WordNet

the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)d
the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)h

PrepTutorEJDIC

deuteriumの化学記号
hydrogenの化学記号
鉛筆の硬度 / 《俗》heroin

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/27 13:30:19」(JST)

wiki en

HLA-DQ (DQ) is a cell surface receptor protein found on antigen presenting cells. It is an αβ heterodimer of type MHC class II. The α and β chains are encoded by two loci, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1, that are adjacent to each other on chromosome band 6p21.3. Both α-chain and β-chain vary greatly. A person often produces two α-chain and two β-chain variants and thus 4 isoforms of DQ. The DQ loci are in close genetic linkage to HLA-DR, and less closely linked to HLA-DP, HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C.

Different isoforms of DQ can bind to and present different antigens to T-cells. In this process T-cells are stimulated to grow and can signal B-cells to produce antibodies. DQ functions in recognizing and presenting foreign antigens (proteins derived from potential pathogens). But DQ is also involved in recognizing common self-antigens and presenting those antigens to the immune system in order to develop tolerance from a very young age.

When tolerance to self proteins is lost, DQ may become involved in autoimmune disease. Two autoimmune diseases in which HLA-DQ is involved are coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus type 1. DQ is one of several antigens involved in rejection of organ transplants. As a variable cell surface receptor on immune cells, these D antigens, originally HL-A4 antigens, are involved in graft versus host disease when lymphoid tissues are transplanted between people. Serological studies of DQ recognized that antibodies to DQ bind primarily to the β-chain. The currently used serotypes are HLA-DQ2, -DQ3, -DQ4, -DQ5, -DQ6, -DQ7, -DQ8, -DQ9. HLA-DQ1 is a weak reaction to the α-chain and was replaced by DQ5 and DQ6 serology. Serotyping is capable of identifying most aspects of DQ isoform structure and function, however sequence specific PCR is now the preferred method of determining HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles, as serotyping cannot resolve, often, the critical contribution of the DQ α-chain. This can be compensated for by examining DR serotypes as well as DQ serotypes.

Structure, Functions, Genetics

HLA DQ Receptor with bound peptide and TCR

Function

The name 'HLA DQ' originally describes a transplantation antigen of MHC class II category of the major histocompatibility complex of humans; however, this status is an artifact of the early era of organ transplantation.

HLA DQ functions as a cell surface receptor for foreign or self antigens. The immune system surveys antigens for foreign pathogens when presented by MHC receptors (like HLA DQ). The MHC Class II antigens are found on antigen presenting cells (APC) (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-lymphocytes). Normally, these APC 'present' class II receptor/antigens to a great many T-cells, each with unique T-cell receptor (TCR) variants. A few TCR variants that recognize these DQ/antigen complexes are on CD4 positive (CD4+) T-cells. These T-cells, called T-helper cells, can promote the amplification of B-cells which, in turn recognize a different portion of the same antigen. Alternatively, macrophages and other megalocytes consume cells by apoptotic signaling and present self-antigens. Self antigens, in the right context, form a suppressor T-cell population that protects self tissues from immune attack or autoimmunity.

Genetics

HLA region of Chromosome 6

HLA-DQ (DQ) is encoded on the HLA region of chromosome 6p21.3, in what was classically known as the "D" antigen region. This region encoded the subunits for DP,-Q and -R which are the major MHC class II antigens in humans. Each of these proteins have slightly different functions and are regulated in slightly different ways.

DQ is made up of two different subunits to form an αβ-heterodimer. Each subunit is encoded by its own "gene" (a coding locus). The DQ α subunit is encoded by the HLA-DQA1 gene and the DQ β subunit is encoded by the HLA-DQB1 gene. Both loci are variable in the human population (see regional evolution).

Detecting DQ isoforms

In the human population DQ is highly variable, the β subunit more so than the alpha chain. The variants are encoded by the HLA DQ genes and are the result of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Some SNP result in no change in amino-acid sequence. Others result in changes in regions that are removed when the proteins is processed to the cell surface, still others result in change in the non-functional regions of the protein, and some changes result in a change of function of the DQ isoform that is produced. The isoforms generally change in the peptides they bind and present to T-cells. Much of the isoform variation in DQ is within these 'functional' regions.

Serotyping. Antibodies raised against DQ tend to recognize these functional regions, in most cases the β-subunit. As a result, these antibodies can discriminate different classes of DQ based on the recognition similar DQβ proteins known as serotypes.

An example of a serotype is DQ2.

Recognize HLA-DQB1*02 gene products which include gene products of the following alleles:
- HLA-DQB1*02:01
- HLA-DQB1*02:02
- HLA-DQB1*02:03

Sometimes DQ2 antibodies recognize other gene products, such as DQB1*03:03, resulting in serotyping errors. Because of this mistyping serotyping is not as reliable as gene sequencing or SSP-PCR.

While the DQ2 isoforms are recognized by the same antibodies, and all DQB1*02 are functionally similar, they can bind different α subunit and these αβ isoform variants can bind different sets of peptides. This difference in binding is an important feature that helps to understand autoimmune disease.

The first identified DQ were DQw1 to DQw3. DQw1 (DQ1) recognized the alpha chain of DQA1*01 alleles. This group was later split by beta chain recognition to DQ5 and DQ6. DQ3 is known as broad antigen serotypes, because they recognize a broad group of antigens. However, because of this broad antigen recognition their specificity and usefulness is somewhat less than desirable.

For most modern typing the DQ2, DQ4 - DQ9 set is used.

DQA1-B1 haplotypes in Caucasian Americans
DQ	DQ	DQ			Freq
Serotype	cis-isoform	Subtype	A1	B1	%^[1]		^rank
DQ2	α⁵-β²	2.5	05:01^♣	02:01	13.	16	^2nd
	α²-β²	2.2	02:01	02:02	11.	08	^3rd
	α³-β²	2.3	03:02^♠	02:02	0.	08
DQ4	α³-β⁴	4.3	03:01	04:02	0.	03
	α³-β⁴	4.3	03:02^♠	04:02	0.	11
	α⁴-β⁴	4.4	04:01	04:02	2.	26
DQ5	α¹-β^5.1	5.1	01:01	05:01	10.	85	^5th
			01:02	05:01	0.	03
			01:03	05:01	0.	03
			01:04	05:01	0.	71
	α¹-β^5.2	5.2	01:02	05:02	1.	20
	α¹-β^5.2	5.2	01:03	05:02	0.	05
	α¹-β^5.3	5.3	01:04	05:03	2.	03
	α¹-β^5.4	5.4	01:02	05:04	0.	08
DQ6	α¹-β^6.1	6.1	01:03	06:01	0.	66
	α¹-β^6.2	6.2	01:02	06:02	14.	27	^1st
			01:03	06:02	0.	03
			01:04	06:02	0.	03
	α¹-β^6.3	6.3	01:02	06:03	0.	27
	α¹-β^6.3	6.3	01:03	06:03	5.	66	^8th
	α¹-β^6.4	6.4	01:02	06:04	3.	40	^10th
	α¹-β^6.9	6.9	01:02	06:09	0.	71
DQ7	α²-β⁷	7.2	02:01	03:01	0.	05
	α³-β⁷	7.3	03:01	03:01	0.	16
			03:03^♠	03:01	6.	45	^7th
			03:01	03:04	0.	09
			03:02^♠	03:04	0.	09
	α⁴-β⁷	7.4	04:01	03:01	0.	03
	α⁵-β⁷	7.5	05:05^♣	03:01	11.	06	^4th
	α⁶-β⁷	7.6	06:01	03:01	0.	11
DQ8	α³-β⁸	8.1	03:01	03:02	9.	62	^6th
DQ8	α³-β⁸	8.1	03:02^♠	03:02	0.	93
DQ9	α²-β⁹	9.2	02:01	03:03	3.	66	^9th
DQ9	α³-β⁹	9.3	03:02	03:03	0.	79
^♠DQA103:02 & 03:03 not resolved; ^♣DQB105:01 & 05:05 , and some *03:03 are resolvable by haplotype

Genetic Typing. With the exception of DQ2 (*02:01) which has a 98% detection capability, serotyping has drawbacks in relative accuracy. In addition, for many HLA studies genetic typing does not offer that much greater advantage over serotyping, but in the case of DQ there is a need for precise identification of HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DQA1 which cannot be provided by serotyping.

Isoform functionality is dependent on αβ composition. Most studies indicate a chromosomal linkage between disease causing DQA1 and DQB1 genes. Therefore, the DQA1, α, component is as important as DQB1. An example of this is DQ2, DQ2 mediates Coeliac disease and Type 1 diabetes but only if the α⁵ subunit is present. This subunit can be encoded by either DQA1*05:01 or DQA1*05:05. When the DQ2 encoding β-chain gene is on the same chromosome as the α⁵ subunit isoform, then individuals who have this chromosome have a much higher risk of these two disease. When DQA1 and DQB1 alleles are linked in this way they form a haplotype. The DQA1*05:01-DQB1*02:01 haplotype is called the DQ2.5 haplotype, and the DQ that results α⁵β² is the "cis-haplotype" or "cis-chromosomal" isoform of DQ2.5

To detect these potential combinations one uses a technique called SSP-PCR (Sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction). This techniques works because, outside of a few areas of Africa, we know the overwhelming majority of all DQ alleles in the world. The primers are specific for known DQ and thus, if a product is seen it means that gene motif is present. This results in nearly 100% accurate typing of DQA1 and DQB1 alleles.

'How does one know which isoforms are functionally unique and which isoforms are functionally synonymous with other isoforms'?. The IMGT/HLA database also provides alignments for various alleles, these alignments show the variable regions and conserved regions. By examining the structure of these variable regions with different ligands bound (such as the MMDB) one can see which residues come into close contact with peptides and those have side chains that are distal. Those changes more than 10 Angstoms away generally do not affect binding of peptides. The structure of HLA-DQ8/insulin peptide at NCBI can be view with Cn3D or Rasmol. In Cn3D one can highlight the peptide and then select for amino acids within 3 or more Angstroms of the peptide. Side chains that come close to the peptide can be identified and then examined on the sequence alignments at IMGT/HLA database. Anyone can download software and sequence. Have fun!

Effects of heterogeneity of isoform pairing

As an MHC class II antigen-presenting receptor, DQ functions as a dimer containing two protein subunits, alpha (DQA1 gene product) and beta (DQB1 gene product), a DQ heterodimer. These receptors can be made from alpha+beta sets of two different DQ haplotypes, one set from the maternal and paternal chromosome. If one carries haplotype -A-B- from one parent and -a-b- from the other, that person makes 2 alpha isoforms (A and a) and 2 beta isoforms (B and b). This can produce 4 slightly different receptor heterodimers (or more simply, DQ isoforms). Two isoforms are in the cis-haplotype pairing (AB and ab) and 2 are in the trans-haplotype pairing (Ab and aB). Such a person is a double heterozygote for these genes, for DQ the most popular situation. If a person carries haplotypes -A-B- and -A-b- then they can only make 2 DQ (AB and Ab), but if a person carries haplotypes -A-B- and -A-B- then they can only make DQ isoform AB, called a double homozygote. In coeliac disease, certain homozygotes and are at higher risk for disease and some specific complications of coeliac disease such as Gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma

homozygotes and double homozygotes. Homozygotes at DQ loci can change risk for disease. In mice for instance, mice with 2 copies of the DQ-like Ia^b haplotype are more likely to progress toward fatal disease compared to mice that are heterozygotes only for the beta allele (MHC IA_α^b / IA_α^b, IA_β^b / IA_β^bm12). In humans, celiac disease DQ2.5/DQ2 homozygotes are several times more likely to have celiac disease versus DQ2.5/DQX individuals.^[2] DQ2/DQ2 homozygotes are at elevated risk for severe complications of disease.^[3] For an explanation of the risk association see:Talk:HLA-DQ#Effects of heterogeneity of isoform pairing-Expanded

Involvement of transhaplotypes in disease
There is some controversy in the literature whether trans-isoforms are relevant. Recent genetic studies into coeliac disease have revealed that the DQA1*05:05:X/Y:DQB1*02:02 gene products explain disease not linked to the haplotype that produces DQ8 and DQ2.5, strongly suggesting the trans-isoforms can be involved in disease. But, in this example, it is known that the transproduct is almost identical to a know cis-'isoform' produced by DQ2.5. There is other evidence that some haplotypes are linked to disease but show neutral linkage with other particular haplotypes are present. At present, the bias of relative isoform frequency toward cis pairing is unknown, it is known that some trans-isoforms occur. see:Talk:HLA-DQ#Effects of heterogeneity of isoform pairing-Expanded

DQ Function in Autoimmunity

HLA D (-P,-Q,-R) genes are members of the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene family and have analogs in other mammalian species. In mice the MHC locus known as IA is homologous to human HLA DQ. Several autoimmune diseases that occur in humans that are mediated by DQ also can be induced in mice and are mediated through IA. Myasthenia gravis is an example of one such disease.^[4] Linking specific sites on autoantigens is more difficult in humans due to the complex variation of heterologous humans, but subtle differences in T-cell stimulation associated with DQ-types has been observed.^[5] These studies indicate that potentially a small change or increase in the presentation of a potential self-antigen can result in autoimmunity. This may explain why there is often linkage to DR or DQ, but the linkage is often weak.

Regional Evolution

HLA DQ- subunit alleles, mature chains, contact variants
Known	HLA-DQ		Potential
Locus:	A1	B1	Combinations
Alleles	33	78	2475
Subunit:	α	β	isoforms
Mature Chains	24	58	1392
Contact Variants*	~9	40	360
Caucasian (USA)
Contact Variants (CV)	7	12	84
CV-haplotypes			30
*Subunits vary within 9Â of peptide in DQ2.5 or DQ8

Many HLA DQ were under positive selection of 10,000s potentially 100,000s of years in some regions. As people moved they have tended to lose haplotypes and in the process lose allelic diversity. On the other hand, on arrival at new distal locations, selection would offer unknown selective forces that would have initially favored diversity in arrivals. By an unknown process, rapid evolution occurs, as has been seen in South Americas indigeonous population (Parham and Ohta, 1996, Watkins 1995), and new alleles rapidly appear. This process may be of immediate benefit of being positively selective in that new environment, but these new alleles might also be 'sloppy' in a selective perspective, having side effects if selection changed. The table to the left demonstrates how absolute diversity at the global level translates into relative diversity at the regional level.

-

Heterozygous DQ Combinations and Disease

	DQ2.5	DQ8	DQ2.5/8
Sweden	15.9	18.7	5.9
Jalisco	11.4	22.8	5.2
England	12.4	16.8	4.2
Kazakh	13.1	11	2.9
Uygur	12.6	11.4	2.9
Finland	9	15.7	2.8
Poland	10.7	9.9	2.1

DQ2.5/DQ8 Heterozygotes

The distribution of this phenotype is largely the result of admixtures between peoples of eastern or central Asian origin and peoples of western or central Asian origin. The highest frequencies, by random mating, are expected in Sweden, but pockets of high levels also occur in Mexico, and a larger range risk exists in Central Asia.

Diseases that appear to be increased in Heterozygotes are Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes. New evidence is showing an increased risk for late onset Type 1 diabetes in Heterozygotes (which includes ambiguous Type I/Type II diabetes). 95% of Celiac Disease patients are positive for DQ2 or DQ8.^[6]

References

^ Klitz W, Maiers M, Spellman S, et al. (October 2003). "New HLA haplotype frequency reference standards: high-resolution and large sample typing of HLA DR-DQ haplotypes in a sample of European Americans". Tissue Antigens. 62 (4): 296–307. PMID 12974796. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00103.x.
^ Jores RD, Frau F, Cucca F, et al. (2007). "HLA-DQB1*0201 homozygosis predisposes to severe intestinal damage in celiac disease". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 42 (1): 48–53. PMID 17190762. doi:10.1080/00365520600789859.
^ Al-Toma A, Verbeek WH, Hadithi M, von Blomberg BM, Mulder CJ (2007). "Survival in refractory coeliac disease and enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma: retrospective evaluation of single‐centre experience". Gut. 56 (10): 1373–8. PMC 2000250 . PMID 17470479. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.114512.
^ Atassi MZ, Oshima M, Deitiker P (2001). "n the initial trigger of myasthenia gravis and suppression of the disease by antibodies against the MHC peptide region involved in the presentation of a pathogenic T-cell epitope". Crit Rev Immunol. 21 (1–3): 1–27. PMID 11642597.
^ Deitiker PR, Oshima M, Smith RG, Mosier DR, Atassi MZ (2006). "Subtle differences in HLA DQ haplotype-associated presentation of AChR alpha-chain peptides may suffice to mediate myasthenia gravis". Autoimmunity. 39 (4): 277–288. PMID 16891216. doi:10.1080/08916930600738581.
^ Fasano, Alessio (2011). "Dr". Physiol Rev. 91.

External links

HLA Allele and Haplotype Frequency Database
IMGT-HLA Database

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人におけるセリアック病の病因、疫学、および臨床症状 pathogenesis epidemiology and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults
2. 若年性特発性関節炎：疫学と免疫病態学 juvenile idiopathic arthritis epidemiology and immunopathogenesis
3. 腎移植におけるHLAマッチングと移植片生着率 hla matching and graft survival in kidney transplantation
4. 主要組織適合性複合体（MHC）の構造および機能 major histocompatibility complex mhc structure and function
5. 熱帯性スプルー tropical sprue

English Journal

Serological evaluation of possible exposure to Ljungan virus and related parechovirus in autoimmune (type 1) diabetes in children.

Nilsson AL1, Vaziri-Sani F, Broberg P, Elfaitouri A, Pipkorn R, Blomberg J, Ivarsson SA, Elding Larsson H, Lernmark Å.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2015 Jul;87(7):1130-40. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24127. Epub 2015 Apr 14.
Exposure to Ljungan virus (LV) is implicated in the risk of autoimmune (type 1) diabetes but possible contribution by other parechoviruses is not ruled out. The aim was to compare children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 2005-2011 (n = 69) with healthy controls (n = 294), all from the Jäm
PMID 25873230

Humoral Immune Response and Allograft Function in Kidney Transplantation.

Filippone EJ1, Farber JL2.
American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.Am J Kidney Dis.2015 May 15. pii: S0272-6386(15)00629-0. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.03.033. [Epub ahead of print]
HLA antibodies can damage a kidney transplant. In January 2013, consensus guidelines from The Transplantation Society were published regarding technical aspects of HLA antibody determination, as well as their potential significance in the pre- and posttransplantation periods. During the past 2 years
PMID 25987262

Mouse pancreatic beta cells express MHC class II and stimulate CD4+ T Cells to proliferate.

Zhao Y1, Scott NA1,2, Quah HS1,2, Krishnamurthy B1, Bond F1, Loudovaris T1, Mannering SI1,2, Kay TW1,2, Thomas HE1,2.
European journal of immunology.Eur J Immunol.2015 May 9. doi: 10.1002/eji.201445378. [Epub ahead of print]
Type 1 diabetes results from destruction of pancreatic beta cells by autoreactive T cells. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have been shown to mediate beta cell killing. While CD8+ T cells can directly recognize MHC class I on beta cells, the interaction between CD4+ T cells and beta cells remains unclear
PMID 25959978

Japanese Journal

Prediction of HLA-DQ8 β cell peptidome using a computational program and its relationship to autoreactive T cells

CHANG Kuan Y.,UNANUE Emil R.
International immunology 21(6), 705-713, 2009-06-01
NAID 10025386797

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「主要組織適合複合体」
拡張検索	「HLA-DQ antigen」
関連記事	「D」「HL」「H」「HLA」「DQ」

「主要組織適合複合体」

	MHC class II, DQ (heterodimer)
	DQ1 binding pocket with ligand
	−
Protein type	cell surface receptor
Function	Immune recognition and; antigen presentation
	−

　　[★]

英: major histocompatibility complex, MHC
同: ヒト白血球抗原 human leucocyte antigen, HLA　←　LHA/MHCの疾患との遺伝的関係についてはここを参照、MHC分子、主要組織適合遺伝子複合体
関

MHCのクラスと特徴 (出典不明)

	MHC class I	*MHC class II
MHC発現組織	全ての有核細胞(×赤血球)	CD4陽性T細胞
		CD8陽性T細胞
		抗原提示細胞(マクロファージ、樹状細胞、ランゲルハンス細胞、クッパー細胞、ミクログリア、B細胞)
抗原認識するリンパ球	Tc細胞	Th細胞
ドメイン構造	α鎖(α1,2,3を持つ分子)とβ2-microgloblin	α鎖(α1,α2を持つ分子)とβ鎖(β1,β2を持つ分子)
遺伝子座	HLA-A,B,C,	HLA-DP,DQ,DR
提示されるペプチド	内在抗原	外来抗原
抗原ペプチドの長さ	9残基	12-30残基
抗原ペプチドとMHCとの相互作用部位	2残基	3(免疫学授業プリント) 4(IMM.131)

MHC分子の発現 (IMM.136)

		MHC class I	MHC class II
リンパ組織	T細胞	＋＋＋	＋
	B細胞	＋＋＋	＋＋＋
	マクロファージ	＋＋＋	＋＋
	樹状細胞	＋＋＋	＋＋＋
	胸腺上皮細胞	＋	＋＋＋
有核細胞	好中球	＋＋＋	－
	肝細胞	＋	－
	腎臓	＋	－
	脳	＋	－
無核細胞	赤血球	－	－

　　主要組織適合遺伝子複合体
　　　　移植抗原として発見された抗原系
　　　　応答免疫(抗原提示)に関与する
　　ヒト(HLA complex) human leucocyte antigen
　　　HLA
　　　ドメイン構造
　　　　クラスI		A	B	C
　　　　クラスII	DP	DQ	DR
　　　多型性がある
　　　12種類のHLAを発現(父由来、母由来)
　　マウス(H2 complex) Histcompatibility-2
　　　ドメイン構造
　　　　クラスI		K	D
　　　　クラスII	A	E
　　MHCの歴史
　　　G.Snell		マウスH2が移植の正否を左右する
　　　J.Dausset		HLAが抗原
　　　B.Benaceraf	MHC遺伝子を明らかにし、MHCが免疫応答に関与していることを証明

(1)分子構造

　クラスI　H鎖　β2-microglobulin
　クラスII　α鎖　β鎖
　細胞外領域　膜貫通領域　細胞内領域
　ドメイン
　Igスーパーファミリー
　クリスタログラフィー　crystallography

(2) MHC分子の生合成

　抗原処理
　抗原提示
　クラスI (proteasome TAP)
　　クラスI抗原提示(内在性抗原)
　　①ほとんどの細胞が提示
　　　ただし赤血球には発現していない
　　②細胞内：内在抗原をプロテアソーム(LMP複合体)が分子切断→ERに移動
　　③ERI TAPトランスポーターによりER内に移動
　　　クラスI+ペプチド複合体形成
　　④細胞表面に移動
　　⑤Tc(CD8+ T細胞)細胞が認識：標的細胞を障害
　クラスII (Ii=invariant chain, HLA-DM)
　　クラスII抗原提示(外来抗原)
　　①抗原提示細胞：貪食、飲食による取り込み
　　②ファゴリソゾーム：ペプチドに分解
　　③小胞体(ER)：(MHC class II + Ii鎖)複合
　　④ファゴリソゾーム：HLA-DMがIi鎖を解離
　　　ペプチドを提示→(MHC class II + ペプチド)複合体
　　⑤細胞表面に移動
　　⑥Th(CD4+T)細胞が認識

(3) MHC遺伝子

MHC遺伝子座

クラスI：HLA-A,HLA-B,HLA-C(古典的)

→全ての有核細胞が発現

　　　最近、E,F,Gが発見された→E,FはT細胞、Gは胎盤トロホブラストが発現(妊娠免疫に重要)

クラスII：HLA-DP,HLA-DQ,HLA-DR

→限定された細胞が発現(マクロファージ、樹状細胞、ランゲルハンス細胞、クッパー細胞)

亜領域A1,A2,およびB1,B2を有し、いずれかしか発現しない。ちなみに、Aはα鎖、Bはβ鎖をコードしている。

HLA-DM、LMP、TAP遺伝子座がDP-DQ間に発現していることが明らかとなった

クラスIII：補体成分：C2,C4,Bf

　　　　　　　　サイトカイン：TNPet,C,
　　　　　　　　酵素：21-hydroxylase
　クラス(領域　亜領域)
　遺伝的多塑性　polymorphism
　対立遺伝子頻度

-MHC

同: 主要組織適合遺伝子複合体

「HLA-DQ antigen」

　　[★]

HLA-DQ抗原

関: HLA-D、HLA-DQ

「D」

　　[★]

アスパラギン酸
ジヒドロウリジン
遠位の distal,
うつ病 depression
下行結腸 descending colon(大腸内視鏡検査の結果を記載するときに用いる)

「HL」

　　[★]

「H」

　　[★]

「HLA」

　　[★] ヒト白血球抗原 human leukocyte antigen

「DQ」

　　[★]

同: developmental quotient

[pmid12974796-1] Klitz W, Maiers M, Spellman S, et al. (October 2003). "New HLA haplotype frequency reference standards: high-resolution and large sample typing of HLA DR-DQ haplotypes in a sample of European Americans". Tissue Antigens. 62 (4): 296–307. PMID 12974796. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00103.x.

[pmid17190762-2] Jores RD, Frau F, Cucca F, et al. (2007). "HLA-DQB1*0201 homozygosis predisposes to severe intestinal damage in celiac disease". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 42 (1): 48–53. PMID 17190762. doi:10.1080/00365520600789859.

[pmid17470479-3] Al-Toma A, Verbeek WH, Hadithi M, von Blomberg BM, Mulder CJ (2007). "Survival in refractory coeliac disease and enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma: retrospective evaluation of single‐centre experience". Gut. 56 (10): 1373–8. PMC 2000250 . PMID 17470479. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.114512.

[Atassi-4] Atassi MZ, Oshima M, Deitiker P (2001). "n the initial trigger of myasthenia gravis and suppression of the disease by antibodies against the MHC peptide region involved in the presentation of a pathogenic T-cell epitope". Crit Rev Immunol. 21 (1–3): 1–27. PMID 11642597.

[Deitiker-5] Deitiker PR, Oshima M, Smith RG, Mosier DR, Atassi MZ (2006). "Subtle differences in HLA DQ haplotype-associated presentation of AChR alpha-chain peptides may suffice to mediate myasthenia gravis". Autoimmunity. 39 (4): 277–288. PMID 16891216. doi:10.1080/08916930600738581.

[Zonulin_and_Its_Regulation_of_Intestinal_Barrier_Function:_The_Biological_Door_to_Inflammation.2C_Autoimmunity.2C_and_Cancer-6] Fasano, Alessio (2011). "Dr". Physiol Rev. 91.

v t e HLA-DQ
Genetic loci	HLA-DQA1 HLA-DQB1 HLA-DQ
Serotypes	DQ1 DQ2 DQ3 DQ4 DQ5 DQ6 DQ7 DQ8 DQ9

匿名

検索

案内

案内

HLA-DQ