同: BALF

WordNet

subject to change; variable; "a fluid situation fraught with uncertainty"; "everything was unstable following the coup" (同)unstable
a substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressure
continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container: a liquid or a gas
in cash or easily convertible to cash; "liquid (or fluid) assets" (同)liquid
affording change (especially in social status); "Britain is not a truly fluid society"; "upwardly mobile" (同)mobile
characteristic of a fluid; capable of flowing and easily changing shape (同)runny
smooth and flowing in quality; entirely free of harshness; "the liquid song of a robin"
the state in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow with little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibility (同)liquidness, liquidity, liquid state
a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure
fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume
a frictionless continuant that is not a nasal consonant (especially `l and `r'
clear and bright; "the liquid air of a spring morning"; "eyes shining with a liquid luster"; "limpid blue eyes" (同)limpid
filled or brimming with tears; "swimming eyes"; "sorrow made the eyes of many grow liquid" (同)swimming
existing as or having characteristics of a liquid; especially tending to flow; "water and milk and blood are liquid substances"
a changeable quality; "a charming Oriental fluidity of manner"; "a certain fluidness in his perception of time made him an unpredictable colleague"; "demographers try to predict social fluidity" (同)fluidness
the property of flowing easily; "adding lead makes the alloy easier to cast because the melting point is reduced and the fluidity is increased"; "they believe that fluidity increases as the water gets warmer" (同)fluidness, liquidity, liquidness, runniness
a property midway between a solid and a liquid

PrepTutorEJDIC

『流体』,流動体 / 『流動性の』,流動する / 流体の,流動体から成る / 変わりやすい,固定していない,浮動する
『液体』,流体 / 『液体の』,液状の / (空気・水などが)澄んだ,透明な / (音・調子などが)なめらかな,流れるような;(動作などが)なめらかな / (資産・証券・紙幣などが)流動性の(現金化しやすいこと)
流動,流動性;変わりやすいこと,可変性
=humor
インフルエンザ,流感

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/04/30 13:07:01」(JST)

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In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases and plasmas. They are substances with zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.

Although the term "fluid" includes both the liquid and gas phases, in common usage, "fluid" is often used as a synonym for "liquid", with no implication that gas could also be present. This colloquial usage of the term is also common in medicine and in nutrition ("take plenty of fluids").

Liquids form a free surface (that is, a surface not created by the container) while gases do not. Viscoelastic fluids like Silly Putty appear to behave similar to a solid when a sudden force is applied. Also substances with a very high viscosity such as pitch appear to behave like a solid (see pitch drop experiment).

Physics

Fluids display properties such as:

not resisting permanent deformation, resisting only relative rates of deformation in a dissipative, frictional manner, and
the ability to flow (also described as the ability to take on the shape of the container).

These properties are typically a function of their inability to support a shear stress in static equilibrium. In contrast, solids respond to shear either with a spring-like restoring force, which means that deformations are reversible, or they require a certain initial stress before they deform (see plasticity).

Solids respond with restoring forces to both shear stresses, and to normal stresses—both compressive and tensile. In contrast, ideal fluids only respond with restoring forces to normal stresses, called pressure: fluids can be subjected to both compressive stress, corresponding to positive pressure, and to tensile stress, corresponding to negative pressure. Both solids and liquids also have tensile strengths, which when exceeded in solids makes irreversible deformation and fracture, and in liquids causes the onset of cavitation.

Both solids and liquids have free surfaces, which cost some amount of free energy to form. In the case of solids, the amount of free energy to form a given unit of surface area is called surface energy, whereas for liquids the same quantity is called surface tension. The ability of liquids to flow results in different behaviour in response to surface tension than in solids, although in equilibrium both will try to minimise their surface energy: liquids tend to form rounded droplets, whereas pure solids tend to form crystals. Gases do not have free surfaces, and freely diffuse.

Modelling

In a solid, shear stress is a function of strain, but in a fluid, shear stress is a function of strain rate. A consequence of this behavior is Pascal's law which describes the role of pressure in characterizing a fluid's state.

Depending on the relationship between shear stress, and the rate of strain and its derivatives, fluids can be characterized as one of the following:

Newtonian fluids: where stress is directly proportional to rate of strain
Non-Newtonian fluids: where stress is not proportional to rate of strain, its higher powers and derivatives.

The behavior of fluids can be described by the Navier–Stokes equations—a set of partial differential equations which are based on:

continuity (conservation of mass),
conservation of linear momentum,
conservation of angular momentum,
conservation of energy.

The study of fluids is fluid mechanics, which is subdivided into fluid dynamics and fluid statics depending on whether the fluid is in motion.

References

Bird, Byron; Stewart, Warren; Lightfoot, Edward (2007). Transport Phenomena. New York: Wiley, Second Edition. p. 912. ISBN 0-471-41077-2.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における維持輸液療法および補充輸液療法 maintenance and replacement fluid therapy in adults
2. 小児における維持輸液療法 maintenance fluid therapy in children
3. 小児における循環血液量減少症（脱水）の治療 treatment of hypovolemia dehydration in children
4. 成人における確定診断を得られていない低血圧やショックの評価および初期アプローチ evaluation of and initial approach to the adult patient with undifferentiated hypotension and shock
5. 腹部大動脈瘤ステントグラフト留置術に対する麻酔 anesthesia for endovascular aortic repair

English Journal

The passive leg raising test to guide fluid removal in critically ill patients.

Monnet X1,2,3, Cipriani F4,5, Camous L4,5, Sentenac P4,5, Dres M4,5, Krastinova E5,6, Anguel N4,5, Richard C4,5, Teboul JL4,5.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0149-1. Epub 2016 May 20.
BACKGROUND: To investigate whether haemodynamic intolerance to fluid removal during intermittent renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically ill patients can be predicted by a passive leg raising (PLR) test performed before RRT.METHODS: We included 39 patients where intermittent RRT with weight lo
PMID 27207178

Reactive oxygen species measure for rapid detection of infection in fluids.

Bardon J1, Lukaszewicz AC2,3,4, Faivre V5,6, Huot B1,5,6, Payen D1,5,6.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0142-8. Epub 2016 Apr 29.
BACKGROUND: Early detection of infection is critical to rapidly starting effective treatment. Diagnosis can be difficult, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU) population. Because the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in tissues is the hallmark of inflammatory processes, the objectiv
PMID 27130425

End-tidal carbon dioxide variation after a 100- and a 500-ml fluid challenge to assess fluid responsiveness.

Jacquet-Lagrèze M1, Baudin F2, David JS2,3, Fellahi JL3,4, Hu PB5, Lilot M3,4, Piriou V2,3.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0141-9. Epub 2016 Apr 22.
BACKGROUND: EtCO2 variation has been advocated replacing cardiac output measurements to evaluate fluid responsiveness (FR) during sepsis. The ability of EtCO2 variation after a fluid challenge to detect FR in the context of general anaesthesia has not been investigated. Forty patients were prospecti
PMID 27101829

Poor outcome is associated with less negative fluid balance in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with prophylactic vasopressor-induced hypertension.

Sakr Y1,2, Dünisch P3, Santos C4, Matthes L3, Zeidan M5,6, Reinhart K5, Kalff R3, Ewald C3.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0128-6. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious condition associated with high mortality rates and long-term disability. We investigated the impact of fluid balance on neurologic outcome after adjustment for possible confounders related to intensive care therapy and extra-cerebral
PMID 27033710

Japanese Journal

Basic study of intratracheal instillation study of nanomaterials for the estimation of the hazards of nanomaterials

Ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌ　ｈｅａｌｔｈ, 2018
NAID 130006067721

Experimental Investigations of the Effect of Chemical Additives on the Rheological Properties of Highly Concentrated Iron Ore Slurries

KONA Powder and Particle Journal, 2018
NAID 130005331379

Defining the relative performance of isothermal assays that can be used for rapid and sensitive detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Journal of Virological Methods 249, 102-110, 2017-11
NAID 120006346209

帝王切開術中に発症した子宮型羊水塞栓症によると思われる産科DICの1例

麻酔と蘇生 53(3), 43-46, 2017-09-20
NAID 120006348326

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 10」「humour」「liquid」「液体」「流動性」
拡張検索	「supercritical fluid extraction」「D-sorbitol-electrolyte fluid」「microfluidic device」
関連記事	「flu」