WordNet

one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock)
make or form a layer; "layer the different colored sands"
single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance; "slices of hard-boiled egg on a bed of spinach" (同)bed
a hen that lays eggs
thin structure composed of a single thickness of cells
a relatively thin sheetlike expanse or region lying over or under another
one of two or more layers one atop another; "tier upon tier of huge casks"; "a three-tier wedding cake"
something that is used for tying; "the sail is fastened to the yard with tiers"
a worker who ties something (同)tier up
any one of two or more competitors who tie one another
arranged in or consisting of laminae (同)laminal
the innermost layer of the epidermis (同)stratum_basale, malpighian_layer, rete Malpighii

PrepTutorEJDIC

地層,岩層 / (社会的な)階層
《複合語を作って》(物を)積む人(物),置く人(物) / 卵を産む鶏・層;(ペンキなどの)一塗り;一皮 / (園芸で)取り木 / …‘を'層にする / 〈植物〉‘を'取り木する
(ひな段式になった段々の)一段,一列 / …‘を'段段に積む,重ねる
結ぶ人(もの)
stratumの複数形

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/08 18:41:19」(JST)

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Strata in Salta (Argentina).

Goldenville strata in quarry in Bedford, Canada. These are Middle Cambrian marine sediments. This formation covers over half of Nova Scotia and is recorded as being 29,000 feet thick in some areas.

In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. The "stratum" is the fundamental unit in a stratigraphic column and forms the basis of the study of stratigraphy.

Characteristics

The Permian through Jurassic strata in the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah demonstrates the principles of stratigraphy. These strata make up much of the famous prominent rock formations in widely spaced protected areas such as Capitol Reef National Park and Canyonlands National Park. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the Navajo Sandstone, layered red Kayenta Formation, cliff-forming, vertically jointed, red Wingate Sandstone, slope-forming, purplish Chinle Formation, layered, lighter-red Moenkopi Formation, and white, layered Cutler Formation sandstone. Picture from Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah.

Each layer is generally one of a number of parallel layers that lie one upon another, laid down by natural processes. They may extend over hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of the Earth's surface. Strata are typically seen as bands of different colored or differently structured material exposed in cliffs, road cuts, quarries, and river banks. Individual bands may vary in thickness from a few millimeters to a kilometer or more. Each band represents a specific mode of deposition: river silt, beach sand, coal swamp, sand dune, lava bed, etc.

Naming

Geologists study rock strata and categorize them by the material of beds. Each distinct layer is typically assigned to the name of sheet, usually based on a town, river, mountain, or region where the formation is exposed and available for study. For example, the Burgess Shale is a thick exposure of dark, occasionally fossiliferous, shale exposed high in the Canadian Rockies near Burgess Pass. Slight distinctions in material in a formation may be described as "members" (or sometimes "beds"). Formations are collected into "groups" while groups may be collected into "supergroups".

Gallery

Strata on a mountain face in the French Alps

Interstate road cut through limestone and shale strata in East Tennessee

Rock strata at Depot Beach, New South Wales

Rainbow Basin Syncline in the Barstow Formation near Barstow, California. Folded strata.

Outcrop of Upper Ordovician limestone and minor shale, central Tennessee; College of Wooster students.

Chalk Layers in Cyprus - showing classic layered structure.

Heavy minerals (dark) as thin strata in a quartz beach sand (Chennai, India).

Stratified Island near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.

References

External links

GeoWhen Database

UpToDate Contents

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1. アトピー性皮膚炎（湿疹）の病因、臨床症状、および診断 pathogenesis clinical manifestations and diagnosis of atopic dermatitis eczema
2. 皮膚剥脱症候群 peeling skin syndrome
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5. 多枝冠動脈病変を持つ糖尿病患者の冠動脈血行再建術 coronary artery revascularization in patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel coronary artery disease

English Journal

Skin transport of PEGylated poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles assisted by (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin.

Conte C1, Costabile G1, d'Angelo I2, Pannico M3, Musto P3, Grassia G1, Ialenti A1, Tirino P4, Miro A1, Ungaro F1, Quaglia F1.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2015 Sep 15;454:112-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.05.010. Epub 2015 May 14.
The aim of this work was to investigate the potential of small nanoparticles (NPs) made of a poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone)-amphiphilic diblock copolymer (PEG-b-PCL, PEG=2kDa and PCL=4.2kDa) as drug carrier system through the skin. Zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc), selected as lipophilic
PMID 26004575

A mechanistic insight into the mechanical role of the stratum corneum during stretching and compression of the skin.

Leyva-Mendivil MF1, Page A2, Bressloff NW3, Limbert G4.
Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.J Mech Behav Biomed Mater.2015 Sep;49:197-219. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.05.010. Epub 2015 May 19.
The study of skin biophysics has largely been driven by consumer goods, biomedical and cosmetic industries which aim to design products that efficiently interact with the skin and/or modify its biophysical properties for health or cosmetic benefits. The skin is a hierarchical biological structure fe
PMID 26042766

The effects of barrier disruption and moisturization on the dynamic drying mechanics of human stratum corneum.

Liu X1, German GK2.
Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.J Mech Behav Biomed Mater.2015 Sep;49:80-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.04.017. Epub 2015 Apr 25.
We study the dynamic drying mechanics of human stratum corneum, the most superficial layer of skin and essential physical and chemical barrier to the external environment. Barrier disruption caused by a depletion of lipids ordinarily found in healthy stratum corneum can occur with ageing, aggressive
PMID 26002418

Permeability test for transdermal and local therapeutic patches using Skin PAMPA method.

Vizserálek G1, Berkó S2, Tóth G1, Balogh R1, Budai-Szűcs M2, Csányi E2, Sinkó B3, Takács-Novák K4.
European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences.Eur J Pharm Sci.2015 Aug 30;76:165-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.05.004. Epub 2015 May 7.
Using the skin as absorption site presents unique advantages that have facilitated the progression of transdermal drug delivery in the past decades. Efforts in drug research have been devoted to find a quick and reproducible model for predicting the skin permeation of molecules. The Parallel Artific
PMID 25957747

Japanese Journal

Burden of Household Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Medical Expenditure for Japanese Women: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Morishima Toshitaka,Imanaka Yuichi,Otsubo Tetsuya,Hayashida Kenshi,Watanabe Takashi,Tsuji Ichiro
Journal of Epidemiology, 2013
… Using generalized linear models with interaction between ETS exposure level and age stratum, average total monthly expenditure (inpatient plus outpatient care) per capita for nonsmoking women highly exposed and moderately exposed to ETS were compared with expenditures for unexposed women. …
NAID 130002527763

幕長戦争期におけるイギリス新聞の分析 : イギリス国内の認識を視点として

田口由香
独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構大島商船高等専門学校紀要 45, 41-49, 2012-12-01
… It shows that the British stratum of society had a strong interest in the situation.In Japan, the hostilities between the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Choshu Clan came out into the open in the 1860s. … In this paper, the British stance is found from the perspectives of the British stratum of society, based on an analysis of British Newspapers. …
NAID 110009544871