出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/07/03 00:01:43」(JST)
Names | |
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Other names
Aluminum phosphide
Aluminium(III) phosphide |
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Identifiers | |
CAS Number
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20859-73-8 Y |
ChemSpider | 28171 Y |
EC Number | 244-088-0 |
Jmol 3D model | Interactive image |
PubChem | 30332 |
RTECS number | BD1400000 |
UNII | E23DR6L59S Y |
InChI
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SMILES
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Properties | |
Chemical formula
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AlP |
Molar mass | 57.9552 g/mol |
Appearance | Yellow or gray crystals |
Odor | garlic-like |
Density | 2.85 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 2,530 °C (4,590 °F; 2,800 K) |
Solubility in water
|
reacts |
Band gap | 2.5 eV (indirect)[1] |
Refractive index (nD)
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2.75 (IR), ~3 (Vis) [1] |
Structure | |
Crystal structure
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Zincblende |
Space group
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T2d-F43m |
Lattice constant
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a = 546.35 pm
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Coordination geometry
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Tetrahedral |
Thermochemistry | |
Std molar
entropy (S |
47.3 J/mol K |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
-164.4 kJ/mol |
Hazards | |
Safety data sheet | External MSDS |
EU classification (DSD)
|
T N |
NFPA 704 |
4
4
2
|
Flash point | > 800 °C (1,470 °F; 1,070 K) |
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
|
11.5 mg/kg |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Y verify (what is YN ?) | |
Infobox references | |
Aluminium phosphide (aluminum phosphide) is a highly toxic inorganic compound with the chemical formula AlP used as a wide band gap semiconductor and a fumigant. This colorless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation.
AlP crystals are dark grey to dark yellow in color and have a zincblende crystal structure[2] with a lattice constant of 5.4510 Å at 300 K.[3] They are thermodynamically stable up to 1,000 °C (1,830 °F).[4]
Aluminium phosphide reacts with water or acids to release phosphine:[5]
AlP is synthesized by combination of the elements:[4][6]
Caution must be taken to avoid exposing the AlP to any sources of moisture, as this generates toxic phosphine gas.
AlP is used as a rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous mammals such as moles and rodents. The tablets or pellets, known as "wheat pills", typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ammonia which helps to reduce the potential for spontaneous ignition or explosion of the phosphine gas.
AlP is used as both a fumigant and an oral pesticide. As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. Other pesticides similar to aluminium phosphide are zinc phosphide and calcium phosphide. In this application, aluminium phosphide can be encountered under various brand names, e.g. Celphos, Fumitoxin, Phostoxin, Talunex , Phostek , and Quick Phos. It generates phosphine gas according to the following hydrolysis equation.[6]
It is used as a fumigant when other pesticide applications are impractical and when structures and installations are being treated, such as in ships, aircraft, and grain silos. All of these structures can be effectively sealed or enclosed in a gastight membrane, thereby containing and concentrating the phosphine fumes. Fumigants are also applied directly to rodent burrows.[7]
Industrially, AlP is a semiconductor material that is usually alloyed with other binary materials for applications in devices such as light-emitting diodes (e.g. aluminium gallium indium phosphide).[8]
Evidently poisonous, aluminium phosphide has been used for suicide.[9] Fumigation has also caused unintentional deaths, such as examples in Saudi Arabia[10] and the United States.[11] Known as "rice tablet" in Iran, for its use to preserve rice, there have been frequent incidents of accidental or intentional death. There is a campaign by the Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization to stop its use as a pesticide.[12][13]
Recycling of used aluminium phosphide containers caused the death of three family members in Alcalá de Guadaira, Spain. They had been keeping them in plastic sacks in their bathroom. The deaths occurred accidentally due to aluminum phosphide reacting with water or moisture, and becoming phosphine, leading to their death within hours.[14]
Aluminium phosphide poisoning is considered a wide-scale problem in the Indian subcontinent.[15][16]
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リンク元 | 「100Cases 39」「100Cases 82」「100Cases 58」「アルカリホスファターゼ」 |
関連記事 | 「A」「ALP」「Al」 |
問診(S) | 診察(O) | 検査結果(O) |
どこともない身体の不調 | 蒼白 | 白血球増多 |
朝のこわばり | 頭全体で頭皮の触診による圧痛あり | 赤沈亢進 |
日常動作困難 | 筋力低下(上下肢の近位筋) | 高血糖 |
指・膝の痛み | ALT(GPT)上昇 | |
4kgの体重減少 | ALP上昇 | |
盗汗 | ||
持続性の頭痛 |
問診(S) | 診察(O) | 検査結果(O) |
どこともない身体の不調 | 蒼白 | 白血球増多 |
朝のこわばり | 頭全体で頭皮の触診による圧痛あり | 赤沈亢進 |
日常動作困難 | 筋力低下(上下肢の近位筋) | 高血糖 |
指・膝の痛み | ALT(GPT)上昇 | |
4kgの体重減少 | ALP上昇 | |
盗汗 | ||
持続性の頭痛 |
-アルカリフォスファターゼ
[★] アルカリホスファターゼ alkaline phosphatase
.