WordNet

a unit of length equal to one twelfth of a foot (同)in
settle conclusively; "clinch a deal"
a small slip noose made with seizing (同)clench
(boxing) the act of one boxer holding onto the other to avoid being hit and to rest momentarily
the flattened part of a nail or bolt or rivet
embrace amorously
flatten the ends (of nails and rivets); "the nails were clinched"
hold a boxing opponent with one or both arms so as to prevent punches
secure or fasten by flattening the ends of nails or bolts; "The girder was clinched into the wall"
any of several trees of the genus Cinchona (同)chinchona
medicinal bark of cinchona trees; source of quinine and quinidine (同)cinchona bark, Peruvian bark, Jesuit''s bark
crouch down
a small arch built across the interior angle of two walls (usually to support a spire)
the oldest English public school; located in Winchester
holding office; "the in party"
to or toward the inside of; "come in"; "smash in the door" (同)inwards, inward
currently fashionable; "the in thing to do"; "large shoulder pads are in"
directed or bound inward; "took the in bus"; "the in basket"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『インチ』(尺度の単位で1/12foot,2.54u;《略》『in.,in』) / わずかな距離,少量,少額,少し / 《まれ》《複数形で》身長,背たけ / …‘を'少しずつ動かす / 少しずつ動く
footの複数形
〈打ち込んだくぎなどの突出部〉'を'折り曲げる,つぶす,(くぎなどで)…'を'固定させる,くっつける / 《話》〈議論など〉‘に'決着をつける;〈取引きなど〉'を'細終決定する / (ボクシングなどで)…‘と'組み合う,クリンチする / (ボクシングなどで)組み合う,クリンチする / (けな闘などの)組み合い,クリンヂ
〈C〉キナの木(南米産) / 〈U〉キナ皮(キナの木の樹皮でキニーネ(quinine)などの薬剤を採る)
《具体的な場所,位置》 / …『の中に』(『で』) / …『において』,…で / 《intoの代りに移動を表す動詞と共に》…『の中へ』 / (乗り物)『に乗って』 / …『の状熊に』(『で』) / …『に従事して』,に属して / …『を身につけて』,に覆われて / 《『in』do『ing』の形で》…『するときに』,する際に(when) / 《時間》 / …『して』,…『が経過したあと』 / …『の間に』 / …『については』,…の点では / 《方法・手段・材料》…『で』 / 《人を目的語にして,性質・能力があることを示して》…の中に / …の目的で,のつもりで,として / 《比率割合》…のうちで,につき / 《過去分詞に伴って》…に[…されて] / 『中へ』(に) / 『在宅して』,帰って / (乗り物などが)『到着して』,(時期・季節が)来て / 出回って,流行して / 《俗》流行の,当世風の / 《話》特定の人々にのみ理解される

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/27 01:48:14」(JST)

wiki en

"Inches" redirects here. For the album by Les Savy Fav, see Inches (album). For other meanings of inch or inches, see Inch (disambiguation).

An inch (plural: inches; abbreviation or symbol: in or ″ – a double prime) is a unit of length in a number of systems of measurement, including the imperial and United States customary systems. One imperial or US customary inch is defined as ¹⁄₁₂ of a foot and is therefore ¹⁄₃₆ of a yard. Traditional standards for the exact length of an inch have varied, but it is now defined to be exactly 25.4 mm.

Usage

The inch is a commonly used customary unit of length in the United States,^[1] Canada,^[2]^[3] and the United Kingdom.^[4] For the United Kingdom, guidance on public sector use states that since 1 October 1995, without time limit, that the inch (along with the mile, yard and foot) is to be used as a primary unit for road signs and related measurements of distance and speed and may continue to be used as a secondary or supplementary indication following a metric measurement for other purposes.^[4]

The international standard symbol for inch is in (see ISO 31-1, Annex A) but traditionally the inch is denoted by a double prime, which is often approximated by double quotes, and the foot by a prime, which is often approximated by an apostrophe. For example three feet two inches can be written as 3′ 2″. Subdivisions of an inch are typically written using dyadic fractions with odd number numerators; for example, two and three eighths of an inch would be written as 2 ³⁄₈″ and not as 2.375″ nor as 2 ⁶⁄₁₆″.

Measuring tape calibrated in 32nds of an inch

Equivalence to other units of length

Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch

1 international inch is equal to:

100 points (1 point = 0.01 inches), as used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for measuring rainfall before 1974.^[5]
1,000 thou (also known as mil) (1 mil = 1 thou = 0.001 inches)
Approximately 0.02778 yards (1 yard is equal to 36 inches.)
2.54 centimetres (1 centimetre ≈ 0.3937 international inches.)

Etymology

The English word inch comes from Latin uncia meaning "one-twelfth part" (in this case, one twelfth of a foot); the word ounce (one twelfth of a troy pound) has the same origin. The vowel change from u to i is umlaut; the consonant change from c (pronounced as k) to ch is palatalisation (see Old English phonology).

In some other languages, the word for "inch" is similar to or the same as the word for "thumb"; for example, Catalan: polzada inch, polze thumb; French: pouce inch/thumb; Italian: pollice inch/thumb; Spanish: pulgada inch, pulgar thumb; Portuguese: polegada inch, polegar thumb; Swedish: tum inch, tumme thumb; Dutch: duim inch/thumb; Slovak: palec inch/thumb; Hungarian: hüvelyk inch/thumb, Danish and Norwegian: tomme / tommer inch/inches and tommel thumb. Given the etymology of the word "inch", it would seem that the inch is a unit derived from the foot unit in Latin in Roman times.

History

The earliest known reference to the inch in England is from the Laws of Æthelberht dating to the early 7th century, surviving in a single manuscript from 1120.^[6] Paragraph LXVII sets out the fine for wounds of various depths: one inch, one shilling, two inches, two shillings, etc. "Gif man þeoh þurhstingð, stice ghwilve vi scillingas. Gife ofer ynce, scilling. æt twam yncum, twegen. ofer þry, iii scill."^[7]^[8]

An Anglo-Saxon unit of length was the barleycorn. After 1066, 1 inch was equal to 3 barleycorn, which continued to be its legal definition for several centuries, with the barleycorn being the base unit.^[9] One of the earliest such definitions is that of 1324, where the legal definition of the inch was set out in a statute of Edward II of England, defining it as "three grains of barley, dry and round, placed end to end, lengthwise".^[9]

Similar definitions are recorded in both English and Welsh medieval law tracts.^[10] One, dating from the first half of the 10th century, is contained in the Laws of Hywel Dda which superseded those of Dyvnwal, an even earlier definition of the inch in Wales. Both definitions, as recorded in Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales (vol i., pp. 184,187,189), are that "three lengths of a barleycorn is the inch".^[11]

King David I of Scotland in his Assize of Weights and Measures (c. 1150) is said to have defined the Scottish inch as the width of an average man's thumb at the base of the nail, even including the requirement to calculate the average of a small, a medium, and a large man's measures.^[12] However, the oldest surviving manuscripts date from the early 14th century and appear to have been altered with the inclusion of newer material.^[13]

Charles Butler, a mathematics teacher at Cheam School, in 1814 recorded the old legal definition of the inch to be "three grains of sound ripe barley being taken out the middle of the ear, well dried, and laid end to end in a row", and placed the barleycorn, not the inch, as the base unit of the English Long Measure system, from which all other units were derived.^[14] John Bouvier similarly recorded in his 1843 law dictionary that the barleycorn was the fundamental measure.^[15] Butler observed, however, that "[a]s the length of the barley-corn cannot be fixed, so the inch according to this method will be uncertain", noting that a standard inch measure was now (by his time) kept in the Exchequer chamber, Guildhall, and that was the legal definition of the inch.^[14] This was a point also made by George Long in his 1842 Penny Cyclopædia, observing that standard measures had since surpassed the barleycorn definition of the inch, and that to recover the inch measure from its original definition, in the event that the standard measure were destroyed, would involve the measurement of large numbers of barleycorns and taking their average lengths. He noted that this process would not perfectly recover the standard, since it might introduce errors of anywhere between one hundredth and one tenth of an inch in the definition of a yard.^[16]

Scottish inch

The now obsolete Scottish inch (Scottish Gaelic: òirleach), ¹⁄₁₂ of a Scottish foot, was about 1.0016 imperial inches (about 2.5441 cm).^[17] It was used in the popular expression Gie 'im an inch, an he'll tak an ell., in English "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell.", first published as "For when I gave you an inch, you tooke an ell." by John Heywood in 1546.^[18] (The ell, equal to 37 inches (about 94 cm), was in use in England until 1685.)^[19]

Modern standardisation

The current internationally accepted value for the imperial and US customary inch is exactly 25.4 millimetres. This is based on the international yard of exactly 0.9144 metres adopted through the International Yard and Pound agreement in 1959.^[20] Before the adoption of the international inch various definitions were in use. In the United Kingdom and most countries of the British Commonwealth^{[citation needed]} the inch was defined in terms of the Imperial Standard Yard. The US inch was defined as approximately 25.4 millimetres by an act in 1866 (via a formula between the yard and the metre),^{[citation needed]} refined slightly by the Mendenhall Order of 1893 to be ¹⁄_39.37 of a metre (approximately 25.40005 mm).^[21]

In 1930 the British Standards Institution adopted an inch of exactly 25.4 mm. The American Standards Association followed suit in 1933. By 1935 industry in 16 countries had adopted the "industrial inch" as it came to be known.^[22]^[23]

In 1946 the Commonwealth Science Congress recommended a yard of exactly 0.9144 metres for adoption throughout the British Commonwealth. This was adopted by Canada in 1951.^[24] The United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa signed a treaty agreeing to the same standards on 1 July 1959.^[25] This gives an inch of exactly 25.4 mm. However, the US retains the ¹⁄_39.37-metre definition for survey purposes creating a slight difference between the international and US survey inches.

References

^ Corpus of Contemporary American English (Brigham Young University. Retrieved December 2011) lists 24,302 instances of inch(es) compared to 1548 instances of centimeter(s) and 1343 instances of millimeter(s).
^ Weights and Measures Act
^ Weights and Measures Act. Retrieved January 2012, Act current to 18 January 2012. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).
^ ^a ^b Guidance Note on the use of Metric Units of Measurement by the Public Sector. Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Crown copyright 2011. Retrieved December 2011.
^ "Climate Data Online – definition of rainfall statistics". Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/definitionsrain.shtml. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ Goetz, Hans-Werner; Jarnut, Jörg; Pohl, Walter (2003). Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World. BRILL. p. 33. ISBN 978-90-04-12524-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=RovRlJkrncEC&pg=PA33. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
^ Wilkins, David (1871). Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland: English church during the Anglo-Saxon period: A.D. 595-1066. 1871. Clarendon Press. p. 48. http://books.google.com/books?id=XGUAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA48. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
^ Duncan, Otis Dudley (1984). Notes on social measurement: historical and critical. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-87154-219-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=5c459mDugI0C&pg=PA87. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
^ ^a ^b H. Arthur Klein (1974). The world of measurements: masterpieces, mysteries and muddles of metrology. New York: Simon and Schuster.
^ Jane Hawkes and Susan Mills (1999). Northumbria's Golden Age. Sutton. pp. 310. ISBN 978-0-7509-1685-1.
^ John Williams (1867). "The civil arts — mensuration". The Traditionary Annals of the Cymry. Tenby: R. Mason. pp. 243–245.
^ Lord John Swinton (1789). A proposal for uniformity of weights and measures in Scotland. printed for Peter Hill. p. 134. http://books.google.com/books?id=kHhbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA134. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
^ Elizabeth Gemmill; Nicholas Mayhew (22 June 2006). Changing Values in Medieval Scotland: A Study of Prices, Money, and Weights and Measures. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-521-02709-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=t1hmrzOSEagC&pg=PA113. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b Charles Butler (1814). An Easy Introduction to the Mathematics. Oxford: Bartlett and Newman. pp. 61.
^ John Bouvier (1843). "Barleycorn". A Law Dictionary: With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. Philadelphia: T. & J. W. Johnson. pp. 188.
^ George Long (1842). "Weights & Measures, Standard". The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London: Charles Knight & Co.. p. 436.
^ "Dictionary of the Scots Language". Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries. http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=333&startset=1811889&query=INCH&fhit=inch&dregion=form&dtext=snds#fhit. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
^ Heywood, John (1546). A dialogue conteinying the nomber in effect of all the prouerbes in the englishe tongue, compacte in a matter concernyng two maner of mariages, etc.. London: Thomas Berthelet. Full text of 1874 reprint
^ Gibson, A. J. S.; Smout, T. C. (19 July 2007). Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland, 1550-1780. Cambridge University Press. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-521-03780-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=PHtKW4hPqBYC&pg=PA371. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
^ Astin, A.V.; Karo, H. A.; Mueller, F.H. (25 June 1959). "Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound". US Federal Register. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf.
^ T. C. Mendenhall, Superintendent of Standard Weights and Measures (5 April 1893). "Appendix 6 to the Report for 1893 of the Coast and Geodetic Survey". http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/app3.pdf.
^ National Conference on Weights and Measures; United States. Bureau of Standards; National Institute of Standards and Technology (US) (1936). Report of the ... National Conference on Weights and Measures. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards. p. 4. http://books.google.com/books?id=WDgJAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA4. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
^ Wandmacher, Cornelius; Johnson, Arnold Ivan (1995). Metric Units in Engineering--going SI: How to Use the International Sytems of Measurement Units (SI) to Solve Standard Engineering Problems. ASCE Publications. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-7844-0070-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=v5AGFgpcK_wC&pg=PA265. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
^ National Conference on Weights and Measures; United States. Bureau of Standards; National Institute of Standards and Technology (US) (1957). Report of the ... National Conference on Weights and Measures. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards. pp. 45–6. http://books.google.com/books?id=CEgJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
^ United States. National Bureau of Standards (1959). Research Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards. US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p. 13. http://books.google.com/books?id=4aWN-VRV1AoC&pg=PA13. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland
Weights and Measures, by D. Richard Torrance, SAFHS, Edinburgh, 1996, ISBN 1-874722-09-9 (NB book focusses on Scottish weights and measures exclusively)
This article incorporates text from "Dwelly's [Scottish] Gaelic Dictionary" (1911).
Scottish National Dictionary and Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 84」「feet」
拡張検索	「linchpin」

「100Cases 84」

**1 inch =**
	SI units
0.0254 m	25.4 mm
	US customary/Imperial units
1⁄36 yd	1⁄12 ft

　　[★]

☆case84　嘔吐

■症例

32歳　男性

主訴：

現病歴：2 amにからり酔っぱらって救急部に受診。11.45 pmに気分が悪くなり2度嘔吐。嘔吐物は最初は苦く感じられ、それは食べ物と2Lのビールであった。1時間程度後に、何度か猛烈に吐き気を催した。1 amに鮮赤血を吐いた(bright red blood)。患者が言うには最初は少量だったが、2回目にはかなり多い量であった。服用薬なし。時々マリファナを吸う。タバコ1日10本、アルコール2-3 unit/week

既往歴：特記なし

家族歴：特記なし

生活歴：

・身体診断

酔っぱらっているように見える。口の周りに乾燥した血液の付着を認める。脈拍：102/分。(臥位(lying))血圧：134/80 mmHg。立位でも血圧の変化は認められない。心血管系、呼吸器系に異常を認めず。腹部：上腹部(心窩部)にわずかに圧痛。

・検査

(血液生化学)

異常なし

■解説

(第1パラグラフ)

　もっともな診断は、下部食道もしくは胃上部における吐血を引き起こす粘膜の裂傷である(Mallory-Weiss lesion/Mallory-Weiss tear/Mallory-Weiss laceration)。激しい嘔吐やむかつきによる機械的な外傷で生じる。本症例では、なれない大量飲酒によって生じた。

(第2パラグラフ)

患者の話から出血量を見積もるのは難しい。吐血はびっくりするような出来事であり、吐血の量を多く見積もりがちである。ヘモグロ分派性状であり、急性の出血では吐血量を見積もる手がかりにならない。急性期にヘモグロ分が低ければ慢性の出血をほのめかす。著しい失血の最初のサインは頻脈と起立時の血圧低下であることがある。本症例の彼の脈波速いが、これは不安と関連しているのかもしれない。

(第3パラグラフ)

吐血の他の原因は胃炎か消化性潰瘍である。何度か血液を含まない胃内容物のむかつきと嘔吐の話はマロリーワイス症候群に特徴的である。この疾患は普通介入を必要としない良性の病態である。確定診断は上部消化管内視鏡を必要とするが、典型的な症例ではいつも必要になるわけではない。時に、出血がもりひどかったり、壁の解離が粘膜より深いこともあり、穿孔につながる。

(第4パラグラフ)

この症例の管理は注意深い観察、嘔吐で失われた体液を戻すための静脈内輸液である。出血が激しい場合には血液型検査のために採血するが、輸血は必ずしも必要ない。彼は生徒大とH2 blockerで治療された。嘔吐は収まりそれ以上の出血も見られなかった。彼は将来のパーティでは通院しすぎないように決めた。

■管理(内科診断学第2版医学書院)

①本疾患の大多数は安静、絶食、制酸薬・粘膜保護薬の投与で保存的に治療できる。

②輸血が必要なほどの貧血は稀である。

③内視鏡検査時に出血している症例に対しては内視鏡的止血術を行う。

④クリッピング法(図4-89) [図] 、純エタノール局注法、アルゴンプラズマ凝固(APC)法などさまざまあるが、いずれの方法でも良好な止血成績を得られる。

■鑑別診断 (内科診断学第2版医学書院 p.843)

・特発性食道破裂(ブールハーフェ症候群)

・逆流性食道炎

・食道静脈瘤破裂

・出血性胃潰瘍

・急性胃粘膜病変(AGML)

■KEYPOINT

・吐血の前の血液を伴わない激しい嘔吐とむかつきの既往は、上部消化管の裂傷を示唆する。

・患者は血液の量を見積もるのが困難と分かるので、吐血で失われた失血の程度は多糸かでないし、消化管の中にとどまっている血液の量は分からない。

・アルコールは救急入院の約1/4と直接の連関があるという研究がある。

□マロリーワイス症候群(内科診断学第2版医学書院)

　嘔吐などにより腹腔内圧が急激に上昇して噴門部近傍に裂創が発生し、これを出血源として顕出血をきたしたもの。30-50歳代の男性に多く、全消化管出血例の約3-15%を占める。アルコール多飲が原因となることが多いが、ほかに妊娠悪阻、乗り物酔い、脳腫瘍や髄膜炎、医原性のものとしては上部消化管内視鏡検査や心肺蘇生術など、原因となるものは種々である。 ②嘔吐などにより急激に腹圧が上昇すると、急激に胃内圧が上昇し、これにより食道胃接合部近傍に裂創が生じる。

□吐血 hematemesis (内科診断学第2版医学書院)

　コーヒー残渣用の吐血　melanemesis

　鮮血の吐血　hematoemesis

□急性胃粘膜病変 acute gastric mucosal lesion AGML

急性胃炎の劇症型であり、急速に起こる腹痛(時に、吐血、下血)をきたし、潰瘍・びらん・出血が混在した病態を呈する。