeat in a fractal-like way at different sizes.^[21]

Science and mathematics[edit]

Fractal model of a fern illustrating self-similarity

Mathematics is sometimes called the "Science of Pattern", in the sense of rules that can be applied wherever needed.^[22] For example, any sequence of numbers that may be modeled by a mathematical function can be considered a pattern. Mathematics can be taught as a collection of patterns.^[23]

Fractals[edit]

Some mathematical rule-patterns can be visualised, and among these are those that explain patterns in nature including the mathematics of symmetry, waves, meanders, and fractals. Fractals are mathematical patterns that are scale invariant. This means that the shape of the pattern does not depend on how closely you look at it. Self-similarity is found in fractals. Examples of natural fractals are coast lines and tree shapes, which repeat their shape regardless of what magnification you view at. While self-similar patterns can appear indefinitely complex, the rules needed to describe or produce their formation can be simple (e.g. Lindenmayer systems describing tree shapes).^[24]

In pattern theory, devised by Ulf Grenander, mathematicians attempt to describe the world in terms of patterns. The goal is to lay out the world in a more computationally friendly manner.^[25]

In the broadest sense, any regularity that can be explained by a scientific theory is a pattern. As in mathematics, science can be taught as a set of patterns.^[26]

Computer science[edit]

In computer science, a software design pattern, in the sense of a template, is a general solution to a problem in programming. A design pattern provides a reusable architectural outline that may speed the development of many computer programs.^[27]

Fashion[edit]

In fashion, the pattern is a template, a technical two-dimensional tool used to create any number of identical garments. It can be considered as a means of translating from the drawing to the real garment.^[28]

Bibliography[edit]

Patterns in nature[edit]

Adam, John A. Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World. Princeton, 2006.
Ball, P. The Self-made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature. Oxford, 2001.
Edmaier, B. Patterns of the Earth. Phaidon Press, 2007.
Haeckel, E. Art Forms of Nature. Dover, 1974.
Stevens, P.S. Patterns in Nature. Penguin, 1974.
Stewart, Ian. What Shape is a Snowflake? Magical Numbers in Nature. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001.
Thompson, D. W., 1992. On Growth and Form. Dover reprint of 1942 2nd ed. (1st ed., 1917). ISBN 0-486-67135-6, available online at Internet Archive

Patterns in art and architecture[edit]

Alexander, C. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. Oxford, 1977.
de Baeck, P. Patterns. Booqs, 2009.
Garcia, M. The Patterns of Architecture. Wiley, 2009.
Kiely, O. Pattern. Conran Octopus, 2010.
Pritchard, S. V&A Pattern: The Fifties. V&A Publishing, 2009.

Patterns in science and mathematics[edit]

Adam, J.A. Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World. Princeton, 2006.
Resnik, M.D. Mathematics as a Science of Patterns. Oxford, 1999.

Patterns in computing[edit]

Gamma, E., Helm, R., Johnson, R., Vlissides, J. Design Patterns. Addison-Wesley, 1994.
Bishop, C.M. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer, 2007.

Notes[edit]

^ From the French patron ('template')

References[edit]

^ Stewart, 2001. Page 6.
^ Stevens, Peter. Patterns in Nature, 1974. Page 3.
^ Stewart, Ian. 2001. Pages 48-49.
^ Stewart, Ian. 2001. Pages 64-65.
^ Stewart, Ian. 2001. Page 52.
^ Stewart, Ian. 2001. Pages 82-84.
^ Kappraff, Jay (2004). "Growth in Plants: A Study in Number". Forma 19: 335–354.
^ Crutchfield, James P; Farmer, J Doyne,; Packard, Norman H; Shaw, Robert S (December 1986). "Chaos". Scientific American 254 (12): 46–57.
^ von Kármán, Theodore. Aerodynamics. McGraw-Hill (1963): ISBN 978-0070676022. Dover (1994): ISBN 978-0486434858.
^ Lewalle, Jacques (2006). "Flow Separation and Secondary Flow: Section 9.1". Lecture Notes in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics: Phenomenology, Concepts and Analytical Tools. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University. .
^ French, A.P. Vibrations and Waves. Nelson Thornes, 1971.
^ Tolman, H.L. (2008), "Practical wind wave modeling", in Mahmood, M.F., CBMS Conference Proceedings on Water Waves: Theory and Experiment, Howard University, USA, 13–18 May 2008: World Scientific Publ.
^ Philip Ball. Shapes, 2009. pp 68, 96-101.
^ Frederick J. Almgren, Jr. and Jean E. Taylor, The geometry of soap films and soap bubbles, Scientific American, vol. 235, pp. 82–93, July 1976.
^ Stevens, Peter. 1974. Page 207.
^ Turing, A. M. (1952). "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 237 (641): 37–72. Bibcode:1952RSPTB.237...37T. doi:10.1098/rstb.1952.0012.
^ Ball, Philip. Shapes. 2009. Pages 159–167.
^ Jirousek, Charlotte (1995). "Art, Design, and Visual Thinking". Pattern. Cornell University. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
^ Grünbaum, Branko; Shephard, G. C. (1987). Tilings and Patterns. New York: W. H. Freeman.
^ Adams, Laurie (2001). A History of Western Art. McGraw Hill. p. 99.
^ Jackson, William Joseph (2004). Heaven's Fractal Net: Retrieving Lost Visions in the Humanities. Indiana University Press. p. 2.
^ Resnik, Michael D. (November 1981). "Mathematics as a Science of Patterns: Ontology and Reference". Noûs 15 (4): 529–550.
^ Bayne, Richard E (2012). "MATH 012 Patterns in Mathematics - spring 2012". Retrieved 16 January 2013.
^ Mandelbrot, Benoît B. (1983). The fractal geometry of nature. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7167-1186-5.
^ Grenander, Ulf; Miller, Michael (2007). Pattern Theory: From Representation to Inference. Oxford University Press.
^ "Causal Patterns in Science". Harvard Graduate School of Education. 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
^ Gamma et al, 1994.
^ Loppa, 2003.

External links[edit]

Look up pattern in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patterns.

Mathematics as a Science of Patterns at Convergence
Geometric Arts
Patternity

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