出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/11/07 12:27:15」(JST)
Inflammatory bowel diseases | |
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Classification and external resources | |
Micrograph showing inflammation of the large bowel in a case of inflammatory bowel disease. Colonic biopsy. H&E stain.
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DiseasesDB | 31127 |
eMedicine | med/1169 emerg/106 oph/520 |
MeSH | D015212 |
The inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the principal types of inflammatory bowel disease. It is important to note that not only does Crohn's disease affect the small intestine and large intestine, it can also affect the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and the anus.[1][2][3]
The chief types of inflammatory bowel disease are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Inflammatory bowel diseases fall into the class of autoimmune diseases, in which the body's own immune system attacks elements of the digestive system.[4]
Accounting for far fewer cases are other forms of IBD, which are not always classified as typical IBD:
The way doctors can tell the difference between Crohn's disease and UC is the location and nature of the inflammatory changes. Crohn's can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from mouth to anus (skip lesions), although a majority of the cases start in the terminal ileum. Ulcerative colitis, in contrast, is restricted to the colon and the rectum.[5] Microscopically, ulcerative colitis is restricted to the mucosa (epithelial lining of the gut), while Crohn's disease affects the full thickness of the bowel wall ("transmural lesions").
Lastly, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis present with extra-intestinal manifestations (such as liver problems, arthritis, skin manifestations and eye problems) in different proportions.
Rarely, a definitive diagnosis neither of Crohn's disease nor of ulcerative colitis can be made because of idiosyncrasies in the presentation. In this case, a diagnosis of indeterminate colitis may be made. Although a recognised definition, not all centres refer to this.
[
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Crohn's disease | Ulcerative colitis |
---|---|---|
Defecation | Often porridge-like[6], sometimes steatorrhea |
Often mucus-like and with blood[6] |
Tenesmus | Less common[6] | More common[6] |
Fever | Common[6] | Indicates severe disease[6] |
Fistulae | Common[7] | Seldom |
Weight loss | Often | More seldom |
In spite of Crohn's and UC being very different diseases, both may present with any of the following symptoms: abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, severe internal cramps/muscle spasms in the region of the pelvis and weight loss. Anemia is the most prevalent extraintestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease.[8][9] Associated complaints or diseases include arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS).[10] Associations with Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)[11] and Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) have also been reported.[citation needed] Diagnosis is generally by assessment of inflammatory markers in stool followed by colonoscopy with biopsy of pathological lesions.
Sign
[
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Crohn's disease | Ulcerative colitis |
---|---|---|
Terminal ileum involvement | Commonly | Seldom |
Colon involvement | Usually | Always |
Rectum involvement | Seldom | Usually[12] |
Involvement around the anus |
Common[7] | Seldom |
Bile duct involvement | No increase in rate of primary sclerosing cholangitis | Higher rate[13] |
Distribution of Disease | Patchy areas of inflammation (Skip lesions) | Continuous area of inflammation[12] |
Endoscopy | Deep geographic and serpiginous (snake-like) ulcers | Continuous ulcer |
Depth of inflammation | May be transmural, deep into tissues[2][7] | Shallow, mucosal |
Stenosis | Common | Seldom |
Granulomas on biopsy | May have non-necrotizing non-peri-intestinal crypt granulomas[7][14][15] | Non-peri-intestinal crypt granulomas not seen[12] |
[
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Crohn's disease | Ulcerative colitis |
---|---|---|
Cytokine response | Associated with Th17[16] | Vaguely associated with Th2 |
IBD is a complex disease which arises as a result of the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. It is increasingly thought that alterations to enteral bacteria can contribute to inflammatory gut diseases[17][18] IBD affected individuals have been found to have 30-50 percent reduced biodiversity of commensalism bacteria such as a decrease in Firmicutes (namely Lachnospiraceae) and Bacteroidetes. Further evidence of the role of gut flora in the cause of inflammatory bowel disease is that IBD affected individuals are more likely to have been prescribed antibiotics in the 2-5 year period before their diagnosis than unaffected individuals.[19] The enteral bacteria can be altered by environmental factors, such as Concentrated milk fats (a common ingredient of processed foods and confectionery) or oral medications such as antibiotics and oral iron preparations.[20]
The genetic contribution is poorly understood and seems to arise from the small contribution of dozens of genes. In 2012 163 IBD susceptibility loci were confirmed which means that 163 alleles that can increase the susceptibility to the disease. These 163 loci explain from an 8.2% to a 13.6% of variance in Crohn’s disease and 4.1% to 7.5% in ulcerative colitis.
The 163 loci were related with 300 known genes. The functional enrichment analysis of this group of genes using Gene Ontology showed that there are many genes related with cytokine production, lymphocyte activation and the response to bacterial infection. In an effort to identify likely causal genes a probabilistic causal gene network was constructed. Here a sub-network including NOD2, Il10 and CARD9 seems to indicate a close relationship between IBD and genes related with host interaction with bacteria. Of particular relevance is the presence of the gene HCK which seems to play an important role anti-inflammation. In the figure beside there is a NOD2-focused cluster in the causal gene sub-network.[21]
Diagnosis is usually confirmed by biopsy on colonoscopy. In children fecal calprotectin is useful.[22]
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Crohn's disease | Ulcerative colitis |
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Mesalazine | Less useful[23] | More useful[23] |
Antibiotics | Effective in long-term[24] | Generally not useful[25] |
Surgery | Often returns following removal of affected part |
Usually cured by removal of colon |
CD and UC are autoimmune diseases, and are not medically curable. Surgery can essentially cure ulcerative colitis if the large intestine is removed (though medical treatment and endoscopic surveillance may be necessary if a stump of rectum is left behind). A jpouch can be created from the small intestine, this serves as the rectum and prevents the need for a permanent ileostomy. Further complications can arise with a jpouch in the form of pouchitis which manifests itself by symptoms, somewhat similar to UC. Surgery cannot cure Crohn's disease.
Medical treatment of IBD is individualized to each patient. The choice of which drugs to use and by which route to administer them (oral, rectal, injection, infusion) depends on factors including the type, distribution, and severity of the patient's disease, as well as other historical and biochemical prognostic factors, and patient preferences. For example, mesalazine is more useful in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn's disease.[23] Generally, depending on the level of severity, IBD may require immunosuppression to control the symptom, such as prednisone, TNF inhibition, azathioprine (Imuran), methotrexate, or 6-mercaptopurine.
Often, anti-inflammatory steroids are used to control disease flares and were once acceptable as a maintenance drug. In use for several years in Crohn's disease patients and recently in patients with ulcerative colitis, biologicals have been used such as TNF inhibitors. Severe cases may require surgery, such as bowel resection, strictureplasty or a temporary or permanent colostomy or ileostomy. Ulcerative colitis can be cured by removing the entire large intestine and the rectum, and while this cannot get rid of extra-intestinal symptoms, the disease cannot recur without a large intestine. In Crohn's disease, surgery involves removing the worst inflamed segments of the intestine and connecting the healthy regions, but unfortunately, it does not cure Crohn's or eliminate the disease, as at some point after the first surgery, Crohn's disease recurs in the healthy parts of the intestine, usually at the resection site. (For example, if a patient with Crohn's disease has an ileocecal anastomosis, in which the caecum and terminal ileum are removed and the ileum is joined to the ascending colon, their Crohn's will nearly always flare-up near the anastomosis or in the rest of the ascending colon).
Usually the treatment is started by administering drugs with high anti-inflammatory effects, such as prednisone. Once the inflammation is successfully controlled, the patient is usually switched to a lighter drug to keep the disease in remission, such as Asacol, a mesalazine. If unsuccessful, a combination of the aforementioned immunosuppression drugs with a mesalazine (which may also have an anti-inflammatory effect) may or may not be administered, depending on the patient. Budesonide is the easiest medication for the elderly and children.
A relatively new treatment option is fecal bacteriotherapy (FBT), which has been used to successfully treat IBD in several small studies.[26][27] There is evidence from case series of patients with ulcerative colitis responding favourably to fecal microbiota transplant with cure or significant remission persisting for up to 13 years post treatment. Individuals whose onset of ulcerative colitis is associated with antibiotic use or colonic infection are the most likely to benefit from fecal microbiota transplant.[19]
There is evidence of an infections contribution to inflammatory bowel disease in some patients and this subgroup of patients may benefit from antibiotic therapy.[28] Anaemia is a common finding in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Due to raised levels of inflammatory cytokines which lead to the increased expression of hepcidin, parenteral iron is the preferred treatment option as it bypasses the gastrointestinal system, has lower incidence of adverse events and enables quicker treatment. Hepcidin itself is also an anti-inflammatory agent. In the murine model very low levels of iron restrict hepcidin synthesis, worsening the inflammation that is present.[29] Enteral nutrition has been found to be efficient to improve hemoglobin level in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, especially combined with erythropoietin.[30]
Due to the fact that the disease might be triggered by the blooms of a rare type of gut bacteria[17] some anti-bacterial drugs like chloroxine might be able to dispense the problem. A wider study is needed to confirm this.
In February 2013 researchers identified adult stem cells in the bone marrow that could one day be used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).[31]
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Crohn's disease |
Ulcerative colitis |
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Nutrient deficiency | Higher risk | ||
Colon cancer risk | Slight | Considerable | |
Prevalence of extraintestinal complications[32] | |||
Iritis/uveitis | Females | 2.2% | 3.2% |
Males | 1.3% | 0.9% | |
Primary sclerosing cholangitis |
Females | 0.3% | 1% |
Males | 0.4% | 3% | |
Ankylosing spondylitis |
Females | 0.7% | 0.8% |
Males | 2.7% | 1.5% | |
Pyoderma gangrenosum |
Females | 1.2% | 0.8% |
Males | 1.3% | 0.7% | |
Erythema nodosum | Females | 1.9% | 2% |
Males | 0.6% | 0.7% |
While IBD can limit quality of life because of pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and other socially undesired symptoms, it is rarely fatal on its own. Fatalities due to complications such as toxic megacolon, bowel perforation and surgical complications are also rare.
While patients of IBD do have an increased risk of colorectal cancer, this is usually caught much earlier than the general population in routine surveillance of the colon by colonoscopy, and therefore patients are much more likely to survive.
New evidence suggests that patients with IBD may have an elevated risk of endothelial dysfunction and coronary artery disease.[33]
A recent literature review by Gandhi et al. described that IBD patients over the age of 65 and females are at increased risk of coronary artery disease despite the lack of traditional risk factors.[34]
The goal of treatment is toward achieving remission, after which the patient is usually switched to a lighter drug with fewer potential side effects. Every so often, an acute resurgence of the original symptoms may appear; this is known as a "flare-up". Depending on the circumstances, it may go away on its own or require medication. The time between flare-ups may be anywhere from weeks to years, and varies wildly between patients - a few have never experienced a flare-up.
Globally, as of 2010, IBD resulted in 34,000 deaths.[35]
The following treatment strategies are not used routinely, but appear promising in most forms of inflammatory bowel disease.
Initial reports[36] suggest that "helminthic therapy" may not only prevent but even control IBD: a drink with roughly 2,500 ova of the Trichuris suis helminth taken twice monthly decreased symptoms markedly in many patients. It is even speculated that an effective "immunization" procedure could be developed—by ingesting the cocktail at an early age.
Prebiotics and probiotics are showing increasing promise as treatments for IBD[37] and in some studies have proven to be as effective as prescription drugs.[38]
In 2005 New Scientist published a joint study by Bristol University and the University of Bath on the apparent healing power of cannabis on IBD. Reports that cannabis eased IBD symptoms indicated the possible existence of cannabinoid receptors in the intestinal lining, which respond to molecules in the plant-derived chemicals. CB1 cannabinoid receptors – which are known to be present in the brain – exist in the endothelial cells which line the gut, it is thought that they are involved in repairing the lining of the gut when damaged.[39]
The team deliberately damaged the cells to cause inflammation of the gut lining and then added synthetically produced cannabinoids; the result was that gut started to heal: the broken cells were repaired and brought back closer together to mend the tears. It is believed that in a healthy gut, natural endogenous cannabinoids are released from endothelial cells when they are injured, which then bind to the CB1 receptors. The process appears to set off a wound-healing reaction, and when people use cannabis, the cannabinoids bind to these receptors in the same way.[39]
Previous studies have shown that CB1 receptors located on the nerve cells in the gut respond to cannabinoids by slowing gut motility, therefore reducing the painful muscle contractions associated with diarrhea. The team also discovered another cannabinoid receptor, CB2, in the guts of IBD sufferers, which was not present in healthy guts. These receptors, which also respond to chemicals in cannabis, appear to be associated with apoptosis – programmed cell death – and may have a role in suppressing the overactive immune system and reducing inflammation by mopping up excess cells.[39]
Alicaforsen is a first generation antisense oligodeoxynucleotide designed to bind specifically to the human ICAM-1 messenger RNA through Watson-Crick base pair interactions in order to subdue expression of ICAM-1.[40] ICAM-1 propagates an inflammatory response promoting the extravasation and activation of leukocytes (white blood cells) into inflamed tissue.[40] Increased expression of ICAM-1 has been observed within the inflamed intestinal mucosa of ulcerative colitis, pouchitis and Crohn's sufferers where ICAM-1 over production correlated with disease activity.[41] This suggests that ICAM-1 is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of these diseases.[42][43]
In 2014, an alliance among the Broad Institute, Amgen and Massachusetts General Hospital formed with the intention to "collect and analyze patient DNA samples to identify and further validate genetic targets."[44]
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リンク元 | 「原発性胆汁性胆管炎」「クローン病」「潰瘍性大腸炎」「原発性硬化性胆管炎」「ヒト白血球抗原」 |
関連記事 | 「disease」「inflammatory」「bow」「bowel disease」 |
Table 16-7. Main Features of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | ||
Parameter | primary biliary cirrhosis | primary sclerosing cholangitis |
Age | Median age 50 years (30-70) | Median age 30 years |
Gender | 90% female | 70% male |
Clinical course | Progressive | Unpredictable but progressive |
Associated conditions | Sjogren syndrome (70%) | inflammatory bowel disease (70%) |
scleroderma (5%) | pancreatitis (≦25%) | |
thyroid disease (20%) | idiopathic fibrosing disease (retroperitoneal fibrosis) | |
Serology | 95% AMA positive | 0% to 5% AMA positive (low titer) |
20% ANA positive | 6% ANA positive | |
60% ANCA positive | 82% ANCA positive | |
Radiology | normal | strictures and beading of large bile ducts; pruning of smaller ducts |
duct lesion | florid duct lesion; loss of small ducts | concentric periductal fibrosis; loss of small ducts |
自己免疫性肝炎 | 原発性胆汁性肝硬変 | ||
AIH | PBC | ||
疫学 | 年齢 | 中年女性 | 中年女性 |
HLA | HLA-DR4 | HLA-DR8 | |
自己抗体 | 抗核抗体 ANA | 抗ミトコンドリア抗体 AMA | |
抗平滑筋抗体 ASMA | |||
検査 | ↑血清IgG | ↑血清IgM | |
胆道系酵素上昇 | |||
合併症 | 各種自己免疫疾患 | Sjogren症候群 | |
関節リウマチ | |||
慢性甲状腺炎 | |||
強皮症 | |||
治療 | ステロイド | ウルソデオキシコール酸 | |
肝移植 | |||
禁忌 | ステロイド |
Table 15-10. Distinctive Features of Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis* | |||
Feature | Crohn Disease (Small intestine) |
Crohn Disease (Colon) |
Ulcerative Colitis |
Macroscopic | |||
Bowel region | Ileum ± colon† | Colon ± ileum | Colon only |
Distribution | Skip lesions | Skip lesions | Diffuse |
Stricture | Early | Variable | Late/rare |
Wall appearance | Thickened | Variable | Thin |
Dilation | No | Yes | Yes |
Microscopic | |||
Pseudopolyps | None to slight | Marked | Marked |
Ulcers | Deep, linear | Deep, linear | Superficial |
Lymphoid reaction | Marked | Marked | Mild |
Fibrosis | Marked | Moderate | Mild |
Serositis | Marked | Variable | Mild to none |
Granulomas | Yes (40% to 60%) | Yes (40% to 60%) | No |
Fistulas/sinuses | Yes | Yes | No |
Clinical | |||
Fat/vitamin malabsorption | Yes | Yes, if ileum | No |
Malignant potential | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Response to surgery‡ | Poor | Fair | Good |
クローン病 | 腸結核 | 腸管ベーチェット病 |
縦走潰瘍 | 輪状潰瘍 | 打ち抜き状潰瘍 |
敷石像 | 帯状潰瘍 | 下掘れ状潰瘍 |
クローン病 | 潰瘍性大腸炎 | |
病因??? | 炎症反応亢進 | 免疫応答の異常 |
寛解導入 | 栄養療法 | |
5-アミノサリチル酸(大: サラゾスルファピリジン、小: メサラジン) | 5-アミノサリチル酸(大: サラゾスルファピリジン、小: メサラジン) | |
ステロイド | ステロイド | |
抗TNF-α抗体 | ||
シプロフロキサシン、メトロニダゾール | ATM療法 | |
顆粒球吸着療法(白血球除去療法) | 顆粒球吸着療法(白血球除去療法) | |
免疫抑制薬 | ||
緩解維持 | 在宅経腸栄養法 | 無治療~5-アミノサリチル酸(大: サラゾスルファピリジン) |
5-アミノサリチル酸 | ||
免疫抑制薬 | ||
外科 | 狭窄、難治性痔瘻 | 大出血、狭窄、穿孔、中毒性巨大結腸症、癌化 |
軽症 | 中等症 | 重症 | 分布 | 関連 | |
1) 排便回数 | ≦4回 | 重症と軽症との中間 | ≧6回 | 腸管症状 | |
2) 顕血便 | (+)~(-) | (+++) | |||
3) 発熱 | <37.5℃ | ≧37.5℃ | 全身症状 | 炎症 | |
4) 頻脈 | <90/分 | ≧90/分 | 3)発熱,4)貧血による。 | ||
5) 貧血 | >Hb 10g/dl | ≦Hb 10g/dl | 炎症あるいは2)血便による | ||
6) 赤沈 | 正常 | ≧30 mm/h | 炎症 | ||
軽症 | 軽症項目全て満たす | ||||
重症 | ( 1 and 2 ) and ( 3 or 4 ) ) and (6項目のうち4項目以上) |
クローン病 | 潰瘍性大腸炎 | |
病因??? | 炎症反応亢進 | 免疫応答の異常 |
寛解導入 | 栄養療法 | |
5-アミノサリチル酸(大: サラゾスルファピリジン、小: メサラジン) | 5-アミノサリチル酸(大: サラゾスルファピリジン、小: メサラジン) | |
ステロイド | ステロイド | |
抗TNF-α抗体 | ||
シプロフロキサシン、メトロニダゾール | ATM療法 | |
顆粒球吸着療法(白血球除去療法) | 顆粒球吸着療法(白血球除去療法) | |
免疫抑制薬 | ||
緩解維持 | 在宅経腸栄養法 | 無治療~5-アミノサリチル酸(大: サラゾスルファピリジン) |
5-アミノサリチル酸 | ||
免疫抑制薬 | ||
外科 | 狭窄、難治性痔瘻 | 大出血、狭窄、穿孔、中毒性巨大結腸症、癌化 |
Table 15-10. Distinctive Features of Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis* | |||
Feature | Crohn Disease (Small intestine) |
Crohn Disease (Colon) |
Ulcerative Colitis |
Macroscopic | |||
Bowel region | Ileum ± colon† | Colon ± ileum | Colon only |
Distribution | Skip lesions | Skip lesions | Diffuse |
Stricture | Early | Variable | Late/rare |
Wall appearance | Thickened | Variable | Thin |
Dilation | No | Yes | Yes |
Microscopic | |||
Pseudopolyps | None to slight | Marked | Marked |
Ulcers | Deep, linear | Deep, linear | Superficial |
Lymphoid reaction | Marked | Marked | Mild |
Fibrosis | Marked | Moderate | Mild |
Serositis | Marked | Variable | Mild to none |
Granulomas | Yes (40% to 60%) | Yes (40% to 60%) | No |
Fistulas/sinuses | Yes | Yes | No |
Clinical | |||
Fat/vitamin malabsorption | Yes | Yes, if ileum | No |
Malignant potential | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Response to surgery‡ | Poor | Fair | Good |
Table 16-7. Main Features of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | ||
Parameter | primary biliary cirrhosis | primary sclerosing cholangitis |
Age | Median age 50 years (30-70) | Median age 30 years |
Gender | 90% female | 70% male |
Clinical course | Progressive | Unpredictable but progressive |
Associated conditions | Sjogren syndrome (70%) | inflammatory bowel disease (70%) |
scleroderma (5%) | pancreatitis (?25%) | |
thyroid disease (20%) | idiopathic fibrosing disease (retroperitoneal fibrosis) | |
Serology | 95% AMA positive | 0% to 5% AMA positive (low titer) |
20% ANA positive | 6% ANA positive | |
60% ANCA positive | 82% ANCA positive | |
Radiology | normal | strictures and beading of large bile ducts; pruning of smaller ducts |
duct lesion | florid duct lesion; loss of small ducts | concentric periductal fibrosis; loss of small ducts |
-primary sclerosing cholangitis
強直性脊椎炎 | B27 |
関節リウマチ | DR4 |
重症筋無力症 | DR9,DQ3 |
尋常性天疱瘡 | A26,DR4 |
バセドウ病 | DR5 |
I型糖尿病(インスリン依存性糖尿病) | B54,DR4,DR9,DR53,DQ4 |
グレーブス病 | DR5 |
ベーチェット病 | B51 |
原田病 | DR4,DR53 |
潰瘍性大腸炎 | B52,DR2 |
クローン病 | DR4,DQ3 |
高安病 | B52,DR2,DQ1 |
バージャー病 | B52,DR2,DQ1 |
ナルコレプシー | DR2 |
HLA-B27 | psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Reiter's syndrome. |
HLA-B8 | Graves' disease, celiac sprue. |
HLA-DR2 | multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture's syndrome. |
HLA-DR3 | diabetes mellitus type 1. |
HLA-DR4 | rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1. |
HLA-DR5 | pernicious anemia → B12 deficiency, Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
HLA-DR7 | steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. |
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