体液

関: fluid、humor、humour

WordNet

put into a good mood (同)humour
the trait of appreciating (and being able to express) the humorous; "she didnt appreciate my humor"; "you cant survive in the army without a sense of humor" (同)humour, sense of humor, sense of humour
(Middle Ages) one of the four fluids in the body whose balance was believed to determine your emotional and physical state; "the humors are blood and phlegm and yellow and black bile" (同)humour
the quality of being funny; "I fail to see the humor in it" (同)humour
invest with or as with a body; give body to (同)personify
the external structure of a vehicle; "the body of the car was badly rusted"
the main mass of a thing
a natural object consisting of a dead animal or person; "they found the body in the lake" (同)dead body
the entire structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being); "he felt as if his whole body were on fire" (同)organic structure, physical structure
a collection of particulars considered as a system; "a body of law"; "a body of doctrine"; "a body of precedents"
a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity; "the whole body filed out of the auditorium"; "the student body"; "administrative body"
an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects; "heavenly body"
the central message of a communication; "the body of the message was short"
subject to change; variable; "a fluid situation fraught with uncertainty"; "everything was unstable following the coup" (同)unstable
a substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressure
continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container: a liquid or a gas
in cash or easily convertible to cash; "liquid (or fluid) assets" (同)liquid
affording change (especially in social status); "Britain is not a truly fluid society"; "upwardly mobile" (同)mobile
characteristic of a fluid; capable of flowing and easily changing shape (同)runny

PrepTutorEJDIC

=humor
〈C〉『身体』,肉体 / 〈C〉(人・動物の)『胴体』 / 〈C〉)物の)『主要部』,本体《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『団体』,群れ:(…のたくさんの)集まり《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉物体,…体 / 〈U〉実質;(酒・味などの)こく / 〈C〉《話》人
『流体』,流動体 / 『流動性の』,流動する / 流体の,流動体から成る / 変わりやすい,固定していない,浮動する
インフルエンザ,流感
《英話》人;(特に)男

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/10 03:32:50」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Body fluid, bodily fluids or biofluids are liquids originating from inside the bodies of living people. They include fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.

The dominating content of body fluids is body water. Approximately 60-65% of body water is contained within the cells (in intracellular fluid) with the other 35-40% of body water contained outside the cells (in extracellular fluid). This fluid component outside of the cells includes the fluid between the cells (interstitial fluid), lymph and blood. There are approximately 6 to 10 liters of lymph in the body, compared to 3.5 to 5 liters of blood.^[1]

List of body fluids

Amniotic fluid
Aqueous humour and vitreous humour
Bile
Blood serum
Breast milk
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerumen (earwax)
Chyle
Chyme
Endolymph and perilymph
Exudates
Feces - see diarrhea
Female ejaculate
Gastric acid
Gastric juice
Lymph
Mucus (including nasal drainage and phlegm)
Pericardial fluid
Peritoneal fluid
Pleural fluid
Pus
Rheum
Saliva
Sebum (skin oil)
Semen
Smegma
Sputum
Synovial fluid
Sweat
Tears
Urine
Vaginal secretion
Vomit

By type:

Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
- Intravascular fluid (blood plasma)
- Interstitial fluid
- Lymphatic fluid (sometimes included in interstitial fluid)
- Transcellular fluid

In plants:

Plant exudates

Health

Body fluid is the term most often used in medical and health contexts. Modern medical, public health, and personal hygiene practices treat body fluids as potentially unclean. This is because they can be vectors for infectious diseases, such as sexually transmitted diseases or blood-borne diseases. Universal precautions and safer sex practices try to avoid exchanges of body fluids. Body fluids can be analyzed in medical laboratory in order to find microbes, inflammation, cancers, etc.

Clinical samples

Clinical samples are generally defined as non-infectious human or animal materials including, but not limited to, blood, saliva, excreta, body tissue and tissue fluids, and also FDA-approved pharmaceuticals that are blood products.^[2] In medical contexts, it is a specimen taken for diagnostic examination or evaluation, and for identification of disease or condition.^[3]

References

^ "Lymphatic Congestion - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Information". Diagnose-me.com. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
^ Packaging Guidelines for Clinical Samples - Retrieved 7 August 2014.
^ specimen - www.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 7 August 2014

Sampling

Methods of sampling of body fluids include:

Blood sampling for any blood test, in turn including:
- Arterial blood sampling, such as radial artery puncture
- Venous blood sampling, also called venipuncture
Lumbar puncture to sample cerebrospinal fluid
Thoracocentesis to sample pleural fluid
Amniocentesis to sample amniotic fluid

Body fluids in art

A relatively new trend in contemporary art is to use body fluids in art, though there have been rarer uses of blood (and perhaps feces) for quite some time, and Marcel Duchamp used semen decades ago. Examples include:

The controversial Piss Christ (1987), by Andres Serrano, which is a photograph of a crucifix submerged in urine;
In Janine Antoni's Conduit (2009) she created a copper cast gargoyle device that she could pee through on the top of the Chrysler Building, Antoni's urine acting as the patina.
Andy Warhol's Oxidations series, begun in 1977, in which he invited friends to urinate onto a canvas of metallic copper pigments, so that the uric acid would oxidize into abstract patterns;
Self (1991, recast 1996) by Marc Quinn, a frozen cast of the artist's head made entirely of his own blood;
Piss Flowers, by Helen Chadwick (1991–92), are twelve white-enameled bronzes cast from cavities made by urinating in snow (though this might not be characterized as the use of bodily fluids in art, just their use in preparation);
performances by Lennie Lee involving feces, blood, vomit from 1990
many paintings by Chris Ofili, which make use of elephant dung (from 1992).
Gilbert and George's The Naked Shit Pictures (1995)
Hermann Nitsch and Das Orgien Mysterien Theatre use urine, feces, blood and more in their ritual performances.
Franko B from 1990 blood letting performances.
The cover of the Metallica's album Load is an original artwork entitled "Semen and Blood III", one of three photographic studies by Andres Serrano created in 1990 by mingling the artist's own semen and bovine blood between two sheets of Plexiglas.^[1]

References

^ "Semen & Blood II". Artnet.com. Retrieved 2010-11-13.

Paul Spinrad. (1999) The RE/Search Guide to Bodily Fluids. Juno Books. ISBN 1-890451-04-5
John Bourke. (1891) Scatalogic Rites of All Nations. Washington, D.C.: W.H. Lowdermilk.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における維持輸液療法および補充輸液療法 maintenance and replacement fluid therapy in adults
2. 成人の身体組成測定 determining body composition in adults
3. 小児における循環血液量減少症（脱水）の治療 treatment of hypovolemia dehydration in children
4. 低ナトリウム血症の治療の概要 overview of the treatment of hyponatremia
5. 術中の輸液マネージメント intraoperative fluid management

English Journal

Analytically monitored digestion of silver nanoparticles and their toxicity on human intestinal cells.

Böhmert L, Girod M, Hansen U, Maul R, Knappe P, Niemann B, Weidner SM, Thünemann AF, Lampen A.Author information BfR Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany.AbstractAbstract Orally ingested nanoparticles may overcome the gastrointestinal barrier, reach the circulatory system, be distributed in the organism and cause adverse health effects. However, ingested nanoparticles have to pass through different physicochemical environments, which may alter their properties before they reach the intestinal cells. In this study, silver nanoparticles are characterised physicochemically during the course of artificial digestion to simulate the biochemical processes occurring during digestion. Their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells was investigated using the Caco-2 cell model. Using field-flow fractionation combined with dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering, the authors found that particles only partially aggregate as a result of the digestive process. Cell viabilities were determined by means of CellTiter-Blue® assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-staining and real-time impedance. These measurements reveal small differences between digested and undigested particles (1-100 µg/ml or 1-69 particles/cell). The findings suggest that silver nanoparticles may indeed overcome the gastrointestinal juices in their particulate form without forming large quantities of aggregates. Consequently, the authors presume that the particles can reach the intestinal epithelial cells after ingestion with only a slight reduction in their cytotoxic potential. The study indicates that it is important to determine the impact of body fluids on the nanoparticles of interest to provide a reliable interpretation of their nano-specific cytotoxicity testing in vivo and in vitro.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Sep;8:631-42. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.815284.
Abstract Orally ingested nanoparticles may overcome the gastrointestinal barrier, reach the circulatory system, be distributed in the organism and cause adverse health effects. However, ingested nanoparticles have to pass through different physicochemical environments, which may alter their properti
PMID 23763544

Antibody-based magnetic nanoparticle immunoassay for quantification of Alzheimer's disease pathogenic factor.

Kim CB, Choi YY, Song WK, Song KB.Author information Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea.AbstractABSTRACT. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to a decline in cognitive and intellectual abilities and an irreversible mental deterioration. Based on multidisciplinary AD research, the most universally accepted hypotheses on AD pathogenesis are the intracerebral aggregate formation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. According to medical paradigmatic transition from medical treatment to early diagnostic prevention, scientists have considered physiological body fluid as a biomarker medium, in which the promising AD biomarkers could be verified. Recently, use of saliva has been considered as one of the diagnostic fluids over the past decade with meaningful diagnostic potential. We utilized saliva as a biomarker medium to correlate the salivary Aβ levels to AD pathological aspects, especially to the mild cognitive impairment group among AD patients, and to verify our detecting system to be sensitive enough for an early diagnostic tool. The identification of the salivary AD biomarkers using a facile microarraying method would motivate this study with the assistance of magnetically assembled antibody-conjugated nanoparticles and a photomultiplier tube as an optical detector. This simple magnetoimmunoassay system measures the photointensity generated by fluorescence, enables the quantification of the Aβ peptides from AD salivary samples, and consequently classifies the salivary Aβ levels into AD pathological aspects. This method demonstrates a facile approach enabling it to simply detect salivary Aβ peptides at a concentration as low as ∼20 pg/ml. It is expected that our simple magnetoimmunoassay system may have a potential as a detector for low-level Aβ peptides with weak-fluorescence emission.
Journal of biomedical optics.J Biomed Opt.2014 May 1;19(5):51205. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.19.5.051205.
ABSTRACT. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to a decline in cognitive and intellectual abilities and an irreversible mental deterioration. Based on multidisciplinary AD research, the most universally accepted hypotheses on AD pathogenesis are the intracerebral aggre
PMID 24297060

Regional white matter hyperintensities: aging, Alzheimer's disease risk, and cognitive function.

Birdsill AC1, Koscik RL2, Jonaitis EM2, Johnson SC1, Okonkwo OC1, Hermann BP2, Larue A2, Sager MA3, Bendlin BB4.Author information 1Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.2Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA.3Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA.4Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. Electronic address: bbb@medicine.wisc.edu.AbstractWhite matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin, as seen on T2-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging, are known to increase with age and are elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cognitive implications of these common markers are not well understood. Previous research has primarily focused on global measures of WMH burden and broad localizations that contain multiple white matter tracts. The aims of this study were to determine the pattern of WMH accumulation with age, risk for AD, and the relationship with cognitive function utilizing a voxel-wise analysis capable of identifying specific white matter regions. A total of 349 participants underwent T1-weighted and high-resolution T2-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing. Increasing age and lower cognitive speed and flexibility (a component of executive function), were both significantly associated with regional WMH throughout the brain. When age was controlled, lower cognitive speed and flexibility was independently associated with WMH in the superior corona radiata. Apolipoprotein E ε4 and parental family history of AD were not associated with higher burden of WMH. The results contribute to a larger body of literature suggesting that white matter measures are linked with processing speed, and illustrate the utility of voxel-wise analysis in understanding the effect of lesion location on cognitive function.
Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Apr;35(4):769-76. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.072. Epub 2013 Oct 10.
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin, as seen on T2-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging, are known to increase with age and are elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cognitive implications of these common markers are not well underst
PMID 24199958

Japanese Journal

Development and fundamental characteristics of co-axial MHD energy conversion device

Mechanical Engineering Journal 4(1), 16-00500-16-00500, 2017
NAID 130005395641

体位変換による保存的加療で良好な経過を辿ったupside down stomachの1例

日本老年医学会雑誌 54(1), 81-86, 2017
NAID 130005394585

Cytokine Profiles in Pericardial Effusion in a Down Syndrome Infant with Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis

The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 241(2), 149-153, 2017
NAID 130005332382

「体液」

　　[★]

英: body fluid
関: 細胞外液、細胞内液

体液と血液の容量 ICU.184

	男性	女性
体液	600 mL/kg	500 mL/kg
全血液	66 mL/kg	60 mL/kg
血漿	40 mL/kg	36 mL/kg
赤血球	26 mL/kg	24 mL/kg

体液の区分

成人で体重の60%
体液はさらに血漿・組織液・細胞内液に分類される
- 血漿　　：5%
- 組織液　：15%
- 細胞内液：40%

体液のうち、血漿のみが外部環境との連絡がある。すなわち開放系である。
血漿と組織液は濾過、浸透により物質が移動する

体液の組成

図：SP.761, PT.3
細胞外：Na+,Cl*が多い
細胞内：K+が多い
組織液：タンパク質が少ない

体液の恒常性

組成・量・浸透圧・pHはほぼ一定に保たれている
血漿電解質の正常値
- Na 139*146 mEq/l
- Cl 101*109 mEq/l
- K 3.7*4.7 mEq/l
- Ca 8.5*10.2 mg/dl
- P 2.5*4.5 mg/dl
血漿のタンパクの正常量
- TP 8.5 g/dl ←Total protein
- Alb 4.5 g/dl
- Globulin 3.0 g/dl