WordNet

write by means of a keyboard with types; "type the acceptance letter, please" (同)typewrite
a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper; "he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up"
(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
a subdivision of a particular kind of thing; "what type of sculpture do you prefer?"
all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element contains five different types of character"
printed characters; "small type is hard to read"
identify as belonging to a certain type; "Such people can practically be typed" (同)typecast
act later than planned, scheduled, or required; "Dont delay your application to graduate school or else it wont be considered"
time during which some action is awaited; "instant replay caused too long a delay"; "he ordered a hold in the action" (同)hold, time_lag, postponement, wait
the act of delaying; inactivity resulting in something being put off until a later time (同)holdup
cause to be slowed down or delayed; "Traffic was delayed by the bad weather"; "she delayed the work that she didnt want to perform" (同)detain, hold_up
not as far along as normal in development
pathological sensitivity
extreme sensitivity
writing done with a typewriter (同)typewriting

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の)『型』,タイプ,類型,種類(kind)《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(その種類の特質を最もよく表している)『典型』,手本,模範《+of+名》 / 〈U〉《集合的に》活字;〈C〉(1個の)活字 / 〈U〉(印刷された)字体,活字 / 〈C〉(貨幣・メダルなどの)模様,図柄 / 〈C〉血液型(blood group) / …‘を'タイプに打つ / (…として)…‘を'分類する《+名+as+名(doing)》 / …‘の'型を決める / タイプライターを打つ
…'を'『延期する』,延ばす / 〈事故などが〉…'を'『遅らせる』 / 『ぐずぐずする』,『手間取る』 / 『遅れ』,遅延 / 『延期』,猶予
過敏,過敏症

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/24 22:23:10」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Type 4 hypersensitivity is often called delayed type hypersensitivity as the reaction takes two to three days to develop. Unlike the other types, it is not antibody mediated but rather is a type of cell-mediated response.

CD4+ helper T cells recognize antigen in a complex with Class II major histocompatibility complex. The antigen-presenting cells in this case are macrophages that secrete IL-12, which stimulates the proliferation of further CD4+ T_h1 cells. CD4+ T cells secrete IL-2 and interferon gamma, further inducing the release of other T_h1 cytokines, thus mediating the immune response. Activated CD8+ T cells destroy target cells on contact, whereas activated macrophages produce hydrolytic enzymes and, on presentation with certain intracellular pathogens, transform into multinucleated giant cells.

Examples

Disease	Target antigen	Effects
Diabetes mellitus type 1	Pancreatic beta cell proteins (possibly insulin, Glutamate decarboxylase)	Insulitis Beta cell destruction
Multiple sclerosis	Oligodendrocyte proteins (myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein)	Demyelinating disease Perivascular inflammation Paralysis Ocular lesions
Some peripheral neuropathies	Schwann cell antigen	Neuritis Paralysis
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis	Thyroglobulin antigen	Hypothyroidism Hard goiter Follicular thymitis
Crohn's disease	Unknown	Chronic inflammation of ileum and colon
Allergic contact dermatitis	Environmental chemicals, e.g. poison ivy, nickel	Dermatitis with usually short-lived itching
Mantoux test* (diagnostic)	Tuberculin	Skin induration indicates TB exposure
Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is:^[1] * - Mantoux test not taken from ^[1]

An example of a TB infection that came under control: M. tuberculosis are engulfed by macrophages after being identified as foreign, but due to an immuno-escape mechanism peculiar to mycobacteria, TB bacteria are able to block the fusion of their enclosing phagosome with lysosomes which would destroy the bacteria. Thereby TB can continue to replicate within macrophages. After several weeks, the immune system somehow [mechanism as yet unexplained] ramps up and, on stimulation with IFN-gamma, the macrophages become capable of killing M. tuberculosis by forming phagolysosomes and nitric oxide radicals. However the hyper-activated macrophages secrete TNF which recruits multiple monocytes into the battle. These cells differentiate into epithelioid histiocytes which wall off the infected cells, but at the cost of significant inflammation and local damage.

Some other clinical examples:

Temporal arteritis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Symptoms of leprosy
Symptoms of tuberculosis
Coeliac disease
Graft-versus-host disease^[2]
Chronic transplant rejection

References

^ ^a ^b Table 5-5 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7. 8th edition.
^ "eMedicine - Hypersensitivity Reactions, Delayed : Article by Walter Duane Hinshaw".

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 薬物アレルギー：分類および臨床的特徴 drug allergy classification and clinical features
2. アレルギー性接触皮膚炎の基本的機序および病態生理 basic mechanisms and pathophysiology of allergic contact dermatitis
3. 免疫系の臨床検査評価 laboratory evaluation of the immune system
4. 薬疹 drug eruptions
5. 高IgM症候群 hyperimmunoglobulin m syndrome

English Journal

Diagnostic evaluation of patients with nonimmediate cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media.

Torres MJ, Gomez F, Doña I, Rosado A, Mayorga C, Garcia I, Blanca-Lopez N, Canto G, Blanca M.SourceAllergy Service, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain.
Allergy.Allergy.2012 Jul;67(7):929-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02840.x. Epub 2012 May 15.
BACKGROUND: Nonimmediate hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media (CM) are common. Allergological evaluation is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and to find a tolerated alternative. The aim of this study was to establish the role of skin testing and the drug provocation test (DPT) in
PMID 22583135

Urticaria induced by laser epilation: A clinical and histopathological study with extended follow-up in 36 patients.

Landa N, Corrons N, Zabalza I, Azpiazu JL.SourceDermitek Clinic, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Sinpelo Clinic, Madrid, Spain. nlnerealanda@gmail.com.
Lasers in surgery and medicine.Lasers Surg Med.2012 Jul;44(5):384-9. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22024. Epub 2012 Apr 9.
BACKGROUND: Laser epilation is the most common dermatologic light-based procedure in the world. We describe a unique side effect of the procedure: a delayed persistent urticarial rash.PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study involving 13,284 patients who received laser epilation at o
PMID 22488603

Japanese Journal

脂質を標的にした新しい皮膚遅延型アレルギー応答 (特集皮膚の炎症メカニズムと抗炎症の最新研究)

山本侑枝,杉田昌彦
フレグランスジャーナル 39(8), 32-35, 2011-08
NAID 40018956459

金属アレルギー動物モデルを用いた免疫学的解析 (特集金属アレルギー発症メカニズムと対策)

小笠原康悦
臨床免疫・アレルギー科 55(5), 530-534, 2011-05
NAID 40018868191

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「IV型アレルギー」「遅発性過敏症」
関連記事	「type」「delayed」「delay」「typed」「typing」

「IV型アレルギー」

Type IV hypersensitivity
Classification and external resources
MeSH	D006968
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: type IV allergic reaction
同: IV型アレルギー反応、type IV hypersensitivity、遅延型アレルギー反応 delayed allergic reaction delayed type allergic reaction、遅延型過敏症 delayed-type hypersensitivity delayed type hypersensitivity DTH、遅延型過敏症アレルギー、遅延型アレルギー、遅延型過敏性免疫反応、遅延型過敏反応
関: アレルギー

概念

抗原特異的T細胞によって起こる細胞性免疫反応

関与する細胞・物質

1.

1) 抗原提示細胞：マクロファージ、樹状細胞
2) 抗原に感作されたT細胞(IV型アレルギーの原因となっているT細胞 = T_DTH)

2. T細胞が放出するサイトカイン(昔の言葉でリンホカイン)
3. 2.によって動員される細胞：T細胞、マクロファージ

アレルギー反応発現までの時間

ピークは24-48hr　　⇔　I型アレルギーは即時

病態生理

体内に侵入した抗原は樹状細胞やマクロファージなどの抗原提示細胞に貪食され分解されて、MHC class IIに抗原をのせてT細胞に提示する。T細胞は感作され、再び抗原刺激を受けるとINF-γやTNF-αなどのサイトカインを産生し炎症を惹起する。この反応は抗原進入後48時間程度でピークとなる。(SPE.291)
ここで活性化されるT細胞がTh2細胞優位である場合、I型アレルギー反応の遅延型反応のような反応を呈する。